Planning & Urban Design Principles for Non-Planners
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Planning & Urban Design
Principles for Non-Planners
Based on “The Charter of the New Urbanism”
Ben Zellers, AICP, CNU-A
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The New Urbanism
• Look towards successful past design to
inform new development patterns.
Cars
Live
Here
People
Live
Here
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The New Urbanism
• Look towards successful past design to
inform new development patterns.
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The New Urbanism
• Look towards successful past design to
inform new development patterns.
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The Transect
From http://www.transect.org
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The Transect
From http://www.transect.org
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The Charter of The New Urbanism
• http://www.cnu.org/charter
• 27 planning, design, and development
principles broken down in to 3 categories:
– The region: Metropolis, city, and town
– The neighborhood, the district, and the
corridor
– The block, the street, and the building
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The Region
• Development patterns should not blur or
eradicate the edges of the metropolis.
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The Region
• Direct investment to smart growth priority
areas.
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The Region
• Most codes outlaw construction of compact,
diverse, walkable cities and villages.
• Make good design legal.
– Too many downtowns are illegal.
– Requiring over provision of parking.
– Zoning doesn’t match pre-existing lot/site
conditions.
– Minimum lot size too big.
– Jumping through hoops for mixed-use
development.
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The Region
• Reject road planning and projections that
ignore induced traffic.
• Induced traffic = new road capacity
absorbed by drivers who previously
avoided congested roads.
• “Trying to cure traffic congestion by adding
more capacity is like trying to cure obesity
by loosening a belt.”
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The Region
• Beltline in Madison/Monona
“Old” Beltline: 4 lanes; 45 mph speed limit; many curb cuts; stoplights
“New” Beltline – opened in 1988: 6 lanes; 55 mph speed limit;
freeway; free-flow interchange with I-39/90
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35,000
45,000
55,000
65,000
75,000
85,000
95,000
105,000
115,000
125,000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
The Region
1988: 6-lane
bypass opens
Data from WisDOT; CARPC
54,685
69,850
111,000
78,890
1984:
EIS
44,700 54,500
27%
41%
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Neighborhood, District, Corridor
• Plan in increments of complete
neighborhoods.
• Neighborhoods should be compact,
pedestrian-friendly, and mixed-use.
• Many activities of daily living should occur
within walking distance to allow
independence for those who do not drive,
especially the elderly and young.
• Retain & protect major natural features; have
a variety of public places.
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The five-
minute
walk
Park
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The five-
minute
walk
School
Wetlands
& Park
Park
Preserve
School
Senior
Housing
Grocery,
Bank,
Etc.
View
Preserved
for Public
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Neighborhood, District, Corridor
• An interconnected network of streets with
small block sizes should be designed to
encourage walking, reduce the number
and length of automobile trips, and
conserve energy.
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450’
(~2/25 mi)
4,140’
(~3/4 mi)
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7 miles!
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Neighborhood, District, Corridor
From http://www.charlotteobserver.com
Annualized per-
capita life cycle costs
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From http://www.charlotteobserver.com
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Neighborhood, District, Corridor
• Have a broad range of housing types and
price levels in a neighborhood.
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Neighborhood, District, Corridor
• Concentrations of civic, institutional, and
commercial activity should be embedded
in neighborhoods and districts, not isolated
in remote, single-use complexes.
Schools should be sized and located to
enable children to walk or bicycle to
them.
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Neighborhood, District, Corridor
• The downtown
Post
Office
City
Hall
Library
Senior
Center
Fire
Dept.
EMS
Church
Church
Brewery
Housing
Housing
Hotel Office RetailBank
Farmer’s
Market
(summer)
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Village
Village
High
School
1.4 miles
1.7 miles
No
sidewalks
or trails . . .
Pupil Transportation
Budget: $633,000
1969: 41 percent
of children either
walked or biked to
school
2001: 13 percent
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Neighborhood, District, Corridor
• Economic health and harmonious
evolution of neighborhoods, districts, and
corridors can be improved through graphic
urban design codes that serve as
predictable guides for change.
• Consider form-based zoning, especially for
mixed-use areas like downtowns.
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• Better to show people
what you do want than
tell them what you don’t
want.
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Neighborhood, District, Corridor
• Sidewalks are not the only ingredient for
making a place walkable. Pedestrian
routes must be: – Useful – aspects of daily life located close at hand.
– Interesting – sidewalk lined with unique buildings
– Comfortable – buildings create “outdoor living
rooms”
– Safe – peds have a fighting chance against autos.
From: The Walkable City, by Jeff Speck
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Block, Street, Building
• Design complete streets: streets are for
pedestrians, bicyclists, and autos.
• Streets should be safe for all modes of
transport.
– Autos travel at the speed the street is designed
for, not at the posted speed limit.
– Pedestrian fatalities at speeds of 36-45 mph are
22 TIMES HIGHER than when cars are at
≤20mph.
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3280 Feet 315 Feet
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Block, Street, and Building
• Georgia pedestrian charged with vehicular
homicide in the death of her 4-year old son
because they were j-walking when hit by a
drunk driver who left the scene.
• Crossed street at bus stop instead of
walking 2/3 mi to cross at a crosswalk.
• Could have done more prison time than
the driver.
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Block, Street, and Building
• Development must adequately
accommodate automobiles; it should do so
in ways that respect the pedestrian and
the form of public space.
• Streets and squares should be safe,
comfortable, and interesting to the
pedestrian.
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• NO SIDEWALKS, no parks, no schools, no
mix of uses . . .
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Kudos on the
sidewalks and
crosswalks, but . . .
School
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NO!
On street parking: essential for businesses.
Well-managed street parking can generate tens
of thousands of retail sales per stall; ideal to
manage parking to maintain 15% stall vacancy.
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Block, Street, Building
• Preservation and renewal of historic
buildings, districts, and landscapes affirm
the continuity and evolution of urban
society.
• Or: do everything you can to preserve your
historic buildings – that’s what makes your
community unique.
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Downtown block area: 1.7 acres
Assessed value: $3.87 million
Value per acre: $2.3 million
Big box parcel area: 5.8 acres
Assessed value: $2.1 million
Value per acre: $362,000
More than 6 times as
valuable per acre!
Newer!
Even when compared
to a brand new big box
store with freeway
access in a bigger city,
the downtown block at
right is more than 2x
as valuable per acre.
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Block, Street, Building
• A primary task of all urban architecture
and landscape design is the physical
definition of streets and public spaces as
places of shared use.
• The revitalization of urban places depends
on safety and security. The design of
streets and buildings should reinforce safe
environments, but not at the expense of
accessibility and openness.
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Block, Street, Building
• Architecture and landscape design should
grow from local climate, topography,
history, and building practice.
• All buildings should provide their
inhabitants with a clear sense of location,
weather, and time. Natural methods of
heating and cooling can be more
resource-efficent than mechanical
systems.
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(before)
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Raingarden
terrace
Pervious
pavers
LED Streetlights
Terrace
trees
Benches &
trash
receptacles
Bike
racks
Building sun
shades; many
windows facing
street
(after)
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• Surface
parking
• Very little
greenspace
• Green roof
• Solar panels
• Increased
greenspace
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Block, Street, Building
• Don’t be afraid to require good design.
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Block, Street, Building
• Fire safety vs. life safety.
– Fire departments love wide streets – they feel
it allows them to handle fires better.
– Wide streets cause speeding, no matter the
posted speed limit.
– Speeding causes more severe driver and
pedestrian injuries and increases fatalities
from crashes.
• Best to have narrower streets that
connect.
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Block, Street, Building
• Allow alleys. Alleys:
– Prevent garages from dominating the
streetscape.
– Reduce pedestrian/bike conflicts with cars by
reducing driveways/curb cuts.
– Allow for narrower lots.
– Provide a place for transformers, meters,
communications boxes, trash pickup, etc.
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Conclusion
• Good design should be, at a minimum,
allowed; hopefully encouraged; ideally
required.
• Many zoning practices from the 1950s and
60s, which remain in place today, mandate
bad design.
• Bad zoning and other bad government
regulations have led to many of the problems
communities are facing today.
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Conclusion
• Market has responded to government
regulations and provided vast tracts of
isolated large-lot single-family homes; it’s
time to make “traditional” neighbor-hoods
legal again and give people a choice in where
they can live.
• Good urban design and sound planning is a
matter of public health.
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Recommended Reading . . .
1. Suburban Nation, by Andres Duany,
Elisabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Jeff Speck
2. The Death and Life of Great American
Cities, by Jane Jacobs
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Questions?Ben Zellers, AICP, CNU-A
Vierbicher
999 Fourier Drive, #201
Madison, WI 53717
(608) 821-3967