air emissions models for waste and wastewater epa-453/r-94-080a
Planning and Management Distributed Wastewater Systems EPA ... · Design and Management Issues...
Transcript of Planning and Management Distributed Wastewater Systems EPA ... · Design and Management Issues...
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Design and Management Issues Distributed Wastewater Systems to Protect Public Health
and Environmental Quality EPA Webinar
23 August 2012
A. R. Rubin, Professor Emeritus, NCSU-BAE And
Environmental specialist, NSU
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USEPA Decentralized Program Strategy
Vision:
Decentralized wastewater systems are appropriately
managed, perform effectively, and are widely
acknowledged as components of our nations’
wastewater infrastructure.
Mission:
EPA will serve as a catalyst for improving system
performance through partnering to upgrade professional
standards of practice and institutionalize the concept of
perpetual management.
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Albany, March 31, 2000 – State Health Commissioner Antonia C. Novello, M.D., M.P.H. today released the final report detailing results of the New York State Department of Health's investigation into the 1999 E. coli 0157:H7 outbreak associated with attendance at the Washington County Fair. The findings indicate that the outbreak may have resulted from contamination of the Fair's Well 6 by a dormitory septic system on the fairgrounds, although manure runoff from the nearby Youth Cattle Barn cannot be ruled out as a possible contamination source
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STUDIES
GROUNDWATER STUDIES
• Boundary conditions?
• Cogger and Sobsey (1993) – Virus indicators, coastal sands
• Otis and Anderson (2000) – Various indicators, Florida
sands
• Many Others – attenuation with distance from source
• DETECTION IS NOT HAZARD
EPIDEMOLOGY STUDIES
• Borchardt, M.A., et al. 2010, NGWA.ORG, Groundwater.
• Door County; poor soil, inappropriate design, improper well development: result-Norovirus outbreak at restaurant. Patrons and employees sickened
• DETECTION WAS HAZARD
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Issues
• USEPA and state programs
• Planning Issues from Distributed Wastewater Perspective
• Sound science and engineering
• Management Approaches to protect:
– Public health
– Environmental quality
– Community aesthetic
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Functions of Onsite Systems
• Hydraulic – accept and transmit liquid
• Process – accept and attenuate constituents
• Proper design and management essential
– Soil treatment necessary
– Where soil presents limitation
• Alternative design
• Pretreatment
• MANAGEMENT necessary for risk reduction
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System dysfunction attributed to
• Poor site selection and assessment – Inadequate separation to limiting condition
• Improper design – Inadequate capacity causing surfacing effluent or
untreated discharge to groundwater
• Improper installation, operation and maintenance – Infiltration and hydraulic overload
– Leakage of untreated effluent from components
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US EPA resources at www.epa/gov/owm/septic
• Design guidance
• Management guidelines
• Case studies
• Technology fact sheets
• State and local examples
• Research, demonstration projects, and other tools
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Program Elements
• Public Participation
• Planning
• Performance
• Site Evaluation
• Design and permitting
• Construction
• Sound O and M
• Residuals Management
• Certification and licensing
• Education and training
• Inspection and monitoring
• Corrective action
• Records and reports
• Financial assistance
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Consider source water protection areas when establishing wastewater program requirements
Surface Water Ground Water
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Science based technology incorporated into Rule
• USEPA Design Manual for Onsite Systems • Soil integral part of treatment process • State rules - i.e.
– 15 A NCAC 02U, Reclaimed water standard – DWQ applied to onsite reuse
– 18 A NCAC Ch 18, Sub-Ch 18, 0.1900 – DEH • Sizing, siting, design, operation, management criteria • Risk management strategy incorporated into rule
– Separation distance – Loading rates
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Site and Soil Factors Determine Treatment Potential
• Site:
– Slope
– Landscape position
– Drainage features
– Boundaries • Hydraulic
• Property
• Soil:
– Depth
– Color
– Texture
– Structure
– Consistence
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Slope Positions
Summit
Side or back slope
Shoulder Foot slope
Toe slope
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Soils on slope
Up Slope Down Slope
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Site and soil assessment
• Limiting constituent
– Hydraulic
– Nutrient
– Depth
– Boundaries • Property
• Hydrologic
• Appropriate design
– Conservation/treatment
– Treatment
– Treatment
– Treatment
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Wastewater treatment and dispersal
• Simple septic tank
• Aerobic or aeration for advanced treatment
– Fixed media
– Suspended medic
• Disinfection
• Standards
– NC DHHS TS 1 or 2
– NSF/ANSI 40 or 350
• Soil based
– Surface • Spray/drip/recharge
– Sub-surface • Deep
• Shallow
• Drip
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Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Processes
• Process capabilities (BOD, TSS, Nutrients, biologicals) – NSF
– State Rules
Pretreatment
Parameter BOD TSS Coliform
TS1 15 mg/l 15 mg/l 10000
TS2 10 mg/l 10 mg/l 1000
Reuse 5 mg/l 5 mg/l 14
Fixed Media
Suspended media
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Dispersal Alternatives
Conventional
• Typically gravity induced – 3-4 feet soil required
– Prescriptive soil properties
Alternative
• Typically pump dosed – Shallow placement possible
– Performance standards may be imposed
– Monitoring
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Gravity 4” Pipe System
Shallow Groundwater or Bedrock
18 to 36 inch Minimum Separation
Vent Pipe (Opt)
Vegetated Finished Grade
Synthetic Fabric
4 Inch Distribution Pipe
Observation ail-piece (opt)
Aggregate
Creeping failure
T
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Pressure Dosed
• LPD
– Follow contours
– 18 x 18 (typ) trench
– 65 foot (Max) run with 1.25” PVC
– Orifice protection recommended
– Drill perforations • Spacing variable
• Drip – Follow contours
– Direct burial
– 300 – 400 ft max run
– No orifice protection required
– Engineered orifice • Pressure compensating or
non-pressure compensating
• Set spacing
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Pressure Pipe or Drip System
Shallow Groundwater or Bedrock
6 to 12 In Minimum Required Separation
Vegetated Finished Grade
Synthetic Fabric
Pressure DistributionPipe
bservation Pipe
Aggregate or direct soil bury for drip
O
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Next Step – Onsite Reuse
• Highest level of protection mandated
• NSF 350 Standard
• State Standards
– California Title 22
– Virginia (9 VAC 25-740)
– North Carolina (15 A NCAC 0.2U or .1900)
– Many others
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Solaire, Battery Park, Manhattan, NYC
• Decentralized reuse in highly urbanized area
• LEED Platinum
• Green roof filters and captures stormwater
• Wastewater and stormwater treated for reuse
– Toilet flushing
– Cooling tower supply
– Irrigation of park • 48% reduction in potable water
consumption
• 56% reduction in wastewater discharge Reference – Battery Park City Authority Manhattan
Borough, NYC, The Solaire – Alliance Environmental, LLC
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LEED Gold in NC
High School
25000 GPD
Indoor use (toilet flush)
Outdoor use (irrigation)
Constructed wetland and UV
City Park
1500 GPD
Indoor use (toilet flush)
Onsite MBR, UV and Cl
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System Management
• Treatment Component
• Dispersal Component
• Management entity
– Operators
– Owners
– Onsite infrastructure
• Regulatory Component
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Resources
• USEPA, 2004 Reuse Guidelines, 625R-04-108
• WEF MOP 16 Natural Systems
• WERF Decentralized Systems
• NSF standards
• State rules and regulations
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Conclusions - Design and Operate to Reduce Risk
• Wastewater characteristics and treatment
• Site and soil conditions and limitations
• Performance based designs to address site and soil limitations
• Management vital
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Robert Rubin Professor Emeritus, NCSU
and Technical Consultant,
Natural Systems Utilities, Inc. [email protected]