Planets II

Temperature

Radio Observations Measure intrinsic radiation of

planet in far infrared

Planetary Observations

Temperature Variations Annual

Inclination of the pole Eccentricity of the orbit

Planetary Observations

Inclination and Eccentricity

i e Mercury 0° 0.206 Venus 177.4 0.007 Earth 23.45 0.017 Mars 23.98 0.093 Jupiter 3.08 0.048 Saturn 26.73 0.054 Uranus 97.92 0.047 Neptune 29.6 0.009 Pluto 118 0.249

Temperature Variations

Diurnal Rotation Rate

Earth and Moon ComparisonEarth - 24 hours period

T = 20 - 25 degrees

Moon - 28 day period

T = 450 degrees

Planetary Observations

Temperature Variations

Diurnal Rotation Rate Atmosphere

cloud cover

Greenhouse Effect

Planetary Observations

Greenhouse Effect

Surface

95% CO2 atmosphere

Sun

Visible Light

IR radiated by surface

Temperature Variations

Diurnal Rotation Rate Atmosphere

cloud cover

Greenhouse Effect

Planetary Observations

Oceans

Albedo

Magnetic field requirements Fluid interior Rapid Rotation

Planetary Observations

The Earth’s Magnetic Field

Outer Core

Inner Core

Mantle

Earth’s Magnetic Field

Aurorae

Normal Magnetic Fields

Unusual Magnetic Fields

Interior heating mechanisms Original heat of formation Radioactive decays Tidal heating

Planetary Observations

The Galilean Satellites

Io EuropaCallistoGanymede

Atmospheres

Existence

Twilight Extension

“Horns” on the crescent phase

Composition

UV Spectroscopy

Planetary Observations

Crescent Venus

Inferior Conjunction of Venus

Planetary Spectra

Planetary Atmospheres

H2

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

CO2

Mars

Venus

N2

Earth

Titan

None

Mercury

Pluto

End of Section