Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick,...
-
Upload
posy-howard -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick,...
![Page 1: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation.
Often have thick, fertile soils
Coastal plains are found near the ocean.
Kansas is on an interior plain called the Great Plains.
![Page 3: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
APP
ALA
CH
IAN
PLA
TEA
U
OZARK PLATEAU
![Page 4: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A plateau is a large, flat area of land that is higher than the surrounding land.
Edges rise steeply from land around them.
![Page 5: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A mountain is a high, natural place on Earth.
Elevation can vary greatly between mountains.
There are 4 main types:FoldedUpwarpedFault-blockVolcanic
![Page 6: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Formed from forces inside Earth that have pushed layers of land together, like a throw rug pushed against a wall.
The Appalachian Mountains are an example.
![Page 7: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Blocks of Earth’s crust are pushed up by forces inside Earth.
Examples: Adirondacks in New York, Southern Rockies, and the Black Hills of S. Dakota.
![Page 8: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Made of huge, tilted blocks of rock separated from surrounding rock by faults.
Examples: Grand Tetons of Wyoming and Sierra Nevada of California
![Page 9: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Form when molten material reaches the surface of Earth through a weak area in the crust.
Molten material can gradually build up into a mountain shape.
Examples: Mount Rainier in Washington, Mount Shasta in California, Mauna Loa in Hawaii
![Page 10: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A canyon is a deep valley with very steep sides—often carved from Earth by a river.
Grand Canyon, Arizona is an example of a very large canyon.
![Page 12: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A mesa is a land formation with a flat area on top and steep walls - usually occurring in dry areas.
Smaller than a plateau. This one is in Arizona.
![Page 13: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sea Level is the average height, or elevation of where the sea surface meets the land.
![Page 14: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A valley is a low place between mountains.
![Page 15: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A glacier is a slow-moving river of ice.There are valley glaciers and continental
glaciers. Some glaciers even float in the ocean.
![Page 16: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
To pinpoint a location on Earth, mapmakers use a series of gridlines—or coordinates.
These coordinates are made up of: Lines of latitude—lines that run around the
Earth, parallel to the equator.Lines of longitude—lines that run from
pole to pole. The lines are divided by degrees.There are 360 degrees in a circle (Earth).Each degree is divided into 60 minutes.Each minute is divided into 60 seconds.
![Page 17: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Used to measure distances north and south in degrees
The equator divides the earth into a northern and southern half or hemisphere.
Lines of latitude start at the equator and go north to the north pole (¼ of the way around the earth) to 90 degrees.
Lines also go south of the equator to the south pole (also ¼ of the way around the earth) to 90 degrees.
![Page 18: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
90°N
0°
90°S
![Page 19: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Begins at the prime meridian (0 degrees), which cuts pole-to-pole through Greenwich, England
Points west of Greenwich are measured from 0 to 180 degrees to the other side of Earth going west.
Points east of Greenwich are measured from 0 to 180 degrees to the other side of Earth going east.
There are 360 degrees in a circle, so both halves add up to 360.
![Page 20: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
0°
![Page 21: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The prime meridian does not circle Earth. It goes from pole-to-pole through Greenwich England, but does not go from pole-to-pole on the other side.
The other side of the earth is 180 degrees.The equator DOES circle Earth—all the way around
its “belly.”The lines of latitude measure north and south and
are like rungs of a ladder (lat-itude, lad-der).
![Page 22: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The earth is like a big clock. But it’s a 24-hour clock, not a 12-hour clock!
That’s because each day takes 24 HOURS.There are 24 time zones around the world, which
divide the earth into a clock.The International Date Line is where the Earth-clock
starts each new day, and the rest of the world follows.The IDL is really close to the 180 degree line of
longitude.Time zones are not perfectly arranged. People have
adjusted them somewhat to suit themselves. Go figure!
![Page 23: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2422
23
20
21
18
19
16
17
14
15
13
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011 12
Dire
ctio
n of
Ear
th’s
Rot
atio
nThe 24 hour spot is one hour ahead of the next spot west, since
Earth rotates to the
east.
![Page 24: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Maps help you tell where you are and where you are going.
Map projections are made when points and lines on a globe’s surface are transferred onto paper. All flat maps have some type of distortion.
There are 3 types of map projectionsMercator ProjectionRobinson ProjectionConic Projection
![Page 25: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Used mainly on shipsAdvantages of using this kind of map:
Shows correct shapes of continents.Disadvantages:
Areas of continents are distorted.Lines of longitude appear parallel (when they
really aren’t). This makes the poles appear larger.
Greenland looks larger than S. America (which it is not).
![Page 26: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Shows accurate continent shapes and more land areas
Lines of latitude are parallel (as they should be).
Lines of longitude are curved (as they should be).
Less distortion near poles.
![Page 28: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Road maps and weather maps are conic projections.
Used to produce maps of small areasMade by projecting points and lines
from a globe onto a cone.
![Page 30: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Show the changes in elevation of Earth’s surface.Used by land developers, hikers, and farmers to see
how they need to work with the rise and fall of the land
Use connected lines to show changes in elevation.The closer the lines, the steeper the slopes.Lines cannot cross one another because one
continuous line is always at the same elevation.
![Page 32: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Map Scale—the relationship between the distances on the map and real distances on Earth’s surface
Map Legend—explains what the symbols used on the map mean.
Compass or compass rose—shows the directions on the map. North is usually toward the top.
![Page 35: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Legend
Scale
CompassRose
![Page 36: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Show cross sections of Earth so we can visualize what is under the surfaceGeologists determine what
is below the
surface by
drilling into
rock and soil
to get core
samples
![Page 37: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Google Earth is a good example of a 3-D map.
![Page 38: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Satellites circle Earth collecting imagery and other datafor weatherfor climate changefor spyingfor geologic changesfor mapmaking
![Page 39: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Stands for Global Positioning SystemUses at least 3 satellites (out of 24) to
triangulate your location.Triangulation involves pinpointing the
exact location of where the 3 satellites’ data (or more) intersect one another.
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/howstuffworks/38-how-gps-works-video.htm
![Page 41: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
This formation is called a “tor.”
![Page 42: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Weathering is a process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces.
Two different types of weathering:MechanicalChemical
![Page 43: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mechanical weathering occurs when rocks are broken apart by physical processes.Something has to hit, grind, or crack rock.Those things can be
Plants and animalsIce WedgingChuck Norris
![Page 44: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Plant roots are very strong and can push rocks apart.
Animals dig and burrow, loosening sediments and bringing them to the surface to weather more.
Tiny living organisms also help break down rock.
![Page 46: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Ice wedging occurs in climates where water enters cracks and freezes.Water expands when it freezes, pushing rock apart.This process repeats itself, the crack widens, and
the rock eventually breaks apart.
![Page 47: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
As rocks break apart into smaller pieces, more surfaces are exposed to weathering.
The inside of the rock is now also exposed to weathering, so weathering will occur faster.
![Page 48: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Chemical weathering occurs when chemicals break down rock or change the rock into different minerals.
These chemicals can come fromNatural acidsPlant acidsOxygen
![Page 50: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Water can chemically react with carbon dioxide and create a weak acid called “carbonic acid”—the same acid found in many soft drinks.
This acid reacts with rock that contains calcite, like limestone, and dissolves it.
Other rocks are also affected.
![Page 51: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Caves form when acidic groundwater dissolves underground limestone.Stalactites can form
on cave ceilings from dripping dissolved rock.
Stalagmites can form on the floor when the drips hit
![Page 52: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Plant roots and decaying plants give off acids that can dissolve rock.
Plants thrive on the broken down rock (new soil) and take the nutrients into their roots.
![Page 53: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Oxidation is the process of oxygen chemically combining with other matter to change it.
Rust is caused by oxidation—oxygen combining with iron.Many rocks contain
iron and will turn
reddish through
oxidation. The
reddish material
is softer and
eventually crumbles
—like rust.
![Page 54: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Climate is the pattern of weather in an area over many years.
Warm, wet climates cause weathering to happen more quickly.Chemical reactions happen faster with
water and heat. Cold, dry climates slow weathering down.
![Page 55: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Soft rocks break down easier in wet climates.LimestoneMarble
Hard rocks don’t allow water to soak in as much, so they are harder to weather in wet climates.GraniteBasalt
![Page 56: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Five things affect soil formation:ClimateTypes of parent rockSlope of landTypes of vegetation in the areaAmount of time rock has been
weathering
![Page 57: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Soil is a mixture of weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral bits, water, and air.Can take thousands of years to form Decayed organic matter turns into nutrient
rich material called humus.http://www.ucopenaccess.org/courses/
APEnvSci/course%20files/multimedia/lesson17/animations/2c_soil_formation.html
![Page 58: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Make-up of different layers of soilHorizon O – top organic
layer—humus.Horizon A—top layer of
soil.Fertile layer with more
humus and less rock and mineral particles than other soil horizons
![Page 59: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Horizon B – middle soil layerContains less
humus and is lighter in color than A horizon
Minerals travel from A horizon to B horizon in a process called leaching.
![Page 60: Plains are large, flat areas of land that have only small changes in elevation. Often have thick, fertile soils Coastal plains are found near the ocean.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110209/56649e3f5503460f94b300bc/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Bottom layerHas very little
organic matter and is not strongly affected by leaching
Contains rock – the parent material of the soil
Soil Formation Animation