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Plant Growth and Development
Essential Standard 4.00: Examine factors relating to plant growth and development.
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Objective 4.01
• Explain the growth process of plants
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Processes of plant growth
• Photosynthesis• Respiration• Absorption• Transpiration• Translocation• Reproduction
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Photosynthesis
• The food and manufacturing process in green plants that combines carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen.– Formula:6CO2+6H2O+672Kcal
C6H12O6+6O2
Carbon Dioxide
Water Light Energy
Glucose Sugar
Oxygen
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Respiration
• The process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
• Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis than they use through respiration.
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Absorption
• The process by which plant roots take in water and air
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Transpiration
• The process by which plants lose water from leaves and stems through evaporation
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Translocation
• The process by which food and nutrients are moved within a plant from one plant part to another
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Reproduction
• The plant process that increases plant numbers– usually by seeds
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Stages of Plant Growth
• Juvenile-when a plant first starts to grow from a seed
• Reproductive-when a plant produces flowers, seeds and fruits
• Dormant-when a plant rests or grows very little, if any
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Plant Cells
• Basic unit of growth• A nucleus and a mass of
protoplasm contained within a plasma membrane
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Parts of a Plant Cell
• Nucleus– location of plant’s genetic and
hereditary make-up
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• Protoplasm– the living matter of the cell
• Plasma Membrane– surrounds protoplasm and allows for
exchange of nutrients and gases into and out of cell
Parts of a Plant Cell
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• Cell Wall– rigid and provides support for the cell
and thus the whole plant
Parts of a Plant Cell
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• Other Structures– Chloroplasts– Vacuole– Plastids– Mitochondrion
Parts of a Plant Cell
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Plant tissue
• A group of cells with similar origin and function
• Classified according to their origin, structure and physiology
• Structure of permanent tissue– simple-usually one type of cell– complex-several types of cells
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Tissue origin and function
• Meristematic-near tip of stems and roots where cell division and enlargement occur
• Vascular cambium-increase growth in diameter of stems
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Simple Tissues
• Epidermal-one-cell thick, outer layer, protects and prevents water loss
• Sclerenchyma-have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give strength and support to plant structures
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Other tissues
• Collenchyma-have thick cell walls that strengthen and support plant structures
• Parenchyma-fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients
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Phases of the asexual cycle• Vegetative-growth and
development of buds, roots, leaves and stems– cell elongation-stage when cells
enlarge– differentiation-stage when cells
specialize
• Reproductive or flowering-plant develops flower buds that will develop into flowers, fruits and seeds
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Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature and Nutrients
on Plants
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Light
• Photoperiodism-response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles
• Necessary because of photosynthesis
• Not enough light causes long, slender, spindly stems
• Too much light will cause plants to dry out faster
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Moisture
• Needed in large amounts because plant tissues are mostly water and water carries nutrients
• Not enough water causes wilting and stunted growth
• Too much water causes small root systems and drowning which is a result of air spaces in soil being filled with water
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Temperature
• Needs vary depending on type of plants
• Either too high or too low will have adverse effects
VS
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Nutrients
• Essential for optimal plant conditions
• Has little effect on seed germination
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Combining growth factors
• Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum plant growth
• Each has an effect on the other factors
• Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth causes diseases to be more severe in their damages to plants
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Hardiness Zones
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Hardiness Zones
• North Carolina– Zones 6 to 8
• Considers minimum temperature extremes– Zone 6
• -10 to 0 degrees F– Zone 7
• 0 to 10 degrees F• Charlotte
– Zone 8• 10 to 20 degrees F
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Plant Propagation
Essential Standard 4.00: Examine factors relating to plant growth and development.
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Objective 4.02
• Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation.
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Propagation
• The multiplication of a kind or species.
• Reproduction of a species.
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Sexual Propagation
• Propagation from seeds.• Pollen is transferred from the
anther to the stigma. • Fertilization occurs and seeds are
produced.
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Germination Rates
• Percent of seeds that sprout– 75 out of 100=75%
• Rate is affected by seed viability, temperature and moisture.
• Rates vary depending on plant and quality of seed.
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Seeds• Plant depth depends on the size of
seeds– larger seeds are planted deeper– water small seeds from bottom by
soaking
Embryo
Endosperm
Seed Coat
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Seedlings (small plants)
• Transplant when first true leaves appear
• Reduce humidity and water and make environment more like outside to “harden off” plants
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Seeds to Seedlings
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Advantages of Sexual Reproduction• Fast way to get many plants• Easy to do• Economical
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Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction• Some plants, especially hybrids, do
not reproduce true to parents• Some plants are difficult to
propagate from seeds
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Asexual Reproduction• Uses growing plant parts other
than seeds• Types of asexual reproduction:
– cuttings– layering– division or separation– budding – grafting– tissue culture
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Rooting from Cuttings
• Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep
• Best time of day is early mornings because plants have more moisture
• Types of cuttings:– stem– leaf– root
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Stem Cuttings
• Using a small piece of stem to reproduce plants
• using hormones and dipping in fungicides help speed up rooting
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Leaf cuttings
• Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new plants
• from herbaceous plants• vein must be cut
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Stem Cuttings-Step 1
Gather all materials needed
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Stem Cuttings-Step 2
Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip
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Stem Cuttings-Step 3
Remove lower leaves from the shoot
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Stem Cuttings-Step 4
Dip cut surface in rooting hormone
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Stem Cuttings-Step 5
Thoroughly moisten rooting medium
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Stem Cuttings-Step 6
Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media
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Stem Cuttings-Step 7
Cover with plastic wrap or place on a mist bench in a warm area away
from direct sunlight.
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Stem Cuttings-Step 8
Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and
transplanted
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Root Cuttings
• Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants
• should be three inches apart in rooting area
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Layering
• Scarring a small area of stem to produce new plants– air layering– trench layering– mound layering
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Trench Layering
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Division or Separation• Cutting or pulling apart plant
structures for reproduction– bulbs– corms– rhizomes– tubers– runners– stolons– suckers
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Bulbs
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Grafting• Joining separate plant parts
together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant.
Wedge Graft
Approach Graft
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Grafting Terms
• Scion-the piece of plant at the top of the graft
• Rootstock-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft
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Methods of Grafting
• If the scion and rootstock are the same size– wedge– splice– whip and tongue– approach
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• If the scion is smaller than the rootstock– cleft– side– notch– bark inlay
Methods of Grafting
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Budding• A form of grafting when a bud is
used– patch budding– T-budding– Chip Budding
Chip Budding
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How to perform T-budding
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
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Tissue Culture
• Using a small amount of plant tissue to grow in a sterile environment
• The most plants in a short time• True to parent plant
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Advantages of Asexual Production• Plants mature in a shorter time• Budding is faster than grafting• In trench layering, a plant forms at
each node on a covered stem• Some plants do not produce viable
seed• New plants are the same as the
parent plant
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Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction• Some require special equipment
and skills, such as grafting• Cuttings detach plant parts from
water and nutrient source• Some plants are patented making
propagation illegal
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The Uses of Biotechnology in Horticulture
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What is Biotechnology?• The use of cells or components
(parts) of cells to produce products or processes
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Methods
• Tissue culture or micropropagation• Cloning• Genetic Engineering
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Tissue Culture• Uses terminal shoots or leaf buds
in a sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or other nutrient-growing media to produce thousands of identical plants
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Cloning
• Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual tissue
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Genetic Engineering
• Movement of genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up
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Benefits of Biotechnology
• Produce many identical plants in a short time
• Increase disease and insect resistance
• Increase tolerance to heat and cold• Increase weed tolerance
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• Increase tolerance to drought• Improve environment• Increase production• Other genetic changes
Benefits of Biotechnology