PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Dr.Ir. Andy Soegianto, CESA

What is Biotechnology ?

Use of living organisms to solve problems or make useful products Use of cells and biomolecules to solve problems or make useful products Almost anything to do with biology & technology Use of living organism or parts of them to produce industrially goods or services

MicrobiologyBiochemistryMolecular Biology

Cell BiologyMolecular Genetics Engineering Processes

Biotechnology

Health Diagnoses

Pharmaceutical Industry

Food and Animal Feed Industry

Chemical Industry

Environment and Energy

Fermentation Industry

Progression of BiotechnologyThe Era before Louis Pasteur

Alcoholic drinks (Beer, Wine, Palm-wine) Fermented Food (Cheese, yoghurt, tape,

tempe, petis, terasi)

Alcohol (Ethanol, Butanol, aceton, glycerol) Organic acids (Citric acid, acetic acid) Aerobic waste treatment

Progression of BiotechnologyThe Era of Louis Pasteur

Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Antibiotics

Antibiotics (Penicillin, tetracyclin, streptomycin)

Vaccine (NCD, polio)

Steroid Transformation (DOPA)

Liquid Medium Fermentation Technology

Animal Tissue Culture Technology

Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Post-Antibiotics

Amino Acids (Glutamic Acid, Lysin, aspartame) Single Cell Protein Enzyme (Amylase, Glucose isomerase,

Glucose dehydrogenase) Cell and Enzyme Mobilization Technology Anaerobic liquid waste treatment technology

(Biogas) Polisaccharide bacteria (Xanthan, Trehalosa)

Progression of Biotechnology Modern Biotechnology Era

1973, The gene can be cloned for the first time 1974, Cloned gene expression on different

organism 1975, monoclonal antibody (Hybridome

Technology Technology of diagnostic test using antibody Genetic Engineering Artificial vaccine Insulin from alcoholic drink

The Most Used Terms in Modern Biotechnology

Transgene – Strange gene which is inserted into a species

Example – Cry gene (gene codes for toxic protein for Coleoptera)

Transgenic organism – an organism contains of transgene by the process of biotechnology (not a cross as in plant breeding process)

Example – Bollgard cotton Herbicide resistant maize

PRODUCTS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE

GMO - Genetically modified organisms

An organism which has a new trait that is not found before as a result of addition of gene derived from another organism. Also called as Transgenic organism

Pest resistant Maize

Normal Transgenic

Bt toxin content can kill a corn borer Gene controls toxin production is derived

from bacteria

Cry gene designation Toxic to these insect orders

CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c) Lepidoptera

Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D Lepidoptera

CryII Lepidoptera, Diptera

CryIII Coleoptera

CryIV Diptera

CryV Lepidoptera, Coleoptera

Virus resistant plants

papaya, orange, potato Resistance Gene is derived from virus

Herbicide resistant plants

already exist: soybean, maize, canola next: sugarbeet, cabbage, strawberry, alfalfa, potato, wheat Resistance Gene is derived from bacteria

HerbicideCommercial

NameHerbicide Tolerant Crops

Bromoxynil Buctril cotton, potato, tobacco

Glyphosate Roundupsugar beet, corn, cotton, lettuce, canola, soybean, tobacco, tomato, wheat

GlufosinateLiberty,

Ignite, Bastaalfalfa, sugar beet, corn, barley, melon, peanut, rice, canola, soybean, tomato, wheat

Sulfonylureascorn, cotton, tobacco, tomato, flax, soybean, sugar beet

Imidazolinones corn, canola, wheat

2,4-D potato, sweetgum, cotton

Sethoxydim corn

Triazines canola

HERBICIDE TOLERANCE CROPS (HTCs)

The Differences between Plant Biotechnology and Plant

Breeding

Plant Biotechnology allows the plant breeder a wider choice of traits to choose from and allows the trait to be realized in a more precise manner and within a shorter time period.

• Can only use genes from within one species or several closely related species or wild species, becoming a limitation due to loss of genetic diversity • Takes many years to develop an improved variety

Conventional plant breeding

Plant Biotechnology

Wheat Rye

Triticale

X

Interspecific crossing in Plant Breeding

New species, but NOT as result of Modern Biotechnology process

ATTCGA

ATTGGA

Gene target

New Gene

Mutagenesis treatment

Mutagenesis: New trait, without a strange gene

Mutagenesis changes DNA sequences of a gene allow to get a new advantageous trait

“While traditional breeding approaches have worked well, they can be very time consuming and sometimes inefficient. Each plant has tens of thousands of genes, so crossing two plants results in a multitude of combinations.

With advances in technology, scientists can now precisely identify through marker technology some of the individual genes responsible for producing a particular characteristic. Traits such as fruit color or resistance to a particular pest, make breeding new varieties quicker and more precise.

COUNTRY AREA (m Ha) CROP

USAArgentinaCanadaBrazilChinaSouth AfricaIndiaParaguayUruguayAustraliaRomaniaSpainMexico

47.616.25.45.03.70.50.51.20.30.20.10.10.1

Cotton, Maize, SoybeanSoybean, Maize, CottonCanola, Maize, SoybeanSoybeanCottonMaize, Soybean, CottonCottonCottonSoybean, MaizeSoybeanSoybeanMaizeCotton, Soybean

Table 1. Areas of Biotech Crop Growth 2004

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN HORSE AND SNAIL???

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN GRASSHOPPER AND

RICE???

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN SALMONELLA AND

PINE TREE???

ORGANISM

ORGAN SYSTEM

ORGAN

TISSUE

CELL

ORGANELLES (MITOCHONDRIA, VACUOLE, GOLGI BODY, NUCLEUS, ETC.)

GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)

GENETIC MATERIAL

MATERIALS USED FOR TRANSMITTING THE GENETIC INFORMATION FROM AN INDIVIDU INTO ITS OFFSPRING

HOW DO THE DNA DETERMINE THE CHARACTER OF LIVING ORGANISM?

DNA TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION PROTEIN

Character structure and process in an organism

All processes directed by enzymes

Enzyme the largest part of the protein.

WHY A CHARACTER CAN BE ENGINEERED??

………………………………

WHY IS GENETIC ENGINEERING PROSPECTIVE ??

KARENA KESAMAAN STRUKTUR MOLEKUL DNA PADA SEMUA MAKHLUK HIDUP

MEMUNGKINKAN REKAYASA (PEMINDAHAN, PENGGANTIAN, PENGURANGAN,

PENAMBAHAN) DARI SUMBER DNA YANG BERBEDA

Assignment for Each Student

Essay on Reviewing some journals on the application of Plant Biotechnology

Type it using MSWORD : 10 pages minimum, 1.5 spacing, Times New Roman 12”

Save in a directory named as your name and Student Identity Number

Be gathered in next 2 weeks (week 3th) Will be presented in week 5th

Thank You

See you next week