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Transcript of Plant Cell GO » Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic...
Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic Cell
Compare Anything ›› Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell GO »
Diffen › Science › Biology › Cellular Biology
The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be
the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Eukaryotic cells
contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic
cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the
structure of chromosomal DNA.
Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until
more complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of
evolution.
Comparison chart
Differences — Similarities —
Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell
Nucleus Present Absent
Number of
chromosomes
More than one One--but not true chromosome:
Plasmids
Cell Type
Usually multicellular Usually unicellular (some
cyanobacteria may be
multicellular)
True Membrane
bound Nucleus
Present Absent
Example Animals and Plants Bacteria and Archaea
Genetic
Recombination
Meiosis and fusion of gametes Partial, undirectional transfers
DNA
Lysosomes and
peroxisomes
Present Absent
Microtubules Present Absent or rare
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Present Absent
Mitochondria Present Absent
Cytoskeleton Present May be absent
Eukaryotes wrap their DNA Multiple proteins act together to
DNA wrapping
on proteins.
around proteins called histones. fold and condense prokaryotic
DNA. Folded DNA is then
organized into a variety of
conformations that are
supercoiled and wound around
tetramers of the HU protein.
Ribosomes larger smaller
Vesicles Present Present
Golgi apparatus Present Absent
ChloroplastsPresent (in plants) Absent; chlorophyll scattered in
the cytoplasm
Flagella
Microscopic in size; membrane
bound; usually arranged as nine
doublets surrounding two singlets
Submicroscopic in size, composed
of only one fiber
Permeability of
Nuclear
Membrane
Selective not present
Plasma
membrane with
steroid
Yes Usually no
Cell wallOnly in plant cells and fungi
(chemically simpler)
Usually chemically complexed
Vacuoles Present Present
Cell size 10-100um 1-10um
Definition of eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Prokaryotes (pro-KAR-ee-ot-es) (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or
kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. -otes; also spelled
"procaryotes") are organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other
membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are
multicellular.
Eukaryotes (IPA: [juːˈkæɹɪɒt]) are organisms whose cells are organized into
complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most
characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus. This feature gives them
their name, (also spelled "eucaryote,") which comes from the Greek ευ, meaning
good/true, and κάρυον, meaning nut, referring to the nucleus. Animals, plants,
fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
The difference between the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great
that it is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of
organisms.
Up next
Plant cells vs. Animal cells
x
Structure and contents of a
typical Gram positive bacterial cell
(a prokaryotic cell)
The most fundamental difference is that
eukaryotes do have "true" nuclei
containing their DNA, whereas the genetic
material in prokaryotes is not membrane-
bound.
In eukaryotes, the mitochondria and
chloroplasts perform various metabolic
processes and are believed to have been
derived from endosymbiotic bacteria. In
prokaryotes similar processes occur across
the cell membrane; endosymbionts are
extremely rare.
The cell walls of prokaryotes are generally formed of a different molecule
(peptidoglycan) to those of eukaryotes (many eukaryotes do not have a cell
wall at all).
Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in that they contain only a single
loop of stable chromosomal DNA stored in an area named the nucleoid,
while eukaryote DNA is found on tightly bound and organised
chromosomes. Although some eukaryotes have satellite DNA structures
called plasmids, these are generally regarded as a prokaryote feature and
many important genes in prokaryotes are stored on plasmids.
Prokaryotes have a larger surface area to volume ratio giving them a higher
metabolic rate, a higher growth rate and consequently a shorter generation
time compared to Eukaryotes.
Genes
Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in the structure, packing,
density, and arrangement of their genes on the chromosome.
Prokaryotes have incredibly compact genomes compared to
eukaryotes, mostly because prokaryote genes lack introns and large
non-coding regions between each gene.
Whereas nearly 95% of the human genome does not code for
proteins or RNA or includes a gene promoter, nearly all of the
prokaryote genome codes or controls something.
Prokaryote genes are also expressed in groups, known as operons,
instead of individually, as in eukaryotes.
In a prokaryote cell, all genes in an operon(three in the case of the
famous lac operon) are transcribed on the same piece of RNA and
then made into separate proteins, whereas if these genes were native
to eukaryotes, they each would have their own promoter and be
transcribed on their own strand of mRNA. This lesser degree of
control over gene expression contributes to the simplicity of the
prokaryotes as compared to the eukaryotes.
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December 5, 2013, 4:51pm
They don't really have the function of the similarity between the
two:(
— 2 07 .✗.✗.2 5 3
May 12, 2013, 12:11pm
Actually , most eukary otic organisms are also unicellular. It's just
that multicellularity occurs more often within the domain
eukary a.
— 5 9 .✗.✗.2 2 4
March 13, 2014, 2:36am
I'm 15 y ears old getting prepared for the Biology EOC Test :(
— 1 08 .✗.✗.2 1 2
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Comments: Eukaryotic Cell vs Prokaryotic Cell
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References
Wikipedia:Eukaryote
Wikipedia:Prokaryote
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October 17, 2012, 1:50pm
why do the cells differ
— 2 09 .✗.✗.1 4 6
June 2, 2012, 2:57pm
very interesting, but could use pictures in the v ideo.
— 7 1 .✗.✗.2 02
February 9, 2012, 1:26pm
Two things we learned:
- Many Eukary otes don't have a cell wall
- Prokary otes contain a single loop of stable chromosomal DNA
stored in the nucleiod.
A question that we still have:
- What are some similarities between the two?
— 1 7 0.✗.✗.1 9
Novem ber 17, 2011, 3:50pm
can y ou add more similarities?
— 2 05 .✗.✗.1 1 9
Novem ber 4, 2011, 6:52am
super helpful, thanks
— 7 4 .✗.✗.5 9
March 21, 2009, 12:54am
I'm try ing to figure out why there is such differences in sizes
between the cells.
— 6 8 .✗.✗.1 3 8
June 19, 2014, 4:11pm
It helped me a lot but may I know about their presence and
absence of cell organelles
— 1 06 .✗.✗.1 6 8
May 21, 2014, 1:41pm
Now I can cheat on my test :) jk
— 2 04 .✗.✗.2 0
May 20, 2014, 6:30pm
Well understood.
— 8 2 .✗.✗.2 2 2
December 24, 2013, 7:34pm
Thx a lot....its really helpfull
— 1 1 3 .✗.✗.5 1
December 12, 2013, 9:25am
Easy to understand
— 1 06 .✗.✗.1 2 9
Novem ber 1, 2012, 3:46pm
which structures carry out respiration in prokary otes?
— 2 02 .✗.✗.3 7
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