Planning III

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Research Compilation


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Garden City by

Ebenezer Howard

Garden Cities of To-morrow are a book by

the British urban planner Ebenezer

Howard. When it was published in 1898,

the book was titled To-morrow: A Peaceful

Path to Real Reform. In 1902 it was

reprinted as Garden Cities of To-Morrow.

The book gave rise to the garden city

movement.

This book offered a vision of towns free of

slums and enjoying the benefits of bothtown (such as opportunity, amusement

and high wages) and country (such as

beauty, fresh air and low rents). Howard illustrated the idea with his "Three Magnets"

diagram. His ideas were conceived for the context of a capitalist economic system, and

sought to balance individual and community needs.


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Two English towns were built as garden

cities, Letchworth and Welwyn. Though

they did not completely measure up to

the ideal, they provided a model for

controlling urban sprawl.

The garden city movement is a method

of urban planning that was initiated in

1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the

United Kingdom. Garden cities were

intended to be planned, self-contained

communities surrounded by "greenbelts",

containing proportionate areas ofresidences, industry and agriculture.

Inspired by the Utopian novel Looking

Backward and Henry George's work

Progress and Poverty, Howard published

his book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to

Real Reform in 1898 (which was reissued

in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow). His idealised garden city would house 32,000

people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open

spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the

centre. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population,

another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several

garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.

Chaux edoux by Claude!"icolas edoux

Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (21 March 1736 – 18 November 1806) was one of the earliestexponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural

theory to design not only in domestic architecture but town planning; as a

consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a

utopian. His greatest works were funded by the French monarchy and came to be

perceived as symbols of the Ancien Régime rather than Utopia. The French Revolution

hampered his career; much of his work was destroyed in the nineteenth century. In


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1804, he published a collection of his designs

under the title "Architecture considered in

relation to art, morals, and legislation." ] In this

book he took the opportunity of revising his

earlier designs, making them more rigorouslyneoclassical and up to date. This revision has

distorted an accurate assessment of his role in

the evolution of Neoclassical architecture. His

most ambitious work was the uncompleted Royal

Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, an idealistic and

visionary town showing many examples of

architecture parlante. Conversely his works and

commissions also included the more mundane and everyday architecture such as

approximately sixty elaborate toll gates in the Wall of the Farmers-General aroundParis.


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&e'erson (ille by )homas &e'erson

Antebellum

In 1786 Fort Finney was situated

where the Kennedy Bridge is today

to protect the area from Indians,

and a settlement grew around the

fort. The fort was renamed in 1791

to Fort Steuben in honor of Baron

von Steuben. In 1793 the fort was

abandoned. Precisely when the

settlement became known as

Jeffersonville is unclear, but it was

probably around 1801, the year in

which President Thomas Jefferson

took office. In 1802 local residents

used a grid pattern designed by

Thomas Jefferson for the

formation of a city. On September

13, 1803, a post office was

established in the city. In 1808

Indiana's second federal land sale

office was established in

Jeffersonville, which initiated a

growth in settling in Indiana that

was further spurred by the end of

the War of 1812.

Shortly after formation, Jeffersonville was named to be the county seat of Clark

County in 1802, replacing Springville. In 1812 Charlestown was named the county

seat, but the county seat returned to Jeffersonville in 1878, where it remains.

In 1813 and 1814 Jeffersonville was briefly the de facto capital of the Indiana

Territory, as then-governor Thomas Posey disliked then-capital Corydon, and wanting

to be closer to his personal physician in Louisville, decided to live in Jeffersonville.

However, it is debated by some that Dennis Pennington had some involvement to his

location to Jeffersonville. The territorial legislature remained in Corydon and

communicated with Posey by messenger.


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.

+ne Cite Industrielle

by )ony Garnier

Tony Garnier's Une Cite Industrialle

is one of the most comprehensive

ideal plans of all time.Published in

1917, it is not only an outstanding

contribution to architectural and

planning theories but also a sensitive

expression of thought and cultural

conditions of its day. Dora

Wiebenson's framing of the bookfocused on the Cite’ s lesser-known

role as a product of its cultural context, and as a bridge between nineteenth and

twentieth century planning and between academic and non-academic theories and

techniques.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

The end of the nineteenth century was a time of great change throughout Europe. The

advent of industrialisation altered the landscape of the city forever. Many of the

changes were not for the better and living conditions in industrial cities steadily

deteriorated. The Industrial Revolution had the effect of bringing more and more

people from the countryside into the heart of the city looking for work. Such dramatic

over-population and unrestricted urban growth led to slum housing, dirt, disease and

a lack of communal green spaces within the city landscape. Modern urban planning

arose in response to this disorde. Reformation of these areas was the objective of the

early city planners, who began to impose regulatory laws establishing housing

standards for housing, sanitation etc. Urban planners also introduced parks,

playground in city neighbourhoods, for recreation as well as visual relief. The notion of

zoning was a major concept of urban planning at this time.

THE CONCEPT

Garnier ‘s proposal was an industrial city for approx 35,000 inhabitants situated on a

area in southeast France on a plateau with high land and a lake to the north, a valley

and river to the south. Une Cite industrialle is a well coordinated and monumentally


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conceived plan placed in a park like setting where both the classical spirit of the

academic tradition and the primitive simplicity of utopian ideas is demonstrated. In

his proposal, Garnier tried to take into account all aspects of the city including

governmental, residential, manufacturing and agricultural practices. The various

functions of the city were clearly related, but separated from each other by locationand patterns.

The public area at the heart of the city was grouped into 3 sections: administrative

services and assembly halls, muesum collections and sports facilities.

The residential area is made up of rectangular blocks running east-west which gives

the city its characteristic elongated form. The residential districts are the first attempt

towards passive solar architecture. Garnier had energy efficiency in mind as the city

was to be powered by a hydroelectric station with a dam which was located in the

mountains along with the hospital.

The city was completed by a railroad d station to the east.

a (ille Contemporaine by e Corbusier

The Ville contemporaine (Contemporary

City) was an unrealized project to house

three million inhabitants designed by the

French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in

1922.

The centerpiece of this plan was a group

of sixty-story cruciform skyscrapers built

on steel frames and encased in curtain

walls of glass. The skyscrapers housed

both offices and the flats of the wealthiest inhabitants. These

skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces.


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At the center of the planned city was a

transportation hub which housed depots

for buses and trains as well as highway

intersections and at the top, an airport.

Le Corbusier segregated the pedestrian

circulation paths from the roadways, and

glorified the use of the automobile as a

means of transportation. As one moved

out from the central skyscrapers, smaller

multi-story zigzag blocks set in green

space and set far back from the street housed the proletarian workers.

.roadacre City by /ran0 loyd 1right

Frank Lloyd Wright was arrogant,

stubborn, and brilliant. But above

all, he was a shrewd businessman

who understood the importance of

spectacle in keeping his business

afloat. Wright put on many shows

over the course of his lifetime, but

arguably no performance was

greater than his utopian plan tocreate the perfect community:

Broadacre City.

Wright's ideal community was a complete rejection of the American cities of the first

half of the 20th century. According to him, cities would no longer be centralized; no

longer beholden to the pedestrian or the central business district. Broadacre City was

a thought experiment as much as it was a serious proposal—one where the

automobile would reign supreme. It was a truly prophetic vision of modern America.

Cutting Away the "Fibrous Tumor"


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Wright saw many of humanity's problems reflected in the outmoded cities around him.

"To look at the plan of a great City is to look at something like the cross-section of a

fibrous tumor," he wrote in 1945. The city was a scourge; an antiquated idea that may

have been useful in the past, but was rendered completely obsolete by new technology.

But what he proposed instead—Broadacre City—was largely a romanticized fantasy,

dreamt up by a self-serving narcissist. Laid out over a number of different articles and

talks as well as three books, The Disappearing City (1932), When Democracy Builds

(1945), and The Living City (1958), Wright's utopia was ultimately an extension of the

things that made him personally comfortable: open spaces, the automobile, and not

surprisingly, the architect as master controller.

Reading the books in chronological order, one sees the progression of American

futurism over three decades—from the Great Depression of the 1930s with the spread

of household electricity and new communications technologies, to the postwar techno-utopian ideals of the 1950s, complete with streamlined cars and flying machines.

In 1935, Wright wrote an article for the Architectural Record describing the emerging

technologies behind his vision for this new utopia. It would be a feat of modern

technology, built upon some of America's greatest strengths:

1.The motor car: general mobilization of the human being.

2.Radio, telephone and telegraph: electrical inter-communication becoming

complete.

3.Standardized machine-shop production: machine invention plus scientific

discovery.

Who needed to rush into the city for work, commerce or entertainment, when the

wonders of radio and telephone made things like telecommuting and remote concerts

available? At least for the white collar middle class. People could retreat to something

that was not quite urban, and not quite rural—a sprawling collection of houses,

business and government centers roughly on the scale of a modern American county.

And so Wright and his team of apprentices (who were each paying for the pleasure to

work for him) set out to make a model of this Broadacre utopia from their own mini-

utopian outpost in Arizona. Below, a photo of Wright's apprentices working on the

model.


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Communitas by P4 Goodman


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Communitas is also the title of a book published in

1947 by the 20th-century American thinker and

writer Paul Goodman and his brother, Percival

Goodman, who is less well-known, but a thinker in

his own right. Their book examines three kinds ofpossible societies: a society centered on

consumption, a society centered on artistic and

creative pursuits, and a society which maximizes

human liberty. The Goodmans emphasize freedom

from both coercion by a government or church and

from human necessities by providing these free of

cost to all citizens who do a couple of years of

conscripted labor as young

adults.


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"a0agin Capsule )ower

by 5isho 5uro0awa

The Nakagin Capsule Tower is a mixed-use

residential and office tower designed by

architect Kisho Kurokawa and located in

Shimbashi, Tokyo, Japan.

Completed in 1972, the building is a rare

remaining example of Japanese Metabolism,

an architectural movement emblematic of

Japan's postwar cultural resurgence.[1] The

building was the world's first example of

capsule architecture built for permanent and

practical use. The building still exists but has

fallen into disrepair. As of October 2012,

around thirty of the 140 capsules remained

in use as apartments, while others were used

for storage or office space, or simply abandoned and allowed to deteriorate.

Design, construction and usage

The building is actually composed of two interconnected concrete towers, respectively

eleven and thirteen floors, which house 140 prefabricated modules (or "capsules")

which are each self-contained units. Each capsule measures 2.3 m (7.5 ft) × 3.8 m (12

ft) × 2.1 m (6.9 ft) and functions as a small living or office space. Capsules can be

connected and combined to create larger spaces. Each capsule is connected to one of

the two main shafts only by four high-tension bolts and is designed to be replaceable.

No units have been replaced since the original construction.


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The original target demographic were bachelor

salarymen. The compact apartments included

a wall of appliances and cabinets built into one

side, including a kitchen stove, a refrigerator, a

television set, and a reel-to-reel tape deck. A bathroom unit, about the size of an aircraft

lavatory, is set into an opposite corner. A large

circular window over a bed dominates the far

end of the room.

Construction occurred on site and off site. On-

site work included the two towers and their

energy-supply systems and equipment, while

the capsule parts were fabricated and the

capsules were assembled at a factory.

The capsules were fitted with utilities and

interior fittings before being shipped to the

building site, where they were attached to the concrete towers. Each capsule is

attached independently and cantilevered from the shaft, so that any capsule may be

removed easily without affecting the others. The capsules are all-welded lightweight

steel-truss boxes clad in galvanized, rib-reinforced steel panels. After processing, the

panels were coated with rust-preventative paint and finished with a coat of Kenitex

glossy spray.

The cores are rigid-frame, made of a steel frame and reinforced concrete. From the

basement to the second floor, ordinary concrete was used; above those levels,

lightweight concrete was used. Shuttering consists of large panels the height of a

single storey of the tower. In order to make early use of the staircase, precast concrete

was used in the floor plates and the elevator shafts. Because of the pattern in which

two days of steel-frame work were followed by two days of precast-concrete work, the

staircase was completely operational by the time the framework was finished. On-site

construction of the elevators was shortened by incorporating the 3-D frames, the rails,

and anchor indicator boxes in the precast concrete elements and by employing

prefabricated cages.


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Chandigarh in India

Chandigarh is a city and a union territory in

the northern part o6 India that ser7es as the

capital o6 the states o6 Haryana and Pun8ab4

9s a union territory: the city is ruled directly

by the +nion Go7ernment o6 India and is not

part o6 either state4

)he city o6 Chandigarh was the ;rst plannedcity in India post!independence in -#* and

was 0nown internationally 6or its architecture

and urban design4 )he master plan o6 the city

was prepared by e Corbusier: trans6ormed

6rom an earlier plan by the 9merican planner

9lbert


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History

96ter the partition o6 India in -#*: the 6ormer .ritish pro7ince o6 Pun8ab was also

split between east Pun8ab in India and west Pun8ab in Pa0istan4 )he Indian Pun8ab

re?uired a new capital city to replace ahore: which became part o6 Pa0istan during

the partition4 >o: the go7ernment car7ed out Chandigarh o6 nearly $ Puadhi

spea0ing 7illages o6 the then state o6 East Pun8ab: India4

Chandigarh hosts the largest o6 e Corbusier@s many Apen Hand sculptures:

standing 2% metres high4 )he Apen Hand Ba econd

ecretariat: remain incomplete4 )hese include

Geometric Hill and


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Plug-in-City is a mega-

structure with no buildings,

just a massive framework

into which dwellings in the

form of cells or standardised

components could be

slotted. The machine had

taken over and people were

the raw material being

processed, the difference

being that people are meant to enjoy the experience.

Despite its serious background, Archigram became a synonym for the fusion of

pop and architecture. In 1961 the first issue of the magazine Archigram

appeared, edited by David Greene, Peter Cook and Michael Webb, in an edition

of 300 and printed on large-format paper. It was a low-budget publication, but

highly self-consciously saw itself as the mouthpiece for a young generation of

architects, planners and artists, presenting new solutions for existing urban-

design problems.

Planning III

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