Plant Growth Regulation Products – Potential for ...ceriverside.ucanr.edu/files/291519.pdfPlant...
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Plant Growth Regulation Products –Potential for Increasing Low Desert
Production Values
Michael D. Rethwisch
UCCE Riverside
Crops and Entomology Advisor – Palo Verde Valley
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PARKER VALLEY, ARIZONA
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Imperial Valley, California
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Wide diversity of crops in the low desert!
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Wide diversity of crops in the low desert!
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Wide diversity of crops in the low desert!
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Wide diversity of crops in the low desert!
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Wide diversity of crops in the low desert!
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Wide diversity of crops in the low desert!
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With this wide variety of crops, what’s the probability that
plant growth regulation products can not increase
crop production values of at least one (or more) crops?
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Plant Growth Regulation Use Areas
•HARVEST AID
•GROWTH REDUCTION
•GROWTH/COLORATION INCREASE
• STRESS/DISEASE MANAGEMENT
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HARVEST AID
• Dessicants
• Defoliants
• Boll Openers (enhancers/accelerants)
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Plant Defoliation • In low desert agriculture this is mainly cotton
• There are a number of products such as DEF, ET, Sodium chlorate, etc.
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Most products are single mode of action, but there are a few products that contain multiple modes, including an auxin transport inhibitor. That latter would be considered a plant growth regulator.
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Growth Regulators
•Products that slow/temporarily stop production of various plant hormones.
• There are a number of chemistries in this area.
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Plant Growth Regulators
• GIBBERELLIC ACID INHIBITORS
• Mefluidide (Embark)
• Mepiquat Chloride (Pix, etc.)
• Prohexadione calcium (Apogee)
• Trinexapac-ethyl (Palisade, Primo Maxx, etc.)
• AUXIN TRANSPORT INHIBITORS
• Cyclanalide
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Potential applications for PGRs (anti-GA products in local agriculture)
• Current widespread uses = cotton
• Cool Season Seed Crops – to prevent lodging and increased harvest efficiency (and potential higher yields) (wheat, small grains, etc.)
• Apples and other trees -vegetation management
• Some PGRs can prevent/lessen seed head development.
• Alfalfa seed production?
• Use in lawns/turf to reduce grass growth
Possibility for increasing hay quality of cool season grasses?
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Recent Plant Growth Regulators
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Keeping cool season grass stems shorter by limiting GA production
• Shorter stems
• Less lodging
• Easier and faster harvest
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Can we increase alfalfa quality by shortening internodes and do it economically?
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The answer is “yes” and “no” (or is the correct answer “it depends”• Multiple cuttings involved over the summer, 1 application/cutting
• All PGR applications (Apogee) reduced yields
• Increase in May harvest quality from ‘good’ to ‘premium’, but not in other later summer harvests
• Price differential for the May cutting was not economical when only $20/ton existed between good and premium quality classes
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Bermudagrass seed production and growth retardants: Can we make harvest go faster by decreasing volume to
be threshed?
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Bermudagrass leaf height (cm) Oct. 3, following plant growth regulator application on September 18, 2003
19.5
21.9
18.620.6 20.2
18.616.8
24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Apogee 7 oz Apogee 14 oz. Apogee 29 oz. Palisade 1 pt Palisade 2 pts Palisade 3 pts Palisade 4 pts Untreated
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‘Cheyenne’ Bermudagrass leaf height (cm) Nov. 7-8, following plant growth regulator application on September 18 and Oct.3, 2003
26.9
24.825.9
24.1 23.9 23.922.6
21.6
19.5
21.720.6
26.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Apogee 7 oz Apogee 14 oz. Apogee 29 oz. Apogee 7 + 7oz
Apogee 14 +14 oz.
Palisade 1 pt Palisade 2 pts Palisade 3 pts Palisade 4 pts Palisade 1 + 1pt
Palisade 2 + 2pts
Untreated
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‘Cheyenne’ bermudagrass percent leaf height reduction Nov. 7-8, following plant growth regulator application on September 18 and Oct.3, 2003
-1.1
6.8
2.6
9.410.2 10.2
15
18.8
26.7
18.4
22.6
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Apogee 7 oz Apogee 14 oz. Apogee 29 oz. Apogee 7 + 7 oz Apogee 14 + 14oz.
Palisade 1 pt Palisade 2 pts Palisade 3 pts Palisade 4 pts Palisade 1 + 1pt
Palisade 2 + 2pts
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Faster seed combining speed (less stem to separate from seed) = Less Time in the field
(& less wear and tear on combine)Time = $$$
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‘Cheyenne’ bermudagrass seed extended/open inflorescences/sq. ft. on Nov. 7-8 following application of Apogee or Palisade
(Sept. 18, Oct. 3, 2004)
86.5
65.3 64.6
71.2
58.7
73
59.2
52
36.6
48.5
33
86.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Apogee 7 oz Apogee 7 + 7oz.
Apogee 14 oz. Apogee 14 +14 oz.
Apogee 29 oz. Palisade 1 pt Palisade 1 + 1pt
Palisade 2 pts Palisade 2 + 2pts
Palisade 3 pts Palisade 4 pts Untreated
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‘Cheyenne’ Bermudagrass seed production (million seeds/acre)
resulting from application of Apogee or Palisade
9.03
6.15 6.13
7.22
6.13
7.28
4.954.33
2.97
6.02
3.78
8.43
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Apogee 7 oz Apogee 14 oz. Apogee 29 oz. Apogee 7 + 7oz.
Apogee 14 +14 oz.
Palisade 1 pt Palisade 2 pts Palisade 3 pts Palisade 4 pts Palisade 1 + 1pt.
Palisade 2 + 2pts
Untreated
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What about combinations of growth inhibitors?
• Two active ingredients:
• 1) Cyclanalide (2.1%)
• 2) Mepiquat chloride (8.4%)
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DPL 164B2RF cotton response to Stance or Mepiquat Chloride application, Ripley, CA
1832
1774 1775
1716
1640
1660
1680
1700
1720
1740
1760
1780
1800
1820
1840
1860
Stance 2 oz. Stance 3 oz. Mepiquat chloride 12 oz. Untreated
Lbs. lint/acre
Lbs. lint/acre
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What is
easier
to do?
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Build?
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or Destroy?
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It is easier to destroy than to build
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The same is true in biological systems!
=
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It is much easier to kill/prevent/ reduce growth/other aspect
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It is much easier to kill/prevent/ reduce growth/other aspect
than it is to increase growth and yieldsdue to the multiplicity of systems involved.
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There are multiple classes of plant hormones, with each class having multiple chemistries
Historical/Traditional classes:
•Cytokinins
•Abscisic acid
•Gibberellic acids
• Ethylene
•Auxins
More recently recognized classes:• Brassinosteroids
• Oligosaccharides
• Polyamines (PAs)
• Complex Polymeric Polyhydroxyic Acids (CPPA)
• Others (?)
• GABA, Jasmonic Acids, etc.
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Major classes (very powerful hormones)
•Cytokinins
•Abscisic acid
•Gibberellic acids
•Ethylene
•Auxins
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Effects of GA3 on grape size
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RyzUp SmartGrass
• Gibberellin A3
• Product used to increase grass re-growth in rotational grazing systems in New Zealand, etc.
• This formulation initially used in southeastern U.S. on winter pasture grasses
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Factors that Effect and Biostimulant/Growth Enhancement Effects
• Crop
• Crop Variety
• Biostimulant Rate
• Herbicide
• Growing Environment
• Surfactant
• Timing and Application Method
• Fertility Levels
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Growth Response differences to plant hormones and biostimulants
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Rate Study – Smooth Brome 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 oz./acre
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Rate Study – Large Plots Strange things happening!
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Smooth Brome Rate Study Strange things happened!
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13 DATDifferences due to surfactant used with product
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Factors that Effect and Biostimulant/Growth Enhancement Effects
• Crop
• Crop Variety
• Biostimulant Rate
• Herbicide
• Growing Environment
• Surfactant
• Timing and Application Method
• Fertility Levels
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Soybean growth differences at 8 days post treatment
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Mean Soybeans/Plant at Harvest Resulting from Gibberellic Acid (GA-3) Application at Various Stages of Early Development, Rising City, Nebraska, 2016
119 119.5113.4 118
110.7
134.8 139.1
124.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Beans/Plant
UNTREATED UNIFOLIATE V-1 V-2 V-3 UNIF + V-1 UNIF + V-2 UNIFOL + V-3
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There are multiple classes of plant hormones, with each class having multiple chemistries
Major classes:
• Cytokinins
• Abscisic acid
• Gibberellic acids
• Ethylene
• Auxins
More recently recognized: Minor classes:
• Brassinosteroids
• Oligosaccharides
• Polyamines (PAs)
• Complex Polymeric Polyhydroxyic Acids (CPPA)
• Others on the periphery GABA, Jasmonic Acids, etc.
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Do chemicals that signal the plant to grow (rather than reduce plant growth) actually bridge the gap between
“potential” and “reality of increased profits”?
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There are lots of products out
there that claim to increase plant
growth.
Do any of them provide
consistent and economical
production returns?
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Low Desert Cotton Results Mixed chemistries
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BM86 - Polyamine related product
• Contains GA 142
• Strengthens flower structures responsible for pollination
• Enhances cell formation
• Promotes production of polyamines and other substances that are necessary for a wide range of metabolic reactions
• Provides a nutrient package that efficiently aids in the conversion of photosynthates to carbohydrates and in protein synthesis
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Polyamine (PA) low desert research results
1520
1571 1566
1810
1681
1350
1400
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
Mepiquat chloride 16 0z Mepiquat Chloride 24 oz BM86 32 oz BM862 32 oz. _ Mep. Chlor 12 oz. Untreated
Lbs lint/acre
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Polyamine (PA) low desert research results
881 911 908
1035
858
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Mepiquat chloride 16 0z Mepiquat Chloride 24 oz BM86 32 oz BM862 32 oz. _ Mep. Chlor 12 oz. Untreated
$ value/acre
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Bermudagrass seed germination percentages following treatment with GABA and/or surfactants
83.7
85.386
84
87.7
86.7
88.788.3
84.7
86
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Solar 3 oz. CalMax 1 qt Foliar Pride 1 qt AuxiGro 1 oz. AuxiGro 2 oz Auxigro 4 oz. AuxiGro 8 oz AuxiGro 4 oz +CalMax
AuxiGro 4 oz _+Foliar Pride
Untreated
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Bermudagrass seed yields (lbs. Pure Live Seed/acre) following GABA application on June 8, 2004, Blythe, CA
395 400
451
400
509491
437457
420 410
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Solar 3 oz. CalMax 1 qt Foliar Pride 1 qt AuxiGro 1 oz. AuxiGro 2 oz Auxigro 4 oz. AuxiGro 8 oz AuxiGro 4 oz +CalMax
AuxiGro 4 oz +Foliar Pride 1 qt
Untreated
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Dehydrator onion response to GABA
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Tons dehydrator onion yields/acre at harvest following GABA application
18.118.2
18.7
17.4
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
AuxiGro 4 oz. April 16 AuxiGro 4 oz May 10 AuxiGro 4 oz. April 16 + May 10 Untreated
Tons/acre
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Jasmonic Acid pathway/SAR
• SAR refers to the Systemic Activated Response
• This response helps plants to fight disease, and is often valuable in other aspects.
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NUMBER OF MARKETABLE MELONS PER ACRE
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
CASABA CRENSHAW HONEYDEW PERSIAN SANTA CLAUS
MELON TYPE
MESSENGER
UNTREATED
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AntiStress Products• Stress leads to free radical molecules being produced within
plants
• Unless neutralized, the free radical molecules will signal for ethylene production
• Higher ethylene levels in plants then signal for the formation of abscissic acid
• In cotton, abscisic acid causes developing flowers and bolls to be abscised (dropped from plant)
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Areas with the highest yields also have the highest risk potential for crop yield reduction.
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Several products that are marketed fortheir anti-ethylene properties
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Anti-Ethylene mode of actions
• Retain – (AVG) cotton locally, walnuts and tree crops (ethylene biosynthesis blockers)
• 1-MCP (Ethylene compound that inhibits the action of ethylene) Invinsa
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Area research thus far has been with ReTain
• Applied latter part of July to four local cotton varieties
• This was probably too late in the season
• A rate effect was noted (some positive differences, others negative)
• Since applied so late in season, may have missed much of the early stress, thus additional testing is probably necessary, especially as varieties have changed
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Some plant growth regulationthoughts for the future
•With an ever increasing emphasis on water, will plant growth regulation products provide increased efficiency/water conservation?
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Can we increase alfalfa quality with PGRs and reduce water use at the same time at certain
times of the year?
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Some plant growth regulationthoughts for the future
What is the synergism between various chemistries, such as noted for BM86 + mepiquat chloride?
881 911 9081035
858
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Mepiquat chloride 16 0z Mepiquat Chloride 24 oz BM86 32 oz BM862 32 oz. _ Mep. Chlor 12 oz. Untreated
$ value/acre
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Some products now on market that have multiple chemistries (Cyclanalide in both)
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Some plant growth regulationthoughts for the future
• With new chemistries and products being introduced into the marketplace every year, it is difficult to evaluate all potential aspects of plant growth regulation chemistries, especially when interactions exist for variety, surfactant, and other environmental factors.
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Questions?