Plant Protection Service 1 FIRE - BLIGHT Disease spread and control in Emilia-Romagna region.

Plant Protection Service 1

FIRE - BLIGHT

Disease spread and control in Emilia-Romagna region


History: 1994


History: 1995


History: 1996


History: 1997


History: 1998


History: 1999


Present situation


Host affected in 2000

1253

156

4110

6 5 3 3 0 0 1

0

100

200

300

400

500

Pear Crataegus Apple Nespolo CotognoAzzeruoloAgazzino SorbusCotoneaster Nashi Stranvaesia

N° of cases %


Inspections: field monitoring

Monitoring: field surveys carried out by Phytosanitary Inspectors and scout squads

•Orchards

• Ornamental and wild plants

• Nurseries

• Pear

• Apple

• Quince

• Medlar

• Chess Apple

• Hawthorn

• Firethorn

• Cotoneaster

• Crete Hawthorn

• Chinese Hawthorn


Inspections: Orchard mapping

Manual mapping using paper maps

Farm mapping using GPS


Inspections: data storeScheda campione

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Verbale di constatazione

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Monitoraggio straordinario

Azienda ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Monitoraggio straordinario

Azienda _________________________

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Verbale di constatazione__________________________

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Validation and data insert in the Regional Information System of the Plant protection Service (FitoGis)

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Inspections: Data elaboration

Themes overlaying (roads, rivers, farms etc.) on technical territorial maps (aerial photographs, satellites photographs, cartographic maps etc.)

Specific software (ArcView, FitoMap)

Elaboration (1 km radius areas, ecc.)


Inspections: Data access

GIS works on a LAN Server connected with inspector’s PC.


Hail and fireblight

Relation between HAIL and fire blight

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

cases

% damagerefunded

in a fire blight free area (1996) the absolute number of cases considerably rises the year after that of hail event. This situation can be easily observed as long as the disease is not uniformly diffused (1999-2000).


Main roads and fire-blight

R2 = 0,7066

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

buffers 250 m.

% cases/monitoring points

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 2 3buffers 0-1500; 1500-3000; >3000 m.

% cases/monitoring pointsDisease incidence increasing with the closeness of the main roads may suggest that Erwinia amylovora locates preferentially where movements of tools, goods and people represents a better way of pathogen’s introduction and spread.


Cougar-blight model and E.a. infections

Voghiera - 4km

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

predicted infectious events

cases

correlation index = 99%

Casola Canina - 4km

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1997 1998 1999 2000

predicted infectious events

cases

correlation index = 96%


Measures adopted

M.Decrees Forced Removal of affected

plants (National decree) Limitation of bee-hive

movements (National decree)

Abrogation of ZP Passport (EU directive)

Setting up of buffers zones (EU directive)

Prohibition to plant Crataegus (Regional law)

Setting up of saveguarded areas (Regional law)

Money contributions For farms replacing affected

plants with new healthy ones (Regional law)

Authority Regional supervision

Technical-Scientific Committee

Supervision of experimentation and research

Set up technical guidelines Divulgation

Meetings Technical brochures Web-site


Antibiotics Yes – Antibiotics No

In Italy, antibiotic application in agriculture is forbidden due to: Efficacy against E.a. is usually medium Likely to develop resistant E.a. strains Likely to develop other resistant

phytopathogenic bacteria Likely to develop resistant bacteria strains

pathogens on human


Chemical Control

Copper compounds Phosetyl Alluminium Mancozeb+Copper Streptomycin

Ca-Prohexadione BTH


Research and experimentation

Aims Improve knowledge about E.a. survival,

dissemination ad evolution in E.Romagna ecosystems.

Improve Integrated Production strategies Verify the role of honey-bees in disease

spread Obtain new pear varieties tolerant to E.a.


Integrated Production Strategies

Chemical control Biological control Verify the efficacy of growth regulator (

Ca-Prohexadione) Find relationship between E.a. infections

and plant nutrition Study SAR efficacy against fire-blight


Efficacy of different a.i. on flower E.a. indoor infections

84

40,6

50,3 53,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

% of infected flowers

Check

Firestop

Mancozeb+Cu

Streptomycin

Check (H2O) Firestop (200 g/hl) Mancozeb+Cu (Dithane DG,

200g/hl + Copper Pro 50 wdg, 100 g/hl)

Streptomycin (10 g/hl) Sprays were carried out 1

day before inoculation


Efficacy of copper on E.a.

Fire blight on Abbé Fétél: disease progress

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

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1,6

1,8

2

10/6 17/6 24/6 1/7 8/7 15/7 22/7 29/7 5/8 12/8 19/8

n°

infe

ctio

n /

pla

nt

Phosetil Al + Cu

Copper

P.Al 1st step

Check


Copper efficacy against fireblight

COUGAR BLIGHT Colpo di fuoco batterico

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600

700

8000

1/0

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08/

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15/

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22/

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29/

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12/

04

19/

04

26/

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03/

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10/

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17/

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24/

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31/

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26/

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23/

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30/

08

Sala Bolognese 1999

Ind

ice

di

ris

ch

io p

ote

nzi

ale

0

5

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15

20

25

30

35

40

Pre

cip

ita

zio

ne

(m

m)

Fioritura secondaria

Fioritura primaria trattamenti


Copper efficacy against fireblight

1999 - Colpo di fuoco batterico - Abate Fetel

S. Pietro in Casale (Bo)

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,431

-mag

07-g

iu

14-g

iu

22-g

iu

28-g

iu

05-lu

g

13-lu

g

19-lu

g

27-lu

g03

-ago

10-a

go17

-ago

23-a

go30

-ago

09-s

et

n°

infe

zio

ni

pe

r p

ian

ta

solfato di streptomicinaossicloruro di rameetil fosfito di alluminioprohexadione calcio (50 g)sali quaternari di ammonioBion 50 WGprohexadione calcio (125 g)testimone


Phyto-toxicity of copper on pear

Phytotoxicity evaluation of copper compounds (100 g/hl) on different pear cultivars: spray schedule

12

34

56

78

9 9

12

34

56

78

910

1112

12

34

56

78

910

11

1314

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

24/4 2/5 10/5 18/5 26/5 3/6 11/6 19/6 27/6 5/7 13/7 21/7 29/7 6/8

n°

of

sp

ray

s

William Conference e Doyenne du Comice Abbé Fétél e Kaiser



Phytotoxicity evaluation of copper compounds (50 g/hl) on different pear cultivars

0

10

20

30

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60

70

80

William: % spotted fruits Conference: % russeting Doyenne du Comice: class 2

Abbé Fétél: class 2 Kaiser: class 2

copper oxychloride bordeaux mixture copper Hydroxide tribasic copper sulphate Check



Phytotoxicity evaluation of copper compounds (100 g/hl) on different pear cultivars

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

William: % spotted fruits Conference: % russeting Doyenne du Comice: class 2

Abbé Fétél: class 2 Kaiser: class 2

copper oxychloride bordeaux mixture copper hydroxide check


Antagonists and

N° shoots

Disease

incidence (F)

Disease severity (G)

a.i. used treated (%) Class

I Class

II Class III

Class IV

Class V

G 19 (Pseudomonas

fluoresces)

7 57 3 - 2 2 -

Myco-sin (1%) 9 33 5 - 2 - 1 Eh 325 8 62 3 - 1 2 2 1365 6 66 2 - 2 - 2

Streptomycin 8 0 8 - - - - 39D 8 37 5 - 2 - 1 A506 8 25 5 2 1 - - G28 7 71 1 1 3 1 1 G31 8 25 6 - 2 - -

1285 d (Bacillus spp.) I

10 40 6 1 1 2 -

C9 (P.agglomerans) USA

8 50 4 2 - 2 -

3371 (P.agglomerans) I

8 12 7 1 - - -

G50 (P.fluorescens) D

7 43 5 - 1 - 2

Check + 8 100 - - 2 3 3

Efficacy of antagonistic bacteria on pear shoot

infections

Classes of Disease severity (G)class I: n = 0 (healthy shoots);class II: n 20% class III: n 20% n 50 %; class IV: 50% n 70 % class V: 70% n 100%


Efficacy of Ca-Prohexadione on induced e.a. infections

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Incidenzamedia %

Lunghezzanecrosi cm

Controllo + EA

Prohexadione + EA

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

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0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

31-mag

07-giu 14-giu 21-giu 28-giu 05-lug 12-lug 19-lug 26-lug 02-ago

Controllo

Prohexadione-Ca (125 x 3)

Prohexadione-Ca (50 x 4)

Disease incidence in field trial on Cv Abbée Fétél Disease incidence and severity in indoor trial on Cv Abbée Fétél


Plant nutrition and fire blight

Leaf Leaflet necrosis (cm) Treatment lenght Days after E.a. inoculum (cm) 4 5 8 check 4.61 ab 1.2 b 3.0 a 4.5 a Water stress 4.11 c 1.0 cb 2.1 b 2.7 c 100 meq 4.63 ab 0.7 c 2.2 b 3.6 b 50 meq 4.40 b 1.7 a 3.0 a 4.2 a 25 meq 4.59 ab 1.8 a 3.4 a 4.5 a N8+K4 g/ pot 4.81 a 1.3 b 3.0 a 4.4 a Significance *** *** *** ***

shoot necrosis (cm) Treatment lenght Days after E.a. inoculum (cm) 5 8 12 Check 35.9 b 0.1 b 5.5 a 9.3 a Water stress 32.2 b 0.0 b 2.0 b 4.3 b 100 meq 36.7 b 0.0 b 1.2 b 3.8 b 50 meq 43.2 a 0.5 a 6.2 a 12.3 a 25 meq 39.5 ab 0.1 b 6.5 a 10.8 a N8+K4 g/ vaso 35.2 b 0.1 b 5.7 a 10.7 a Significance * * *** ***

y = -0.38Ln(x) + 1.28R = 0.74

0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2

2,4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

necrosis lenght (cm)

W

(-M

Pa)

1. check (H2O);; 2. irrigation reduced 50% compared with check

(water stress);3. irrigation with 0.72 g/l di NaCl + 0.7 g di CaCl2

(25 meq/l that is 2.1 mmho cm-1); 4. irrigation with 1.45 g/l di NaCl + 1.4 g di CaCl2

(50 meq/l, that is 4.2 mmho cm-1); 5. irrigation with 2.9 g/l di NaCl + 2.8 g di CaCl2

(100 meq/l, that is 8.3 mmho cm-1); 6. fertilization with 8 g di N e 4 g di K at the

beginning of the season.


Efficacy of BTH on induced E.a. infections

0

20

40

60

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100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10days

%

Efficacy of BTH on E.a. infections at different time of application


Guidelines: bud break

Field Surveys Orchard monitoring to verify canker activity Organ affected should be removed and burned

Chemical sprays 1-2 copper sprays (150-200 Cu g/hl)

Agricultural practices Avoid nitrogen fertilization Irrigation allowed


Guidelines: blossom to petal fall

Field Surveys Orchard monitoring to spot symtoms on flowers

Chemical sprays Follow extension service’s recommendations

(forecasting models) Agricultural practices

Avoid plant growth regulators (NAA and CCC) Irrigation allowed Do not exced nitrogen dosages and application time

recommended Avoid pruning


Guidelines: fruit set to harvest

Field Surveys Manually removing secondary flowers Orchard monitoring to verify the occurence of symptoms and

remove and burn organs affected Chemical sprays

In case of storm or hail apply 1 copper spray (50-100 Cu g/hl) before or after (within 24 hours) the disease conducive event

Agricultural practices Do not exced nitrogen dosages and application time

recommended Avoid NAA application Avoid every pruning Avoid sprinkler irrigation and gradually reduce the amount

of water to complete stop.


Guidelines: beginning to complete leaf fall

Field Surveys Constantly orchard monitoring to verify the occurence

of symptoms and remove and burn organs affected Chemical sprays

apply 1 copper spray at the beginning of petal fall and another at complete petal fall (150-250 Cu g/hl)

Agricultural practices Avoid NAA application Avoid every pruning


Guidelines: winter

Field Surveys orchard monitoring before every pruning to verify the

occurence of symptoms and remove and burn organs affected

Chemical sprays Avoid chemical sprays

Agricultural practices Pruning allowed in dicember and january Avoid chopping pruned wood, but remove and burn it

Plant Protection Service 1 FIRE - BLIGHT Disease spread and control in Emilia-Romagna region.

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Transcript of Plant Protection Service 1 FIRE - BLIGHT Disease spread and control in Emilia-Romagna region.