PLANT

REPRODUCTION

SECOND EDITION

T. PULLAIAH

Department of Botany

Sri Krishnadevaraya University

Anantapur 515 003, AP, India

K. LAKSHMINARAYANA

&

B. HANUMANTHA RAO

Department of Botany

Andhra University

Visakhapatnam 530 003, AP, India

Published by

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA)

5 A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91

Jodhpur 342 001 (India)

E-mail: info@scientificpub.com

Website: www.scientificpub.com

© Pullaiah et al., 2019

1st Print : 2008

2nd Print : 2019

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information

contained herein may be reproduced, adapted, abridged, translated,

stored in a retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other

systems or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written

prior permission from the publisher.

Disclaimer: Whereas every effort has been made to avoid errors and

omissions, this publication is being sold on the understanding that

neither the editors (or authors) nor the publishers nor the printers would

be liable in any manner to any person either for an error or for an

omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of

this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the

attention of the publisher, for rectifying it in future editions, if published.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or

registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and

explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN : 978-93-89061-83-3 [PB]

: 978-93-89061-85-7 [EB]

Visit the Scientific Publishers (India)

website at http://www.scientificpub.com

Printed in India

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

We wish to express our grateful thanks to the

Teachers of various colleges and universities within

and outside the State of Andhra Pradesh for their

overwhelming support given to our text book which is

evident by complete sale out of the first edition. In this

connection, we would like to thank all our Teacher

colleagues who gave their valuable suggestions for the

improvement of the text. In this edition, which is

retitled as Plant Reproduction basing on the UGC

Model Syllabus, most of the chapters have been

thoroughly revised. The revised edition includes

Practical methods. Some molecular aspects have also

been included.

We again request all our Teacher, colleagues and

student friends to extend their whole hearted support

as was done earlier and make this book also a grand

and useful edition.

T. Pullaiah

K. Lakshminarayana

B. Hanumantha Rao

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Prof. T. Pullaiah obtained his M. Sc. (1973) and

Ph.D. (1976) degrees in Botany from Andhra

University. He was a Post-doctoral Fellow at Moscow

State University, Russia, during 1976-1978. He

travelled widely in Europe and visited Universities

and Botanic Gardens in about 17 countries. He joined

Sri Krishnadevaraya University as Lecturer in 1979

and became Professor in 1993. He held several

positions in the University as Dean, Faculty of Life

Sciences; Head, Department of Botany; Chairman,

Board of Studies in Botany; Head, Department of

Sericulture; Co-ordinator and Chairman, Board of

Studies in Biotechnology; Principal, Sri

Krishnadevaraya University College. He retired from

active Service in 2011 and was selected by UGC as

UGC-BSR Faculty Fellow. He has published 73

books, 330 research papers and 35 popular articles.

Under his guidance, 54 students obtained their Ph.

D. degrees and 34 students their M. Phil. Degrees.

He is the recipient of Best Teacher Award from the

Government of Andhra Pradesh, Prof. P. Maheshwari

Gold Medal and Dr. G.Panigrahi Memorial Award of

Indian Botanical Society and Prof. Y. D. Tiagi Gold

Medal of the Indian Association for Angiosperm

Taxonomy. He was President of Indian Association

for Angiosperm Taxonomy (2013) and President of

the Indian Botanical Society (2014). He was a

member of Species Survival Commission of

International Union for Conservation of Nature and

Natural Resources (IUCN).

iv Plant Reproduction

Prof. K. Lakshminaryana took his M.Sc. (with

distinction) and Ph.D. degrees from Andhra

University in 1974 and 1978 respectively. He is

recipient of National Associateship of UGC in 1985.

He has more than 34 years of teaching experience.

He has completed five research projects and

published more than 80 research papers in National

and international journals. He is the editorial board

member of the journal Flora and Fauna. His research

work is cited in several international standard books.

He is an active member of various academic and

research associations and actively participated in

several conferences/seminars/symposia. Under his

guidance 10 students obtained their Ph.D. degrees

and 15 students obtained their M.Phil. degrees. He is

the Editor of some of the Books in Telugu and

English for Undergraduate and Postgraduate

students.

Prof. B. Hanumantha Rao obtained his M.Sc.

(Gold Medalist) and Ph.D. Degrees from Andhra

University. He is a former Professor in the

Department of Botany, Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam, with many years of Teaching and

Research experience. Prof. Rao published more than

80 Research Papers in Journals of National and

International repute. Several students obtained their

Ph.D. and M.Phil. Degrees under his guidance. He is

the Editor of some of the Books in Telugu and

English for Undergraduate and Postgraduate

students. He is associated with several National and

International Professional Bodies.

CONTENTS

Preface iii

CHAPTER - I HISTORY OF EMBRYOLOGY OF

ANGIOSPERMS

1

CHAPTER - II MICROSPORANGIUM AND

MICROSPOROGENESIS

9

CHAPTER - III MALE GAMETOPHYTE 26

CHAPTER - IV PALYNOLOGY 41

CHAPTER - V OVULE AND MEGASPOROGENESIS 58

CHAPTER - VI THE FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE 81

CHAPTER - VII FLORAL CHARACTERS, POLLINATION

MECHANISMS AND VECTORS

— A. Janaki Bai

117

CHAPTER - VIII FERTILIZATION 132

CHAPTER - IX INCOMPATIBILITY 159

CHAPTER - X ENDOSPERM 179

CHAPTER - XI EMBRYO 204

CHAPTER - XII POLYEMBRYONY 229

CHAPTER - XIII APOMIXIS 242

CHAPTER - XIV EMBRYOLOGY IN RELATION TO

TAXONOMY

264

CHAPTER - XV EXPERIMENTAL EMBRYOLOGY 276

CHAPTER - XVI PRACTICALS 306

•••• SUBJECT AND PLANT INDEX 313