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Transcript of Plannar Transmission Lines
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Planar Transmission LinePlanar Transmission Line
Technologies Technologies
CMB Polarization Technology Workshop NIST/Boulder
Edward J. Wollack
Observational Cosmology Laboratory Observational Cosmology Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterNASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MarylandGreenbelt, Maryland
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Overview Overview
Selected Planar Transmission Line TopologiesSelected Planar Transmission Line Topologies
Planar Transmission Line ApplicationsPlanar Transmission Line Applications Example: Planar Microwave FiltersExample: Planar Microwave Filters
Component Repeatability Component Repeatability
System Level ConsiderationsSystem Level Considerations
Technical Readiness Level (TRL) Technical Readiness Level (TRL)
Future Development MilestonesFuture Development Milestones
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Planar Transmission LinesPlanar Transmission Lines
TEM TEM
Conductor
Dielectric
Electric field
QuasiQuasi-- TEM TEM
• Phase Velocity
• Impedance Level
• Number Propagating Modes
• Field Configuration
QuasiQuasi-- TEM TEM NonNon-- TEM TEM
Microstrip
Microstrip withground plane slot
+
--
Coplanar
waveguide
GroundedCoplanar
Finite width
CoplanarWaveguide
Even-mode
Odd-mode
-+
+- -
Stripline
Parallel Plate
Slotline
Finite width
Slotline
+ -
+ -
+
-
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Planar Transmission Lines:Planar Transmission Lines:
Characteristics and ApplicationsCharacteristics and Applications
Blocking FiltersBlocking Filters~0.1~0.1 – – 11MediumMediumStrip LineStrip Line
Antennas, Resonance Suppression, Antennas, Resonance Suppression,
Filters, TransitionsFilters, Transitions~0.6~0.6 – – 1.81.8MediumMediumMicrostrip LineMicrostrip Line
with ground plane slot with ground plane slot
Filters, Hybrids, High QFilters, Hybrids, High Q--ResonatorsResonators~0.6~0.6 – – 22Low Low Coplanar WaveguideCoplanar Waveguide
Antennas, Transitions, Power Antennas, Transitions, PowerCombinersCombiners
~1.2~1.2 – – 33HighestHighestFiniteFinite-- Width Slotline Width Slotline
(i.e., Edge(i.e., Edge--Coupled Line)Coupled Line)
Antennas, Phase Shifters Antennas, Phase Shifters~1.2~1.2 – – 2.42.4HighHighSlotlineSlotline
Filters, Hybrids, High QFilters, Hybrids, High Q--ResonatorsResonators~0.2~0.2 – – 1.41.4Low Low Microstrip LineMicrostrip Line
Antennas, Transitions Antennas, Transitions~0.4~0.4 – – 1.61.6Low Low ParallelParallel--Plate LinePlate Line
Typical Sensor Circuit Examples: Typical Sensor Circuit Examples:ImpedanceImpedance
[ [ ZZoo ] ]
RelativeRelative
LossLoss
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Planar Microwave FiltersPlanar Microwave Filters
Methods to control spurious response and radiationMethods to control spurious response and radiation Extending fundamental propagation mode bandwidth:Extending fundamental propagation mode bandwidth:
Limit width/length ratioLimit width/length ratio Thin dielectric Thin dielectric
Suppress undesired modes:Suppress undesired modes: Symmetric designSymmetric design
Packaging Packaging
Transmission zeros insertion Transmission zeros insertion
Transmission line alteration Transmission line alteration
Stepped impedance lineStepped impedance line Defected ground structureDefected ground structure
Wiggly coupled lines Wiggly coupled lines
OtherOther……
Lumped Element FilterLumped Element Filter
CoupledCoupled--Line BandLine Band--pass Filterpass Filter
Quarterwave BandQuarterwave Band--stop Filterstop Filter
Z0
Z0
T r a n s m i s s i o n ( d B )
Frequency (GHz)
Out
In
Actual stop-band responses(with spurious resonance frequencies)
Desirable stop-bandfrequency response (ideal
lumped-element filter)
10 100 1000
Source: R. K Hoffman, “Handbook of Microwave
Integrated Circuits,” Artech House, 1987.
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Filter Designs: BandFilter Designs: Band--PassPass
Figure 2. Top left: The lumped element model for a 3rd order LC
bandpass filter [3,4]. Lower left: The layout for the corresponding
SONNET model. Right: The transmittance for the lumped-elementmodel (solid) and the full wave SONNET calculation (dashed).
Figure 1. Upper left: The layout of a resonant stepped impedance filter
(GSFC/GATech [2]); Lower left: A lumped element filter with CPW
inductors (JPL, [4]); Right: A triplexer (3-element filter bank) connected to
a broad band antenna (UC Berkeley, [1]).
Figure 3. FTS Spectra for integrated antenna+filters, from the Berkeley
group ( Left ), and the JPL group ( Right ). Devices for 90 and 150GHz bands
are shown. All spectra are normalized individually. The red curve in theright panel indicates atmospheric transmission at ballooning altitudes.
References:
[1] O’Brient, R. et al., v151,p459, JLTP 2008
[2] U-yen K. et al., v54, i3,p1237, IEEE MTT, 2006.
[3] Goldin, A. et al., v4855,
p163, proc. SPIE, 2003
[4] Kuo, C. et al., to appearin proc. SPIE, 2008
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Filter Design: Thermal BlockingFilter Design: Thermal Blocking
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50Freqeuncy (GHz)
d B | S 2 1 | , d B | S 1 1 | Measured
EM Simulation
Circuit model
S11 mea
S11 EM
S11 ckt
S11
S21
# 1
# 2
# 3# 4# 5
# 6# 7
# 2
# 3# 4 # 5
# 6# 7
Microwave Blocking filter Enclosed Cavity
Input Pocket
5.85 mm
3.34 mm
13.95 mm
7.8 mm
U-Yen, K. and Wollack, E.J., “Compact Planar Microwave Blocking Filter”, 2008, 38th European Microwave Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands, accepted.
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Process RepeatabilityProcess Repeatability
Process Variations:Process Variations: Component GeometriesComponent Geometries
Conductor Thickness and SlopeConductor Thickness and Slope Substrate Thickness and EtchSubstrate Thickness and Etch
Packaging Effects and VariationsPackaging Effects and Variations
Material EffectsMaterial Effects Critical Temperature, ComplexCritical Temperature, Complex
Surface Impedance, Step CoverageSurface Impedance, Step Coverage……
Dielectric ConstantDielectric Constant……
High Material Uniformity High Material Uniformity ……
Low Dimensional Variability Low Dimensional Variability ……
Modeling and Design:Modeling and Design: Circuit Parameter Sensitivity Circuit Parameter Sensitivity ……
Material Parameter KnowledgeMaterial Parameter Knowledge……
Slope
Conductor Thickness
Substrate Over-etch
SEM image of a co-planar waveguide structure
Return loss
Transmission
εr=9.6
εr=7.9
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System Level ConsiderationsSystem Level Considerations Advantages: Advantages: Compatible with integration on aCompatible with integration on a
detector chipdetector chip
Can achieve high optical coupling Can achieve high optical coupling
efficiency efficiency Compact sizeCompact size
Can lead to parts with highCan lead to parts with highrepeatability, yield and low processrepeatability, yield and low process variation. variation.
Does not link frequency andDoes not link frequency andangular band definitionangular band definitionrequirementsrequirements
Transmission line thermal Transmission line thermalrequirements subdominant torequirements subdominant todetector requirementsdetector requirements
Transmission line loss above gap Transmission line loss above gapfrequency limits out of band powerfrequency limits out of band power
Synthesis, modeling, andSynthesis, modeling, andsimulation design tools at relatively simulation design tools at relatively mature levelsmature levels
DisadvantagesDisadvantages:: Geometries and materials canGeometries and materials can
require tighter and greater controlrequire tighter and greater controlover process tolerances (relative toover process tolerances (relative to
their quasitheir quasi--optical counterparts) tooptical counterparts) toinsure desired operationalinsure desired operationalperformanceperformance
Care must be taken in the overallCare must be taken in the overalldesign not to allow supporting design not to allow supporting circuitry to drive sensor fabricationcircuitry to drive sensor fabrication
and test complexity/risk and test complexity/risk Each singleEach single--mode transmissionmode transmission
line channel experiences anline channel experiences anindependent filter which must beindependent filter which must becharacterized in flightcharacterized in flight
Polarimeter implementationsPolarimeter implementations
which use different filters to form which use different filters to formStokesStokes--Q need wellQ need well--matchedmatchedresponse to minimize relativeresponse to minimize relativecalibration and foreground errorscalibration and foreground errors
Cryogenic array characterizationCryogenic array characterizationand screening capabilities presently and screening capabilities presently
at relatively low level of maturity at relatively low level of maturity
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Technical Readiness Level Technical Readiness Level Prototype variants on the required passive circuit elements toPrototype variants on the required passive circuit elements to
support CMB polarization science requirements have or will reachsupport CMB polarization science requirements have or will reach
TRL ~ 5 under the on going funding cycle. Examples include: TRL ~ 5 under the on going funding cycle. Examples include: BandBand--Pass FiltersPass Filters
Bolometer to Antenna Thermal BreaksBolometer to Antenna Thermal Breaks
Superconducting Transmission LinesSuperconducting Transmission Lines
Normal Metal Absorber Structures and TerminationsNormal Metal Absorber Structures and Terminations
Power CombinersPower Combiners Thermal Blocking Filters / Bias Chokes Thermal Blocking Filters / Bias Chokes
OtherOther……
Continued support in this area will be required to produce highContinued support in this area will be required to produce high
optical efficiency sensors and field representative devices in f optical efficiency sensors and field representative devices in f ully ully integrated systems.integrated systems.
Further design and fabrication iterations will also be requiredFurther design and fabrication iterations will also be required toto validate large numbers fully testable structures with acceptable validate large numbers fully testable structures with acceptablelevels of yield and reliability forlevels of yield and reliability for spacebornespaceborne applications....applications....
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Future Development MilestonesFuture Development Milestones
So are we ready? Is what we have built what we want?So are we ready? Is what we have built what we want?
Production of highest efficiency pixels possible is the key toProduction of highest efficiency pixels possible is the key to
controlling instrument cost and mission risk controlling instrument cost and mission risk within allocated within allocatedresources (e.g., design focal plane area, cooling power,resources (e.g., design focal plane area, cooling power,
massmass…… ) )
Demonstrated filter efficiencies for example are arguably anDemonstrated filter efficiencies for example are arguably anexcellent start, however, from a systems perspective oneexcellent start, however, from a systems perspective one
might inquiremight inquire……
Where did the remaining power go? Where did the remaining power go?
What is a reasonable target for the filter performance? What is a reasonable target for the filter performance? Given an acceptable targetGiven an acceptable target – – what design margins are required to what design margins are required to
realistically meet the desired instrument sensitivity with thisrealistically meet the desired instrument sensitivity with this
approach?approach?
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Planar Circuits: Loss MechanismsPlanar Circuits: Loss Mechanisms
2
2
0
0
3
1
⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ ⋅⋅=
eff
rad
hk
Z G
ε
η
π ο
14
1
−⋅=
r
ch
c f
ε
W Z
Rsc
0
=α
( )δ
ε
ε
ε
ε α tan
1
1
20 ⋅
−
−⋅⋅=
r
eff
eff
r d k
DielectricDielectric
ConductorConductor
Reactive MismatchReactive Mismatch
RadiationRadiation
FreespaceFreespace (3D)(3D)
Surface Wave (2D)Surface Wave (2D)
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Planar Circuits: DesignPlanar Circuits: Design
Material Selection and Fabrication:• Material parameters : εr μr σ
• Physical Dimensions and Tolerances• Realizable Topologies
• Number of layers
• Apertures, Air Bridges, Vias, etc.
• Dimensional Tolerances
Material Selection and Fabrication:Material Selection and Fabrication:• Material parameters : εr μr σ
• Physical Dimensions and Tolerances• Realizable Topologies
• Number of layers
• Apertures, Air Bridges, Vias, etc.
• Dimensional Tolerances
Design and Synthesis:• Extract Circuit Elements
• Impedance Contrast• Propagation Constant
• Transmission Line Model
• Full-wave Analysis
Design and Synthesis:Design and Synthesis:• Extract Circuit Elements
• Impedance Contrast
• Propagation Constant
• Transmission Line Model
• Full-wave Analysis
Circuit Validation:• Compare Models with
Observation• Reliability/Life Testing
Circuit Validation:Circuit Validation:• Compare Models with
Observation• Reliability/Life Testing
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Planar Circuits: ExamplesPlanar Circuits: Examples
Hybrids
Filters
Phase Shifters
Bias Chokes
Terminations
Artificial transmission line
Power divider Antennas