Plant Physiology Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize Plant Anatomy.
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Transcript of Plant Physiology Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize Plant Anatomy.
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Plant Physiology
Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize Plant Anatomy
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Objective 3.01
• Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.
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Plant Sciences
• Biology-the branch of science that deals with both plant and animal organisms and life processes– Zoology-the part of biology that deals
with animals– Botany the part of biology that deals
with plants
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Plant Sciences
• Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes for which the plants are grown– Agronomy– Forestry– Horticulture
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Agronomy
The science and practice of growing field crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, corn and soybeans.
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Forestry
The science and practice of growing, managing and harvesting trees for building materials and other products.
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Horticulture
The science and practice of growing, processing and marketing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants
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Life Cycles of Plants
• Annual-a plant that completes its life cycle in one year
• Biennial-a plant that completes its life cycle in two years
• Perennial-a plant that lives more than two years
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Leaf Retention
• Deciduous-loses leaves during the dormant season
• Evergreen-keeps leaves and remains green year-round
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Plant Hormones
• Several types of hormones are used to help plants work more efficiently.– Inhibitors– cytokinins– gibberellias– auxins
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Inhibitors
• Inhibitors hasten fruit ripening, retain seed germination and stem elongation.
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Cytokinins
• Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division.
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Gibberellias
• Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy.
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Auxins
• Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement
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Moisture in Plants
• Turgid-plant is swollen or filled with moisture
• Wilted-plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture
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Plant Growth
• Dormant– A plant rest or grows very little– Response to an adverse condition
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Season Crop Type
• Cool Season– Plants relish cool weather– Pansies grow best in spring or fall
• Warm Season– Grow best in summer and early fall
• Zinnia• Marigold• Vinca• Poinsettia
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Objective 3.02
• Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.
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Leaves-External
• Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem
• Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf• Midrib-the large center vein• Veins-the structural framework of the
leaf• Margin-the edge of the leaf
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Leaves-External
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Leaves-Internal
• Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture
• Stomates-small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration
• Guard Cells-open and close stomates
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Leaves-Internal
• Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain chlorophyll– gives leaves their green color– necessary for photosynthesis
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Leaves-Internal
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Leaves-Internal
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Leave-Functions• Photosynthesis
– process by which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food
• Respiration– converts sugars and starches into energy
• Transpiration– release of water vapor from the leaves of
plants– It also cools the plant
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• Sessile describes leaves without a petiole– Example zinnia
• Bracts are modified leaves– Example poinsettia
• Needles and scales are modified leaves– Example pine tree
Leave-Additions
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Leave-Additions
• Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel– Example southern magnolia
• Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel– Example African violet
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Stems-External• Lenticels-breathing pores• Bud scale scars-show where terminal
buds have been located• Leaf Scars-show where leaves were
attached• Terminal bud-bud on the end of a stem• Axillary or lateral bud-bud on side of
stem
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Stems-Internal
• Xylem-tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to stems and leaves
• Phloem-tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots
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Stems-Internal
PhloemPhloem
Xylem
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Stems-Internal
• Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells
• Bark-old inactive phloem
• Heartwood-old inactive xylem
• Sapwood-new active xylem
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Stems-Internal
Cambium
Heartwood
Sapwood
Bark
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Stems-Internal
• Monocota-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle– examples: corn, grasses
• Dicata-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem layer separated by cambium– example: trees
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Stems-Internal
Monocot Dicot
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Roots-External
• Root cap-indicates growth of new cells
• Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals
Root images from a rice plant
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Roots-Internal
• Much like stems in that they have a phloem, cambium, and xylem layer
• Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root
• Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem
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Layers of Roots
• Fibrous-many branched shallow roots– are easier to transplant
• Tap-long root with few branched ones– more difficult to transplant
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Flowers
• Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens
• Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers
• Stamen-male part of the flower• Pistil-female part of the flower
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Flowers
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Parts of the Stamen
• Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther
• Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells
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Parts of the Pistil
• Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized
• Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat
• Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary
• Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen
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Parts of the PistilStigma
Style
Ovary
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Complete-vs-Incomplete
• Complete flowers have both male and female parts
• Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts
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What are the functions of these
plant parts?
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Functions of Leaves
• Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things
• Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen
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Functions of Stems
• Translocation-moves water and minerals from roots up to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots
• Supports branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds
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Functions of Roots
• Absorption-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them to the stem
• Anchor the plant and hold it upright
• Store food for plant use• Asexual reproduction in some
plants
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Functions of Flowers
• Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction
• Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.)
• Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry seeds
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Objective 3.03
• Discuss floriculture and landscape plants
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Taxonomy
• The science of classifying and identifying plants
• Scientific names are used because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world.
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Karl von Linne• Swedish botanist that
developed the binomial system of naming plants using two Latin words to indicate the genus and species.
• Linne changed his name to the Latin name Carolus Linneaus.
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Scientific Names
• Latin is the language used for scientific classification.
• The first word is the genus and the second word is the species. If there are additional words, they indicate a variety or cultivar.
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Genus vs. Species
• Plants in the same genus have similar characteristics.
• Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same type.
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Scientific Classification
• The broadest category of scientific classification is the Kingdom--either plant or animal.
• The broadest category in the plant kingdom is division or phylum.
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Divisions
• The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are:– Thallophites– Bryophytes– Pteriophytes– Spermatophytes
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Spermatophytes
• Contains flowering or seed-bearing plants
• Two subdivisions are:– Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
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Common Plant Genus
• Pinus-Pine
• Acer-Maple
• Ilex-Holly
• Ficus-fig
• Cornus-dogwood
• Rhododendron-rhododendron
• Quercus-oak