Plant Pests on the Horizon? - New Mexico State University
Transcript of Plant Pests on the Horizon? - New Mexico State University
Plant Pests on the
Horizon?If you see something, say something…
Dr. Carol Sutherland
Extension Entomologist, NMSU &
State Entomologist, NM Dept. of Agriculture
Exotic vs Invasive?
More ‘practical’ considerations for NM---Is this organism established anywhere near NM? Could it disperse here?Could it ‘hitchhike’ into NM?Could it establish itself in NM? Then what???
Let’s begin with a ‘Success Story’ from NM
Shows the VALUE of our ‘Master Gardener Program’
Shows the VALUE of our ‘First Detector Program’
Are you Listening?
‘Emerald Ash Borer’---On The Way
Skinny beetle!
July 3-10; Rio Rancho, NM: YOU are There!
All About Discovery!
The Facts:
Lady has a dying tree in her backyard. Should I
(1) have it removed?...or…
(2) call those nice people on the Master
Gardener Hot Line?
MG Site Visit Volunteer conducts assessment
on July 3
All About Discovery!
D-shaped
emergence
holes!
Peeling bark; larval
tunnels criss-cross
vascular system!
Skinny beetles stuck under bark!
Tree dying from top down!
Water sprouts at base!
What Our MG Saw Worried & Alarmed Him…
Based on Evidence Presented, FIELD TRIP!
New Mexico State University
Russ Husted, MG,
Sandoval Co.
Carol Sutherland,
NMSU-CES &
NMDA
Bill Segura &
Connie Jones,
NMDA, Ent. &
Nursery Ind.
Lynda Garvin, Sandoval-CES
Graeme Davis, Bernalillo-CES
Host tree in RR was a ‘Honey Locust’
Insect WAS an Agrilus, but A. difficilis
(attacks honey locust)
What A. difficilis does to honey locust
mirrors what EAB does to ashkills it
Previous record of A. difficilis in NM (Nelson, et al. 2008.)
More difficilis found in honey locust since July, 2015
in ABQD
See?
Jennifer Shaughney, NMSU Arthropod Museum
RESULTS!
Sutherland’s ID confirmed by
USDA-APHIS,PPQ-James Zablotny
Congrats from USDA, APHIS, PPQ- Washington DC_
Students get in on the action, too…….
New Mexico State University
Bagrada Bug: Bagrada hilaris---FYIHemiptera: Pentatomidae
Feeding damage on cauliflower (l), cabbage (r)
Feeding damage on broccoli
Brown Marmorated Stink BugHalyomorpha halys
New Mexico State University
*Two white bands on
antenna
In New Mexico---
Deming, 2011
**Las Cruces**, 2014
(Burke Rd., apple
orchard), 1 spm.
Dark/light ‘checkerboard’ edge
On abdomen
*Smooth ‘shoulders’
Dark brown dotted body
dorsally; almost white
ventrally
What Kinds of Impacts Can Invasive/Exotic
Pests Have?
New Mexico State University
Minor---
Seen now and again?
Occasional pest?
Effective natural enemy
introduced? Or
competition by another
species already here?
Major---
Devastating effects on crop
yields, quality; marketability?
marketability to other countries?
Devastating effects on landscape
plants, appearance death
Control costs, options??? IPM
programs complicated
13
Honey Bee Pests Invaded NM, Also!
Pre-1987--Microbial diseases: American & European Foulbrood; Chalkbrood
Varroa mite (1987-88) & viral pathogens
Honey bee tracheal mite (1987-88) Small hive beetle (2014, Roswell, elsewhere?)
AHBs, too!
Pecan Weevil: Carya illinoinensis; Now in Lea CoConsidered ‘eradicated’ from Otero (early 1970s, 1998), Dona Ana (1999) & Luna
(2000) Cos.; this pest is native to eastern U.S.
Female
Male
Apple Maggot: Confirmed in North-Central NM, 2003
Adults emerge in summer; eggs in fruitlate summer; maggots feed & emerge late fall; winter underground 1-2 yrs.
Diptera, TephritidaeRhagoletis pomonella
Wing pattern likedroopy capital F
Adult<house fly.
Maggot< ¼” long
General fly survey Ovipositing flies
Opportunistic Discoveries or Targeted Surveys
Russian Wheat Aphids: New in 1986
New Mexico State University
Hosts: wheat, barley, triticale
Recently, less of a problem, BUT
new biotype has appeared in CO
Colonies inside ‘whorls’
Striping, vector of barley yellow
dwarf, boot stage ‘fish hook’
reduced or no grain yield
Close-ups of Two Yellowish Aphids, Features
New Mexico State University
Sugarcane Aphid (Melanaphis sacchari)
New to NM-2015
Sipha maydis---
New Mexico State University
Found near ABQ, 2014 spring
Potential pest on other small grains
Status now in NM???
Tess Grasswitz, NMSU
These specimens came
from an organic producer
who planted barley as a
‘green manure’…
Look for something ‘different’
Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii
Actual size:abt. 2mm
Detection Traps
Only males have spotted wingsNM has other species of Drosophila, mainly on over-ripe or damaged fruit
Bernalillo Co.Sandoval?Valencia?More???
Spotted Wing Drosophila Damage
Spotted Wing DrosophilaDistribution as of 2013 -*ND, NE, NM, OK, KS, MO, WY-as of 2013
*
Attacks a variety of previously soundfruit---stone fruits, grape, berries, etc.
Zaprionus indianus, African Fig Fly (Diptera, Drosophilidae)
---also present in northcentral NM---
Prefers over-ripe, rotting, or fallen fruit
European Elm Flea Weevil, Orchestes alniColeoptera, Curculionidae
Northern NM, WE WILL SEE THIS
Be tiny, jump, mimic damage of anothercommon pest, reproduce very early
Solenopsis spp. Ants, ‘Fire Ants’
Solenopsis xyloni, southern fire ant
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Solenopsis invicta, Imported Fire Ant
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Solenopsis = originally known from the New World; 280 species; pedicel w/2 segments
Can sting multiple times; can produce allergic reactions in sensitive humans
S. xyloni = native, southern fire ant, coast-to-coast in southern U.S.
S. invicta =invasive, originally from Mato Grosso, Brazil; now established insouthern U.S., Caribbean, Australia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, parts of southern China; highly disruptive to ecosystems
Head of invicta showing 3 clypeal ‘teeth’ Les Greenberg, UCR
Nest of Southern Fire AntJKClark, UC-IPM
Nest of RIFA in CALes Greenberg, UCR
This is NM’s USUAL PestHelicoverpa zea
Aka: corn earworm, tomatoFruitworm, cotton bollworm
(we need sophisticated toolsto determine when this onearrives in NM…)
What Exotic/Invasive Pests Might Be Near NM?
Trichoferus campestris—Col., Cerambycidae‘Velvet Longhorn Beetle’
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ris
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rce,
USD
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Origins: E. Asia Part of USDA’s Exotic Wood Borer/Bark Beetle Survey (EWB/BB)
Trichoferus campestris: Detections in North America
Ottawa, CANADA, 2002 & 2006
New Jersey, 1999Rhode Island, 2006Illinois, 2009, 2010, 2011Minnesota, 2010Ohio, 2009, 2010Utah, 2010*
How Is It Moved? Bonsai plants, wooden pallets, wood packing materials from E. Asia
Surveys? Night flying adults; black lights. No pheromone known or developed.
Trichoferus campestris, Velvet Longhorn BeetleHost Lists, edited for NM: Can be live (with some bark), recently dead, or dry wood
Potential Live Hosts
AppleMulberryPinesSpruceWillowMountain ashHoney locustBirch
Potential Dry Wood Hosts
BirchWalnut, Juglans (Chinese sp.)MulberrySprucePineZelkova (rel.: Chinese elm)Black locustGrape
Even More Potential Dry Wood Hosts
Fir SumacMaple ElmAlder OakEuonymusAshHollyPoplar, (cottonwood?)
Eggs Larvae Pre-pupa Adult
Life Cycle? 2 years, possibly more?
Polyphagous Shothole Borer(Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Euwallacea sp. maybe fornicatus?)
G.Arakelian, LA Co. Ag Commissioner
An ‘ambrosia beetle’ that brings a FusariumInfection to its various host trees death
From SE Asia? Africa?
1st detected in CA-2003
1st major damage detected-2010
1st damage to ag crop (avocado)-2012
What Pests Are On Our NM Radar?
Asian Gypsy Moth: Lymantria dispar dispar(Lepidoptera, Erebidae)
Female
Lymantria dispar: European GM Male
Male Female
AGM females can fly long distances (up to 25 miles)-could quickly infest forests & spread throughout the U.S.-host range is extensive (>250 tree/shrub species)-damage = defoliation, potential tree kill in 1 yr or weakeningtrees & making them susceptible to other pests
EGM females usually don’t fly very far from pupation sites
Both AGM & EGMcould spread byegg transport onfirewood, Xmastrees, personalitems (moving)
AGM – 1st detection in NA: 1991, Vancouver, BC; 2015 – WA, OR, SC and GA detections
Dendrolimus punctatus: Mason (Masson) Pine Moth(Lep., Lasiocampidae)
Eggs-in single rows
Larva-’fuzzy’
Pupa & cocoon
FemaleMale
‘2015 Forest Pest Bundle’
Dendrolimus pini: Pine Tree LappetLep., Lasiocampidae
Ukmoths.org.uk
Fore
stry
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Hantsmoths.ukHomeland: EurasiaFavorite host: Scotch pine. Other hosts: Swiss stone pine, Sitka spruce, Siberian larch,
silver fir, Douglas-fir, & common juniper
Pine Shoot Beetle-Tomicus piniperda et al.(Coleoptera: Curculionidae [Scolytidae])
What you’ll see: pines with twigs bored by beetles; twigs brown & fall from tree. Beetles reproduce in trunk, introduce blue stain fungi, killing the tree.
Pine Shoot Beetle-Tomicus piniperda(Coleoptera: Curculionidae [Scolytinae])
-Native to Europe, Asia & North Africa-• 1/8”-1/5” long; black• Cylindrical; grooved elytra• Antennae short, elbowed,
tip swollen
Adult boring throughpine twig pith
Ips
Dendroctonus
Scolytus
Genera in US
Adults bore into twigs
Reproduction-under bark• introduce blue stain fungi• destroy vascular system
Large Pine Weevil: Hylobius abietusEurasian Homeland
And more…..
Khapra beetle*
Pink bollworm*
Pepper weevil
Boll weevil*
Banded elm bark beetle
Japanese beetle*
White fringed beetle
*Eradicated from NM---so far
THE END---AT LAST!!!