Plankton “To Drift”. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Marine Organisms Plankton...
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Transcript of Plankton “To Drift”. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Marine Organisms Plankton...
Plankton
“To Drift”
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Marine Organisms
• Plankton (floaters)• Nekton (swimmers)• Benthos (bottom
dwellers)
PlanktonNet
SizeDistribution
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Plankton
• Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton.
• Phytoplankton– Autotrophic
• Zooplankton – Heterotrophic
• PHYTOPLANKTON“plant plankton”
Photosynthetic The very base of the food chain…
Fnft: A micrograph of pelagic diatoms
Diatom
(chain) diatom
Figure 3.11: Cells in a chain of Stephanopyxis
Courtesy of Kohki Itoh
Dinoflagellates
• Ceratium• A Dinoflaggelate• “Phytoplankton”
Fnft: SEM of Gonyaulax polygramma
Fnft: SEM of Ceratochoris horrida
© CSIRO Marine Research
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Plankton
• Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton.
• Phytoplankton– Autotrophic
• Zooplankton – Heterotrophic
• ZOOPLANKTON“animal plankton”
NOT Photosynthetic – but “herbivores” and “carnivores” instead
They FEED ON the very base of the food chain (phytoplankton)…but how?
copepod
(crustacean)
Meroplankton
salp
Inhabitants of the Pelagic Division
• Some large gelatinous zooplankton: (b) A ctenophore, Bolinopsis, swimming with eight rows
of ciliated combs.
Courtesy of OAR/National Undersea Research Program/NOAA
They aren’t always “small!”
Some large gelatinous zooplankton: (c) A colony of salps (Pegea) cloned from a single parent.
© Eric Prine/age fotostock
The cycle from a larva stage to the upcoming of adult hood.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Avoiding Sinking
• Ability to float– Zooplankton – some produce fats or oils to stay
afloat– Phytoplankton-different “shapes” of their tests
• This is what the LAB is about…
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Floating Zooplankton
• Microscopic zooplankton have shells or tests.–Radiolarians–Foraminifers–Copepods
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copepods
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Macroscopic Zooplankton
• Krill– Resemble mini shrimp or
large copepods– Abundant near
Antarctica– Critical in Antarctic food
chains
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adaptations of Marine Organisms
• Physical support– Buoyancy– How to resist sinking– Different support
structures in cold (fewer) rather than warm (more appendages) seawater
– Smaller size
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adaptations of Marine Organisms
• High surface area to volume ratio– Unusual appendages to
increase surface area
• Oil in micro-organisms to increase buoyancy
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Viscosity and Streamlining Adaptations
• Streamlining important for larger organisms
• Less resistance to fluid flow
• Flattened body• Tapering back end