Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners - American Red … · 3:2 | Planning a Camp for Civil War...
-
Upload
duonghuong -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners - American Red … · 3:2 | Planning a Camp for Civil War...
www.redcross.org/ehl Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners | 3:1
Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
In this lesson, students work in groups to plan and create camp designs for Civil War
prisoners of war. The camps will be located at the actual sites of prison camps in
the scale of effort required to meet basic human needs under such circumstances
and balance that effort with the goal of developing camp designs that would have
better protected the lives and human dignity of prisoners on both sides. Students
take on the role of camp planners: estimating needs, delegating tasks and making
plans for getting supplies.
Students also examine the basic rules from the Lieber Code of 1863 (which sets forth
protections for prisoners) and apply them in planning the facilities and establishing
the organization, operating procedures and rules for their camp. While inspecting
each other’s camp designs, they also learn about the importance of oversight of
prison camps to protect the lives of prisoners through formal and informal reports
and recommendations.
If students have previously completed the lesson “The Lieber Code: Limiting the
Devastation of War,” they will already be familiar with the Lieber Code and how basic
rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) emerged during the Civil War. They will
also have been introduced to the humanitarian impact the Civil War had on prisoners,
wounded soldiers and civilians and will naturally apply their insights and knowledge
to this lesson.
OBJECTIVES
To think about the circumstances confronting prisoners and the
assistance and protection prisoners need
To be aware of the scale of effort required to meet human needs
arising from detention during armed conflict
To learn about provisions in the Lieber Code designed to protect the
lives and human dignity of prisoners
To understand the dilemmas and challenges that face prison
authorities and guards
TEACHER RESOURCES
Teacher and Student
Resources from “The
Lieber Code: Limiting the
Devastation of War” can
be used to support this
lesson.
STUDENT RESOURCES
Planning a Camp: A
Redesign of Civil War
Prison Camps
What Are the Basic
Rules of the Lieber
Information and
Instructions for Civil
War Camp Planners:
Andersonville Prison
Information and
Instructions for Civil
War Camp Planners:
Elmira Prison
Worksheet: Planning
Report
Worksheet: Civil War
Camp Inspection Form
TR
SR
3:2 | Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
PREPARATION
Students will need notebook paper, large sheets of paper or poster board for their
design. Additional supplies such as colored paper, scissors, glue, and modeling
clay can make for a more creative, original, and clear presentation of student camp
plans.
Using the student resources provided, students should redesign either the
Andersonville or Elmira Prison to provide a more humane situation for their prisoner
population in the context of the Civil War era.
Be prepared to use the “Information and Instructions for Civil War Camp Planners:
Andersonville Prison (Southern),” “Information and Instructions for Civil War Camp
Planners: Elmira Prison (Northern)” and worksheets with small groups. Prison camp
maps can be viewed online at the Library of Congress Website, or projected onto a
screen in class.
TIME
Four 45-minute sessions
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Exploration 5B, “Planning
a camp for people
displaced by war,” and
Exploration 5C, “Focus on
protecting prisoners,” can
be found in Module 5 of
the Exploring Humanitarian
Law curriculum at www.
redcross.org/ehl.
A lesson introducing
students to the basic rules
2A, “Limiting the
found in Module 2 of EHL.
NOTE
If four class periods are
not available to conduct
this lesson, other options
to consider include:
Session 1
Session 1, assign
Session 2 for
homework
Session 1, assign
Session 2 for
homework, Session 3
www.redcross.org/ehl Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners | 3:3
The Lesson
Session 1 (45 minutes)
1. WHY PRISONERS NEED PROTECTION 10 minutes
Ask students to respond to the following questions:
Why might a person who has been detained in relation to an armed conflict
For example: the suspicion that he or she holds vital
information, the suspicion that he or she is the enemy, and the captors’ attitude
that the enemy doesn’t deserve to be treated humanely.
For
example: chaos among and lack of control over those in charge of the prisoners
and insufficient means for properly accommodating prisoners.
Then have students work in small groups or pairs to make a list of their responses to
the following question:
Reconvene the class and compile a list of their ideas.
For example: disappearing without a trace; summary execution; being tortured
during interrogation or forced to sign a confession; insufficient food, water, clothing,
shelter, or sanitary facilities; lack of opportunities for personal cleanliness; lack of
access to fresh air; exposure to extreme weather conditions; inadequate access to
medical care; being deprived of family news (the family might not even know that
the prisoner is alive); being subjected to propaganda and to pressure to collaborate;
difficulties with other detainees; the trauma of being held captive; uncertainty over
the fate of one’s family; and the fear among African Americans of being sold into
slavery if captured.
On the basis of the ideas students list, ask the small groups or pairs to think about
what must be done to protect the lives and human dignity of people detained in
Remind them that soldiers from different units and of different ranks will be imprisoned
and ask them to consider how that might affect the organization of a prison camp.
Discuss the ideas students propose.
NOTE
In this lesson, the terms
“prisoner of war” and
“prisoner” are used
interchangeably and
refer to Confederate
and Union soldiers who
were detained in the
American Civil War.
3:4 | Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
2. BASIC NEEDS OF SOLDIERS DETAINED
AS A RESULT OF ARMED CONFLICT 10 minutes
Have students brainstorm about the particular human needs (physical, social and
personal) of soldiers who have been detained in a Civil War prison camp.
The following categories may be used to organize students’ responses:
water collection and drainage;
food;
shelter;
clothing and bedding (including laundry facilities);
medical care;
energy (including cooking, heating and lighting);
hygiene and sanitary facilities (including bathing facilities);
communication and family contact;
security;
exercise and employment;
religious/worship needs;
leadership (camp representation); and
other.
3. HOW THE LIEBER CODE PROTECTS PRISONERS 10 minutes
students to think back to the discussion they had in their small groups (or pairs)
Possible questions
STUDENT RESOURCE
Present “What are the
Basic Rules of the Lieber
SR
www.redcross.org/ehl Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners | 3:5
4. PRISON CAMPS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 15 minutes
Have students read and highlight problems that endangered Civil War prisoners
Possible questions
What were some of the challenges facing both Union and Confederate forces
students to consider how these Civil War prison camps could have been designed
in a more practical and humane way that could have spared lives and thus made it
easier to win the peace that followed the war.
camp for prisoners For example: selecting and laying out the site, ensuring access
and warehousing, acquiring building materials and equipment, organizing the main
services or responding to environmental concerns.
Briefly discuss the main services that should be provided to meet the basic needs
of the prisoners. For example: Such services include water supply and drainage,
shelter, food supply, refuse and human waste disposal, medical facilities, lighting
and energy, internal security, and communication.
STUDENT RESOURCE
Present “Planning a
Camp: A Redesign of Civil
War Prison Camps.”
SR
3:6 | Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
Session 2 (45 minutes)
1. PLAN A PRISON CAMP 30 minutes
Divide students into small groups of 3-5 students each.
Assign half the groups to focus on Andersonville Prison and half to focus on Elmira
Prison. Distribute the student resources listed at right to each group.
Have students read the “Information and Instructions for Civil War Camp Planners”
possible, have students view maps online from the Library of Congress Website and/
or project maps onto a screen.
the categories of needs addressed;
the supplies and services needed;
the quantity of supplies and services needed;
a plan for acquiring supplies/services;
different ranks, soldiers who are wounded, injured, or sick, etc.) and for
identifying the skills, strengths and resources of the prison community that might
be of help in meeting their needs.
Possible questions
How would your plan need to be changed if the camp had to meet the needs of
STUDENT RESOURCES
Andersonville Prison group
Information and
Instructions for Civil
War Camp Planners:
Andersonville Prison
(Southern)
Worksheet: Planning
Report
Elmira Prison group
Information and
Instructions for Civil
War Camp Planners:
Elmira Prison (Northern)
Worksheet: Planning
Report
SR
www.redcross.org/ehl Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners | 3:7
2. DESIGN A PRISON CAMP TO MEET THE BASIC NEEDS
OF PRISONERS 15 minutes
Have students closely examine the map(s) for their camp. Give a “guided tour”
locations. When starting to plan the design of their camps, direct students to
consider the basic geography of the areas near Andersonville and Elmira Prisons. For
example, at Andersonville Prison there is a valley surrounding Sweetwater Creek
and a tributary. At Elmira Prison there is a bank of the Chemung River that includes
a stagnant backwash, a bordering town and a rail line.
Have groups sketch a basic outline of their camps, including boundaries and
key facilities. When students plan the layouts of their camps, they may orient the
calculate will be needed for the estimated camp populations.
Session 3 (45 minutes)
CREATE OR BUILD THE CAMP DESIGN
Provide the groups with the materials that are available to produce their camp designs
or models. Have groups transfer the detailed information from their worksheets and
sketches to their larger camp designs.
While groups are working on their camp designs, provide each group with a copy of
the “Worksheet: Civil War Camp Inspection Form” to guide the development of its
design and meet the requirements by which it will be judged. They may also use this
form to score themselves as they develop their camp designs.
Students should label their camp designs as much as they can using a key to organize
where supplies and other items will come from, and who will be in charge, can be
noted in the margins or on a separate attached sheet. If the detailed planning was
design should be completed in 30-40 minutes depending on the materials that are
being used. Extend the time as needed, but keep students working together in their
groups.
NOTE
Because of the limited
time for this exercise,
students’ plans will not
be judged on accuracy
to scale but on how
thoroughly they meet
prisoners’ needs in a
practical way. Students
can present their ideas
in a variety of ways.
3:8 | Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
Session 4 (45 minutes)
1. INSPECT THE CAMP DESIGNS 15-20 minutes
Direct each group to evaluate another group’s camp design. Andersonville Prison
groups should evaluate camp designs for Elmira Prison groups and vice versa. As
an alternative, different classes could evaluate each other’s camp designs. Each
group should score its assigned camp design as objectively as possible and note
any comments and questions to justify its scores. Reassure students that inspection
scores will not be converted into grades. Remind students that besides providing
purpose of the inspection process is to help camp leaders and guards improve the
conditions of the prison and treatment of prisoners.
Groups should select representatives to explain their camp designs or respond to
questions. Consider rotating representatives for each group so students have the
opportunity to observe and evaluate the work of other groups. Groups should have
previously evaluated their own camp designs on their original inspection forms and
will later have the opportunity to respond to their evaluators in writing. When the time
is called, inspectors are to initial and leave their inspection forms with comments and
scores with the camp designs they evaluated.
2. REVIEW THE CAMP INSPECTIONS 10 minutes
Allow groups to return to their own camp designs to read and respond to the
inspection forms completed by the evaluation groups. They should respond to their
scores and comments in writing so that the inspection and review may be presented
together later.
STUDENT RESOURCE
Provide a blank
worksheet: “Civil War
Camp Inspection Form”
SR
www.redcross.org/ehl Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners | 3:9
3. DEBRIEF THE STUDENTS 10-15 minutes
Facilitate a discussion about lessons learned from this exercise.
Possible questions
What were the most original and practical ideas seen for providing different
Would you rather have been a prisoner at the camp you designed or at the camp
How could the inspection of prison camp conditions help to improve the
KEY IDEAS
Responding to the needs of soldiers held prisoner as a result of
armed conflict requires a great deal of planning and effort and
ample resources.
In addition to their immediate biological needs, the social,
psychological and spiritual needs of prisoners must also be
addressed to enable them to maintain their human dignity.
Assistance should be provided in a manner that aims to minimize
any unintended harm it may cause.
The lives and human dignity of prisoners are at risk.
The fundamental concepts found in the Lieber Code are based on
the balance between military necessity and protecting the lives and
human dignity of captured combatants.
Prison camp authorities often encounter difficult dilemmas while
carrying out their tasks of guarding and providing for prisoners
under their control.
SOURCES:
American Red Cross. http://www.redcross.org. (See also: Restoring Family Links program for families separated by conflict.) “Andersonville National Historic Site,” National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/ande/.International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). http://www.icrc.org. (See also: protection work for prisoners of war and other persons
deprived of their freedom during armed conflict.) Wagner, Margaret E. (editor). 2002. “Prisons and Prisoners of War” in The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference, 583-622.
Stonesong Press, Inc. New York, N.Y. and the Library of Congress.
3:10 | Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
SR
PLA
NN
ING
A C
AM
P: A
RE
DE
SIG
N O
F C
IVIL
WA
R P
RIS
ON
CA
MP
S
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
Civ
il W
ar
Be
gin
s
The C
ivil
War b
eg
an in
18
61
as
a c
onfli
ct th
at w
as
long
feare
d,
but
neve
r fu
lly e
xpecte
d.
Neither
the
Nort
h n
or
the S
outh
had
anticip
ate
d t
he le
ng
th o
r
the c
ost
of th
e c
onfli
ct
that
beg
an in
Ap
ril w
ith t
he
18
61
-18
62
: P
riso
ne
r e
xch
an
ge
s o
n b
oth
sid
es
In th
e o
penin
g y
ear o
f the w
ar, p
riso
ners
of w
ar w
ere
oft
en e
xchang
ed
follo
win
g b
att
les
at
the i
nitia
tive
of
the
op
posi
ng
com
mand
ers
. P
riso
ners
w
ere
als
o o
ffere
d a
n o
pp
ort
unity
to b
e p
aro
led
in t
he
early
years
of th
e w
ar. B
y 1
86
2, a
form
al e
xchang
e
calle
d a
“cart
el,”
base
d o
n r
ank,
was
ag
reed
to f
or
priso
ner
exc
hang
es.
Thro
ug
hout
18
62
, p
riso
ners
were
at
wors
t held
only
tem
pora
rily
until te
rms
for
their p
aro
le c
ould
be n
eg
otiate
d,
whic
h i
nclu
ded
rule
s su
ch
as
no
t ta
king
up
arm
s ag
ain
st
the
been e
xchang
ed
.
18
63
: P
riso
ne
r e
xch
an
ge
s s
usp
en
de
d—
pri
so
n p
op
ula
tio
ns g
row
In 1
86
3, h
ow
eve
r, th
e N
ort
h u
nila
tera
lly s
usp
end
ed
priso
ner
exc
hang
es
for
both
po
litic
al
and
mili
tary
reaso
ns.
One o
f th
e g
reat
dis
ad
vanta
ges
of
the
priso
ners
ke
pt
by
the U
nio
n co
uld
n’t re
turn
to
of att
ritio
n. I
n a
dd
itio
n, t
here
were
issu
es
invo
lvin
g
the u
neq
ual
treatm
ent
of
cap
ture
d b
lack
Unio
n
sold
iers
that
led
to
the U
nio
n’s
refu
sal t
o c
ontinue
priso
ner
exc
hang
es.
Fro
m 1
86
3 o
n,
both
sid
es
were
forc
ed
to h
ouse
far
gre
ate
r num
bers
of
priso
ners
than t
hey
had
eve
r anticip
ate
d.
Neither
sid
e p
rovi
ded
ad
eq
uate
cond
itio
ns
for
their
priso
ners
, eve
n
giv
en
the
issu
ance o
f G
enera
l Ord
ers
No. 1
00
to t
he U
nio
n
Arm
y in
18
63
(als
o k
now
n a
s th
e L
ieb
er
Cod
e)
whic
h s
et
stand
ard
s th
at, b
y la
ter
in t
he c
onfli
ct,
ap
plie
d t
o b
oth
sid
es.
The S
outh
in p
art
icula
r w
as
the e
conom
ic e
ffects
of
a c
oast
al
blo
cka
de a
nd
suff
ering
th
e
infr
asr
uctu
ral
dam
ag
e
cause
d
terr
itory
. Unio
n p
riso
ners
kep
t b
y th
e S
outh
were
a
trem
end
ous
burd
en o
n it
s re
sourc
es.
18
63
-18
65
: P
riso
n c
on
dit
ion
s w
ors
en
was
hast
ily d
esi
gned
to h
ouse
10
,00
0 t
roop
s. I
t
was
quic
kly
packe
d w
ith m
ore
than 3
3,0
00
Unio
n
ST
UD
EN
T R
ES
OU
RC
E 1
/2
Source: National Park Service
Source: The Photographic History of the Civil War. New York: Review of Reviews Co., 1911.
An
de
rs
on
vil
le P
ris
on
: D
ra
win
g f
ro
m m
em
ory
of
a f
orm
er p
ris
on
er,
Th
om
as
O’D
ea
.
To
vie
w i
n c
olo
r:
htt
p:/
/w
ww
.np
s.g
ov
/s
ea
c/
an
de
rs
n5
.jp
g
An
de
rs
on
vil
le P
ris
on
, 1
86
4.
htt
p:/
/w
ww
.lib
ra
ry
.wis
c.
ed
u/
ete
xt/
WIR
ea
de
r/
Ima
ge
s/
WE
R1
67
6.h
tml)
www.redcross.org/ehl Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners | 3:11
priso
ners
, w
ho c
ould
not
be h
ouse
d h
um
anely
.
More
th
an
13
,00
0
priso
ners
d
ied
of
dis
ease
,
maln
utr
itio
n a
nd
exp
osu
re.
conve
rted
barr
acks
desi
gned
to h
ouse
5,0
00
that
was
soon o
verc
row
ded
with a
tota
l p
op
ula
tion o
f
12
,00
0 C
onfe
dera
te p
riso
ners
, 2
,93
3 o
f w
hom
die
d o
f d
isease
, m
aln
utr
itio
n a
nd
exp
osu
re.
Ap
pro
xim
ate
ly
41
0,0
00
so
ldie
rs
were
held
as
priso
ners
by
both
sid
es,
of
whom
30
,21
8 U
nio
n
sold
iers
p
erish
ed
in
S
outh
ern
cam
ps
(a
15
%
perish
ed
in U
nio
n c
am
ps
(a 1
2%
mort
alit
y ra
te).
The m
ort
alit
y ra
te o
f so
ldie
rs i
n C
ivil
War
priso
n
cam
ps
on b
oth
sid
es
was
hig
her
than the m
ort
alit
y
rate
of so
ldie
rs in
batt
le.
The h
orr
ors
of
Civ
il W
ar
priso
n c
am
ps
were
no
t
necess
arily
inte
ntional,
althoug
h r
um
ors
, m
ed
ia
exa
gg
era
tion
and
p
olit
ics
led
b
oth
si
des
to
reta
liate
ag
ain
st th
eir p
riso
ners
thro
ug
h o
ccasi
onal
withhold
ing
of
food
, clo
thin
g a
nd
shelter. N
eg
lect
and
in
exp
erience,
more
th
an anyt
hin
g,
were
to
bla
me f
or
the t
rag
ed
y. N
either
polit
ical
lead
ers
,
contr
acto
rs,
nor
civ
ilians
livin
g n
ear
the p
riso
ns
really
kn
ew
w
hat
to d
o w
ith th
e p
riso
ners
th
at
had
becom
e t
heir r
esp
onsi
bili
ty.
Eve
ryth
ing
was
learn
ed
by
tria
l and
err
or. A
ll w
ere
ove
rwhelm
ed
,
and
priso
ners
tra
gic
ally
paid
with t
heir li
ves.
In the s
pring
of 1
86
5, w
hen U
nio
n v
icto
ry s
eem
ed
ass
ure
d, p
riso
ner exc
hang
es
were
resu
med
. In the
fall
of 1
86
5, C
ap
tain
Henry
Wirz,
who c
om
mand
ed
And
ers
onvi
lle
Priso
n,
was
charg
ed
w
ith
war
crim
es.
H
e w
as
trie
d,
convi
cte
d and
exe
cute
d.
acco
unta
ble
fo
r th
e hum
an co
sts
of
Civ
il W
ar
priso
n c
am
ps.
It c
an b
e a
ssum
ed
that
bitte
rness
ste
mm
ing
fro
m
the
kno
wle
dg
e
of
priso
n
cam
p
co
nd
itio
ns
on
bo
th s
ides
und
erlay
the s
trug
gle
s in
the p
ost
-war
reco
nst
ructio
n a
ttem
pts
to r
eb
uild
the U
nio
n.
Looki
ng b
ack,
and g
iven t
he s
ame s
ettin
gs
and
circ
um
stan
ces
(but w
ith the b
enefit
of hin
dsi
ght)
,
could
these
Civ
il W
ar p
riso
n c
amps
hav
e b
een
desi
gned i
n a
more
pra
ctic
al a
nd h
um
ane w
ay
that
could
hav
e s
par
ed l
ives
and t
hus
mad
e i
t
eas
ier
to w
in the p
eac
e that
follo
wed the w
ar?
SE
TTIN
G U
P A
CA
MP
IN
VO
LVE
S:
and
MA
IN C
AM
P S
ER
VIC
ES
AR
E A
S F
OLLO
WS
:
and
lig
hting
);
SR
ST
UD
EN
T R
ES
OU
RC
E 2
/2
PLA
NN
ING
A C
AM
P: A
RE
DE
SIG
N O
F C
IVIL
WA
R P
RIS
ON
CA
MP
S
Source: Harper’s Weekly, April 15, 1865
Ca
mp
of
Re
be
l P
ris
on
ers
at
Elm
ira
, N
ew
Yo
rk
.
htt
p:/
/w
ww
.so
no
fth
es
ou
th.n
et/
lee
fou
nd
ati
on
/
civ
il-w
ar/
18
65
/A
pril
/e
lmir
a-n
ew
-yo
rk
.htm
3:12 | Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
SR
ST
UD
EN
T R
ES
OU
RC
E 1
/3
Pri
so
ne
r P
op
ula
tio
n I
nfo
rma
tio
n:
Esti
mate
d p
riso
ne
r p
op
ula
tio
n t
o b
e h
ou
se
d
at
this
cam
p:
Nu
mb
er
of
sic
k an
d w
ou
nd
ed
am
on
g th
em
:
3,0
00
Cam
p l
ocati
on
:
valle
y,
am
ong
fo
rest
ed
are
a
and
fa
rmla
nd
and
alo
ng
a r
ail
line.
The n
eare
st t
ow
n i
s tw
o m
iles
aw
ay;
th
e
neare
st
city
is
60
m
iles
aw
ay.
The
clo
sest
site o
f re
cent
com
bat
is 3
00
mile
s aw
ay,
thoug
h t
he U
nio
n a
rmy
seem
s to
be o
rganiz
ing
fo
r
an o
ffensi
ve in
the d
irection o
f th
is c
am
p.
Tim
e o
f Ye
ar:
Late
sp
ring
18
64
. S
um
mers
are
hot and
hum
id, w
ith tem
pera
ture
s ave
rag
ing
in the
80
s °F
. W
inte
rs
are
d
am
p
and
chill
y,
but
tem
pera
ture
s ra
rely
dro
p b
elo
w f
reezi
ng
.
Le
ng
th o
f ti
me
yo
u c
an
exp
ect
to b
e p
rovi
din
g
for
this
p
op
ula
tio
n:
of
priso
ner
exc
hang
es
would
ease
th
e b
urd
en.
Without
this
, priso
ners
mig
ht
need
to b
e k
ep
t until
the e
nd
of host
ilities.
Co
nfl
ict
sta
tus:
The w
ar
has
been g
oin
g o
n f
or
thre
e y
ears
and
, d
esp
ite n
um
ero
us
larg
e b
att
les,
has
no c
lear
end
in s
ight. C
asu
altie
s have
been
hig
h o
n b
oth
sid
es,
and
lines
have
move
d b
ack
and
fort
h, b
ut th
e m
ilita
ry s
ituation r
em
ain
s st
ale
mate
d.
This
is
a c
ivil
war
in w
hic
h t
he C
onfe
dera
cy
is
seeki
ng
to
b
ecom
e
an
ind
ep
end
ent
countr
y
where
in
the
inst
itution
of
slave
ry
is
pre
serv
ed
.
has
decla
red
its
inte
nt
to a
bo
lish s
lave
ry in t
ho
se
state
s in
reb
elli
on.
The w
ar
effo
rt h
as
exh
aust
ed
the
eco
no
my,
and
su
pp
lies,
fu
nd
s and
m
ilita
ry
pers
onnel f
or
op
era
ting
this
cam
p a
re li
mited
.
Att
itu
de
o
f th
e
loca
l p
op
ula
tio
n
tow
ard
pri
so
ne
rs o
f w
ar:
H
ost
ile b
ecause
of
pers
onal
loss
es
in t
he w
ar
and
dis
rup
tio
n o
f th
e e
cono
my
due to
a c
oast
al b
locka
de a
nd
batt
les
bein
g fo
ug
ht
on S
outh
ern
terr
ito
ry.
Ch
ara
cte
risti
cs o
f p
riso
ne
rs:
Priso
ners
are
of
div
ers
e b
ackg
round
s, a
ges,
lang
uag
es,
relig
ious
faiths,
ed
ucatio
nal
leve
ls,
and
pro
fess
ions.
While
all
are
fro
m t
he s
am
e a
rmy,
they
are
fro
m d
iffere
nt
units
dra
wn fro
m d
iffere
nt p
art
s o
f th
e c
ountr
y and
will
be b
roug
ht
in f
rom
all
fro
nts
in t
he w
ar. S
om
e
care
er s
old
iers
, but m
ost
beg
an th
eir m
ilita
ry s
erv
ice
with t
his
war. H
alf
of th
e p
riso
ners
vo
lunte
ere
d fo
r
mili
tary
serv
ice;
half
were
co
nsc
rip
ted
. M
any
will
no
t b
e a
cclim
ate
d t
o t
he e
nvi
ronm
ent
in w
hic
h
they
will
be d
eta
ined
. M
ost
will
be u
nfa
mili
ar
with
the lo
cal c
ulture
and
cust
om
s.
Ra
tio
ns:
To b
e p
rovi
ded
(to
the e
xtent
they
are
ava
ilab
le)
thro
ug
h
a
contr
act
with
the
local
po
pula
ce.
It i
s und
ers
too
d t
hat
fresh
veg
eta
ble
s
are
im
port
ant
for
pre
venting
sc
urv
y and
o
ther
illness
es
rela
ted
to
m
aln
utr
itio
n.
The
stand
ard
Unio
n a
nd
Co
nfe
dera
te a
rmy
ratio
n i
s as
follo
ws
(per
sold
ier
per
day)
: 1
2 o
unces
of
po
rk o
r b
aco
n
or
20
ounces
of
fresh
or
salt b
eef, 2
2 o
unces
of
hard
b
read
o
r 2
0
ounces
of
co
rnm
eal
or
wheat
flour, r
ice,
beans,
peas,
coff
ee,
tea,
sug
ar,
mola
sses,
dried
veg
eta
ble
s and
fru
its,
pic
kles,
and
cab
bag
e a
s ava
ilab
le.
INF
OR
MA
TIO
N A
ND
IN
STR
UC
TIO
NS
FO
R C
IVIL
WA
R C
AM
P P
LA
NN
ER
S—
A
ND
ER
SO
NV
ILLE
, G
EO
RG
IA (
SO
UT
HE
RN
)
De
tail
ed
pla
n o
f A
nd
ers
on
vil
le P
ris
on
Ca
mp
sh
ow
-
ing
Sw
ee
twa
ter L
ick
to
th
e n
orth
, a
nd
th
e S
ou
th-
we
ste
rn
& E
nfa
ula
Ra
ilro
ad
to
th
e e
as
t. S
ho
ws
th
e
ma
in f
orts
, s
toc
ka
de
an
d c
em
ete
ry
. M
ap
by
Ro
be
rt
Sn
ed
en
, 1
86
4.
To
vie
w i
n c
olo
r:
htt
p:/
/h
dl.
loc
.go
v/
loc
.nd
lpc
oo
p/
gv
hs
01
.vh
s0
03
03
Source: Library of Congress, Virginia Historical Society
www.redcross.org/ehl Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners | 3:13
WA
TE
R
Assu
me
an
ave
rag
e o
f 5
.3 g
allo
ns o
f w
ate
r p
er
day
(0.8
0 g
allo
ns p
er
day
= m
inim
um
dri
nkin
g
wate
r n
ee
de
d f
or
su
rviv
al)
.
SA
NIT
AT
ION
Sin
ce
po
or
san
itati
on
can
le
ad
to
me
dic
al/
he
alt
h p
rob
lem
s, yo
ur
pla
ns s
ho
uld
co
nsid
er
ho
w t
o p
reve
nt
dis
ease
.
What
tools
and
mate
rials
will
be n
eed
ed
to
const
ruct
them
(e.g
., w
ood
, b
ranches
and
sheet
What
are
your
pla
ns
for
cle
anin
g a
nd
main
tain
ing
FO
OD
Eve
ry a
du
lt n
ee
ds t
he
eq
uiv
ale
nt
of
2,2
50
ca
lori
es a
nd
a s
tan
da
rd r
ati
on
of
ab
ou
t 1
.3
po
un
ds p
er
da
y. T
his
can b
e b
roke
n d
ow
n in
to
ap
pro
xim
ate
ly:
Lis
t th
e v
ario
us
typ
es
of fo
od
yo
u w
ill p
rovi
de.
CLO
TH
ING
Clo
thin
g s
ho
uld
be
ap
pro
pri
ate
fo
r w
ea
the
r
co
nd
itio
ns a
nd
ta
ke
in
to a
cco
un
t cu
ltu
ral a
nd
relig
iou
s p
racti
ce
s.
ME
DIC
AL S
UP
PLIE
S A
ND
TR
EA
TM
EN
T
Exp
ect
10
0 p
ati
en
t co
nsu
ltati
on
s p
er
day.
Calc
ula
te t
he q
uantity
of
med
ical s
up
plie
s need
ed
.
SH
ELT
ER
Ide
ally,
each
pe
rso
n s
ho
uld
have
32
3 s
qu
are
fee
t o
f sp
ace
. W
he
n c
ircu
msta
nce
s d
o n
ot
allo
w t
his
, th
e a
mo
un
t o
f sp
ace
allo
tte
d t
o
each
pe
rso
n c
an
be
re
du
ce
d t
o a
bo
ut
10
8
sq
uare
fe
et. I
n v
ery
dif
ficu
lt s
itu
ati
on
s, su
ch
as in
mo
un
tain
ou
s o
r u
rban
are
as, it
can
be
red
uce
d t
o a
bo
ut
32
sq
uare
fe
et
pe
r p
ers
on
.
Calc
ula
te t
he t
ota
l sp
ace t
hat
you w
ill r
eq
uire.
If a
tent
measu
res
1,6
14
sq
uare
feet, h
ow
many
What
eff
ect
will
the w
eath
er
have
on y
our
pla
ns
FU
EL
Fu
el is
ne
ce
ssary
fo
r su
ch
th
ing
s a
s c
oo
kin
g,
he
ati
ng
, an
d lig
hti
ng
.
How
much f
uel d
o y
ou e
stim
ate
your
cam
p w
ill
What
are
som
e f
uel-re
late
d d
ang
ers
that
need
to
SR
ST
UD
EN
T R
ES
OU
RC
E 2
/3
INF
OR
MA
TIO
N A
ND
IN
STR
UC
TIO
NS
FO
R C
IVIL
WA
R C
AM
P P
LA
NN
ER
S—
A
ND
ER
SO
NV
ILLE
, G
EO
RG
IA (
SO
UT
HE
RN
)
3:14 | Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
Map showing the plan of Andersonvil le Prison, including the stockade, the town of Andersonvil le Station
on the Macon and Americus Railroad, the locations of Confederate units serving as guards, and the head-
quarters of camp commandant Henry Wirz. Map by Robert Sneden, 1865. To view in color: http://hdl. loc.
gov/
INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR CIVIL WAR CAMP PLANNERS— ANDERSONVILLE, GEORGIA (SOUTHERN)
SR STU DE NT R E SOU RCE 3/3
Source: L
ibrary of Cong
ress, Virg
inia Historical S
ociety.
www.redcross.org/ehl Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners | 3:15
SR
ST
UD
EN
T R
ES
OU
RC
E 1
/3
INF
OR
MA
TIO
N A
ND
IN
STR
UC
TIO
NS
FO
R C
IVIL
WA
R C
AM
P P
LA
NN
ER
S—
E
LM
IRA
, N
EW
YO
RK
(N
OR
TH
ER
N)
Pri
so
ne
r P
op
ula
tio
n I
nfo
rma
tio
n:
Esti
mate
d p
riso
ne
r p
op
ula
tio
n t
o b
e h
ou
se
d
at
this
cam
p:
Nu
mb
er
of
sic
k an
d w
ou
nd
ed
am
on
g th
em
:
1,5
00
Cam
p l
ocati
on
: A
form
er
Unio
n A
rmy
barr
acks
and
tra
inin
g c
ente
r so
uth
of
the C
hem
ung
Riv
er
location
was
chose
n
because
of
pre
-exi
stin
g
stru
ctu
res,
the e
ase
with w
hic
h it
could
be fe
nced
/
stocka
ded
, and
its
location a
long
a m
ajo
r ra
il lin
e.
So f
ar, n
o S
outh
ern
off
ensi
ve h
as
com
e n
ear
this
cam
p’s
location.
Tim
e o
f Ye
ar:
Late
sp
ring
18
64
. S
um
mers
are
Win
ters
are
cold
and
snow
y, w
ith t
em
pera
ture
s
oft
en f
alli
ng
belo
w f
reezi
ng
for
ext
end
ed
period
s
of tim
e.
Le
ng
th o
f ti
me
yo
u c
an
exp
ect
to b
e p
rovi
din
g
for
this
p
op
ula
tio
n:
of
priso
ner
exc
hang
es
would
ease
th
e b
urd
en.
Without
this
, priso
ners
mig
ht
need
to b
e k
ep
t until
the e
nd
of host
ilities.
Co
nfl
ict
sta
tus:
The w
ar
has
been g
oin
g o
n f
or
thre
e y
ears
and
, d
esp
ite n
um
ero
us
larg
e b
att
les,
has
no c
lear e
nd
in s
ight. C
asu
altie
s have
been h
igh
on b
oth
sid
es,
and
lines
have
move
d b
ack
and
fort
h,
but
the m
ilita
ry s
ituation r
em
ain
s st
ale
mate
d. This
is a
civ
il w
ar
in w
hic
h t
he C
onfe
dera
cy
is s
eeki
ng
to b
eco
me a
n i
nd
ep
end
ent
co
untr
y w
here
in t
he
inst
itutio
n o
f sl
ave
ry i
s p
rese
rved
. The N
ort
h i
s
inte
nt to
ab
olis
h s
lave
ry in
tho
se s
tate
s in
reb
elli
on.
The w
ar
effo
rt h
as
gre
atly
exp
and
ed
the N
ort
hern
eco
no
my
and
am
ple
sup
plie
s o
f eve
ry k
ind
are
read
ily a
vaila
ble
.
Att
itu
de
o
f th
e
loca
l p
op
ula
tio
n
tow
ard
pri
so
ne
rs o
f w
ar:
ho
stile
dep
end
ing
on p
ers
onal c
onnectio
ns
to t
he
war
and
its
cause
s.
Ch
ara
cte
risti
cs
of
pri
so
ne
rs:
Priso
ners
cam
e
fro
m
div
ers
e
backg
round
s,
ag
es,
la
ng
uag
es,
relig
ious
faiths,
ed
ucatio
nal l
eve
ls, a
nd
pro
fess
ions.
While
all
are
fro
m t
he s
am
e a
rmy,
they
are
fro
m
diff
ere
nt
units
dra
wn f
rom
diff
ere
nt
part
s of
the
co
untr
y and
will
be b
roug
ht
in f
rom
all
fronts
in
of
Wash
ing
ton
and
R
ichm
ond
. S
om
e
of
the
sold
iers
, b
ut
mo
st
beg
an
their
mili
tary
se
rvic
e
with
this
w
ar.
Mo
st
of
the
priso
ners
to
b
e
deta
ined
vo
lunte
ere
d
for
mili
tary
se
rvic
e,
few
were
co
nsc
rip
ted
. M
any
will
no
t b
e acclim
ate
d
to t
he e
nvi
ronm
ent
in w
hic
h t
hey
will
be d
eta
ined
.
Mo
st w
ill b
e u
nfa
mili
ar
with t
he l
ocal
culture
and
cust
om
s. C
om
ing
fro
m s
lave
sta
tes
in t
he S
outh
,
there
may
be i
ssues
invo
lvin
g c
onta
ct
betw
een
So
uth
ern
priso
ners
and
Unio
n C
olo
red
tro
op
s.
Rati
on
s:
To b
e p
rovi
ded
(to
the e
xtent
they
are
ava
ilab
le)
thro
ug
h
a
contr
act
with
the
local
pop
ula
ce.
It i
s und
ers
tood
that
fresh
veg
eta
ble
s
are
im
port
ant
for
pre
venting
sc
urv
y and
oth
er
illness
es
rela
ted
to
m
aln
utr
itio
n.
The
stand
ard
Unio
n a
nd
Confe
dera
te a
rmy
ration i
s as
follo
ws
(per
sold
ier
per
day)
: 1
2 o
unces
of
pork
or
bacon
or
20
ounces
of
fresh
or
salt b
eef, 2
2 o
unces
of
hard
b
read
or
20
ounces
of
corn
meal
or
wheat
flour, r
ice,
beans,
peas,
coff
ee,
tea,
sug
ar,
mola
sses,
dried
veg
eta
ble
s and
fru
its,
pic
kles,
and
cab
bag
e a
s ava
ilab
le.
Pla
n o
f U
.S.
Mil
ita
ry
Pris
on
, E
lmir
a,
Ne
w Y
ork
.
Source: Library of Congress, Map Collection of the Library of Virginia.
3:16 | Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
SR
ST
UD
EN
T R
ES
OU
RC
E 2
/3
INF
OR
MA
TIO
N &
IN
STR
UC
TIO
NS
FO
R C
IVIL
WA
R C
AM
P P
LA
NN
ER
S—
E
LM
IRA
, N
EW
YO
RK
(N
OR
TH
ER
N)
WA
TE
R
Assu
me
an
ave
rag
e o
f 5
.3 g
allo
ns o
f w
ate
r p
er
day (
0.8
0 g
allo
ns p
er
day
= m
inim
um
dri
nkin
g
wate
r n
ee
de
d f
or
su
rviv
al)
.
SA
NIT
AT
ION
Sin
ce
po
or
san
itati
on
can
le
ad
to
me
dic
al/
he
alt
h p
rob
lem
s, yo
ur
pla
ns s
ho
uld
co
nsid
er
ho
w t
o p
reve
nt
dis
ease
.
What
tools
and
mate
rials
will
be n
eed
ed
to
const
ruct
them
(e.g
., w
ood
, b
ranches
and
sheet
What
are
your
pla
ns
for
cle
anin
g a
nd
main
tain
ing
FO
OD
Eve
ry a
du
lt n
ee
ds t
he
eq
uiv
ale
nt
of
2,2
50
ca
lori
es a
nd
a s
tan
da
rd r
ati
on
of
ab
ou
t 1
.3
po
un
ds p
er
da
y. T
his
can b
e b
roke
n d
ow
n in
to
ap
pro
xim
ate
ly:
Lis
t th
e v
ario
us
typ
es
of fo
od
yo
u w
ill p
rovi
de.
CLO
TH
ING
Clo
thin
g s
ho
uld
be
ap
pro
pri
ate
fo
r w
ea
the
r
co
nd
itio
ns a
nd
ta
ke
in
to a
cco
un
t cu
ltu
ral a
nd
relig
iou
s p
racti
ce
s.
ME
DIC
AL S
UP
PLIE
S A
ND
TR
EA
TM
EN
T
Exp
ect
10
0 p
ati
en
t co
nsu
ltati
on
s p
er
day.
Calc
ula
te t
he q
uantity
of
med
ical s
up
plie
s need
ed
.
SH
ELT
ER
Ide
ally,
each
pe
rso
n s
ho
uld
have
32
2.8
sq
uare
fee
t o
f sp
ace
. W
he
n c
ircu
msta
nce
s d
o n
ot
allo
w t
his
, th
e a
mo
un
t o
f sp
ace
allo
tte
d t
o
each
pe
rso
n c
an
be
re
du
ce
d t
o a
bo
ut
10
8
sq
uare
fe
et. I
n v
ery
dif
ficu
lt s
itu
ati
on
s, su
ch
as in
mo
un
tain
ou
s o
r u
rban
are
as, it
can
be
red
uce
d t
o a
bo
ut
32
sq
uare
fe
et
pe
r p
ers
on
.
Calc
ula
te t
he t
ota
l sp
ace t
hat
you w
ill r
eq
uire.
If a
tent
measu
res
1,6
14
sq
uare
feet, h
ow
many
What
eff
ect
will
the w
eath
er
have
on y
our
pla
ns
FU
EL
Fu
el is
ne
ce
ssary
fo
r su
ch
th
ing
s a
s c
oo
kin
g,
he
ati
ng
, an
d lig
hti
ng
.
How
much f
uel d
o y
ou e
stim
ate
your
cam
p w
ill
What
are
som
e f
uel-re
late
d d
ang
ers
that
need
to
www.redcross.org/ehl The American Civil War: A Humanitarian Perspective | 3:17
Pla
n o
f U
.S.
Mil
ita
ry
Pris
on
, E
lmir
a,
Ne
w Y
ork
. T
he
cit
y o
f E
lmir
a b
or-
de
re
d t
his
co
mp
ou
nd
to
th
e s
ou
th.
So
uth
is
at
the
to
p o
f th
e m
ap
. N
ot
far t
o t
he
no
rth
wa
s t
he
Ch
em
un
g
Riv
er.
Th
e w
ate
r s
ho
wn
wa
s a
sta
gn
an
t b
ac
kw
as
h.
Ma
p m
ad
e b
y
Da
vid
J.
Co
ffm
an
, w
ith
Co
. D
., 7
th
Vir
gin
ia C
av
alr
y (
sic
), w
hil
e h
e w
as
a p
ris
on
er o
f w
ar a
t E
lmir
a,
N.Y
.
Mil
ita
ry
Pris
on
. S
ou
rc
e:
Lib
ra
ry
of
Co
ng
re
ss
, M
ap
Co
lle
cti
on
of
the
Lib
ra
ry
of
Vir
gin
ia.
To
vie
w i
n c
olo
r:
htt
p:/
/h
dl.
loc
.go
v/
SR
ST
UD
EN
T R
ES
OU
RC
E 3
/3
INF
OR
MA
TIO
N A
ND
IN
STR
UC
TIO
NS
FO
R C
IVIL
WA
R C
AM
P P
LA
NN
ER
S—
E
LM
IRA
, N
EW
YO
RK
(N
OR
TH
ER
N)
3:18 | Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners
CA
TE
GO
RY
OF
NE
ED
Sup
plie
s/se
rvic
es
need
ed
:
Quantity
:
Pla
n fo
r acq
uirin
g t
hem
:
Pla
n fo
r d
istr
ibuting
them
:
SP
EC
IAL P
LA
NS
FO
R C
ER
TA
IN G
RO
UP
S
Sic
k and
wound
ed
:
Boy
sold
iers
:
Enlis
ted
tro
op
s:
Oth
er:
SR
ST
UD
EN
T R
ES
OU
RC
E
PLA
NN
ING
RE
PO
RT
www.redcross.org/ehl Planning a Camp for Civil War Prisoners | 3:19
Review the information from the “Planning a Camp” and “Information and Instructions for Civil War Camp Planners”
documents to ensure you are considering all necessary factors.
Basic Human Needs On a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the best, what rating do you give your camp for providing
1. Clean water supply and distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rating _____
2. Medical supplies and care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rating _____
3. Food supply and distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rating _____
4. Sanitation and hygiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rating _____
5. Shelter, bedding and clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rating _____
6. Internal and external security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rating _____
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rating _____
Lieber Code Requirements On a scale of 1 to 10, how well do your camp organization, facilities and rules uphold
Comments:
Total Score (Add basic needs rating points plus Lieber Code score)
SR
CIVIL WAR CAMP INSPECTION FORM