Plan Implementation Part II Jennifer Evans-Cowley, PhD, AICP Professional Development Officer, Ohio.
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Transcript of Plan Implementation Part II Jennifer Evans-Cowley, PhD, AICP Professional Development Officer, Ohio.
![Page 1: Plan Implementation Part II Jennifer Evans-Cowley, PhD, AICP Professional Development Officer, Ohio.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e545503460f94b4b016/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plan Implementation Part IIJennifer Evans-Cowley, PhD, AICPProfessional Development Officer, Ohio
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Key Concepts
• Taxes
• Budgeting
• Organizational Structure
• Comprehensive Planning
• Strategic Planning
• Citizen Participation
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“A budget may be characterized as a series of goals with price tags attached” Aaron Wildavsky
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Types of Taxes
• Regressive• Progressive
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Types of Revenue
• Property Tax
• Income Tax
• Sales Tax
• Fees for Service
• Grants
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Methods of Finance
• Pay as you go• Reserve Funds• General Obligation Bonds• Revenue Bonds• Lease-Purchase• Special Districts• Special Assessments• Grants• Tax Increment Financing
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Types of Budgeting Systems
• Line Item Budgeting
• Planning, Programming and Budgeting Systems (PPBS)
• Management by Objective (MBO)
• Zero-Base Budget (ZBB)
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Capital Improvements Program
• What is a Capital Improvement?– Is a public facility that constitutes a major expenditure
and a long life involving nonrecurring expenditures
• What is a Capital Improvement Program?– A guide to the provision of capital improvements by
balancing revenues, expenditures, as well as sequencing of acquisition actions. It is linked to the goals established within the comprehensive plan.
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Bond Rating System
• Firms– Standard & Poor’s AAA - C– Moody’s Investors Service Aaa - C
• Two Types Issuer and Issue Rating
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Certificates of Obligation
• What is a CO?– Higher Interest Rate– Does not have to be Voter Approved
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Project Management
• Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT): Project management technique that defines shared activities and creates a sequence of events.
• Critical Path Programming (CPP): The critical path of activities to complete a project.
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Forms of Local Govt
• Weak Mayor-Council
• Strong Mayor-Council
• Commission Plan
• Council-Manager
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Types of Local Governments
• General-purpose local government – counties, municipalities, towns and townships.
• Single-purpose local government – School districts and special districts.
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Span of Control
• HeirarchicalManager
Technical Manager Administrator Administrative Asst. Clerk
Technician Technician InternPlanner Planner
Planning AssistantPlanning Assistant
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Span of Control
• Flat
Manager
Technician Administrator Administrative Asst. Clerk
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Organizational Center
• Staff Functions – Support line positions– Budgeting, Human Resources
• Line Functions – Provide direct service– Water, Parks
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Work Areas
• Function – transportation, historic preservation
• Process – zoning review, demographic analysis
• Time – current v. long range
• Area - neighborhoods
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Centralization
• Centralized - functional
• Decentralized – typically by area
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Comprehensive Planning
• The official statement of a legislative body that sets forth its major policies concerning desirable future physical development
• Should be adopted by the governing body• Key Elements
– Demographics– Land use– Transportation– Community facilities– Infrastructure
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Strategic Planning
• Analyze Community Needs
• Determine Long Term Objectives
• SWOT Analysis
• Involve stakeholders
• Develop and evaluate alternatives
• Develop policies
• Conduct evaluation
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Citizen Participation
• Computer simulation• Design Charrette• Facilitated Meetings• Neighborhood organizations• Delphi Method• Task Force• Visioning• Public Hearings
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Plan Making
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• Research methods and techniques
• Collecting data
• Techniques for organizing information
• Analysis of information (quantitative and qualitative)
• Demographics
• Fiscal impact analysis
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Statistics
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Key Topics
• Data Types/Measurement• Descriptive Statistics• Normal Distribution• Sampling Distribution• Estimation
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Types of Statistics
• Descriptive – describes data
• Inferential – tells about population– Sample statistic to estimate population
parameter
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Types of Data
• Nominal: no order: social security number
• Ordinal: order, but no magnitude: letter grade
• Interval: order, magnitude, but no fixed interval: example temperature
• Ratio: order, magnitude, and interval (used for measures of central tendency): distance
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Measures of Central Tendency
• Mean (average)
• Median (middle number), best for skewed data
• Mode (most frequent number)
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Categorized Data
• Frequency
• Cumulative Frequency
• Relative Frequency
• Cumulative Relative Frequency
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Frequency
Class Frequency Relative Freq Cumulative Frequency
CumulativeRelativeFrequency
40-44 2 0.05 2 0.05
45-49 6 0.14 8 0.19
50-54 12 0.29 20 0.48
55-59 12 0.29 32 0.76
60-64 6 0.14 38 0.90
65-69 4 0.10 42 1
Total 42 1.00
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Normal Distribution
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Planning Analysis
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Key Topics
• Population Projections• Employment Forecasting• Sources of Data• Methods of Data Analysis
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Population
• Current Estimates– Most recent US Census– Migration and Natural Increase
• Birth and Death Rates (aggregate)• Net Migration – school enrollment
– Step Down Method • Using data for state/county/MSA
– Other: Telephone hookups, electric meters
• Population Projections
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Population Projections
• Growth Curves– Take Current Population and Historical
Population to identify a pattern of growth, which is used to estimate future population.
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Straight Projection Exponential
Gompertz
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Population Projections
• Step-down Methods (state, county, MSA)– Use ratio of population of community to a larger area
• Cohort Survival– Birth Rate/Death Rate– Migration Rates
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Population Pyramid
Source: Vicki Male
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Birth Rates
• Need a birth rate of 2.1 to maintain the population size
• Birth rates are generally going down– Europe birth rate of 1.5 (European Union)– United States rate of 2.0 – 2.1 (US Census)
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Data Sources
• US Bureau of the Census (http://www.census.gov)
• FedStats (http://www.fedstats.gov)
• National Center for Health Statistics (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/)
• State-level Department of Health for information on birth and death rates
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Employment Data
• US Bureau of the Census – 5 year economic census (http://www.census.gov)
• County Business Patterns (http://www.census.gov)
• Census Transportation Planning Package (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ctpp/)
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Economic Base Analysis
• Economic Base Analysis tries to determine the multiplier effect– Location Quotient (concentration of a given industry
in a given place and compares it to the nation)
Location Quotient =
Regional Employment inIndustry I in Year T
/ National Employment inIndustry I in Year T
Total Regional Employment in Year T
Total National Employmentin Year T
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Economic Base Model
• If Location Quotient is >1 exporting employment
• If Location Quotient is <1 importing employment
• Basic Activities can be exported, while non-Basic Activities cannot be exported
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Multiplier Effect
• Total Employment/Basic Employment
• 20,000/10,000 = 2.0
• Every basic employee generates 2.0 employees. That person plus 1.0 additional employees.
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Shift-Share Analysis
• Analyzes change in employment in a given area and given industry
• Look at two periods• Between 1990 and 2000 the helium industry
increased employment by 3 percent in the Amarillo, Texas Metropolitan Area. The MSA’s employment increased by 10 percent.
• Between 1990 and 2000 the helium industry growth was 5 percent nationally and overall employment grew 10 percent.
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Thank You!