Plagiarism

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PlagiarismPlagiarismProfessor Tarek Tawfik

AminPublic Health Cairo University

[email protected]

http://www.joycevalenza.com/

http://www.joycevalenza.com/

Definition:Definition:Plagiarism viewed as copying another’s work, or borrowing

someone else’s original ideas. But terms like “copying” and “borrowing” can disguise the seriousness of the offense:

According to the Merriam-Webster On Line Dictionary, to “plagiarize” means

o To steal and pass off (ideas or words of others) as one's own o To use (other's production) without crediting the sourceo To commit literary theft o To present as new and original an idea or product derived

from an existing source. Plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone

else’s work and lying about it afterward.

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But can words and ideas really be stolen?

But can words and ideas really be stolen?

In the U.S and many other countries, the expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions.

Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some media (such as a book or a computer file).

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Copyright laws Copyright laws

• Copyright laws exist to protect our intellectual property.

• It is illegal to reproduce someone else’s expression of ideas or information without permission (includes music, images, written words, video, and a variety of other media).

• At one time, a work was only protected by copyright if it included a copyright trademark (the symbol). According to laws established in 1989, however, works are now copyright protected with or without the inclusion of this symbol.

• Anyone who reproduces copyrighted material improperly can be prosecuted in a court of law.

Copyright laws Copyright laws

Are all published works copyrighted?Actually, no. The Copyright Act only protects

works that express original ideas or information.

You could borrow liberally from the following without fear of plagiarism:

1- Compilations of readily available information, such as the phone book

2- Works published by governments3- Facts that are not the result of original

research (carrots contain Vitamin A) 4- Works in the public domain (provided you

cite properly)

Public domain Public domain

What is the “public domain?”• Works that are no longer protected by

copyright, or never have been, are considered “public domain.” This means that you may freely borrow material from these works without fear of plagiarism, provided you make proper attributions.

How do I know if something is public

domain or not?• In general, anything published more than

75 years ago is now in the public domain. Works published after 1978 are protected for the lifetime of the author plus 70 years.

All of the following are considered plagiarism

All of the following are considered plagiarism

• Turning in someone else’s work as your own

• Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit

• Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks

• Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation

• Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit

• Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not.

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How serious is the problem?How serious is the problem?

“A study of almost 4,500 students at 25 schools, suggests cheating is . . . a significant problem in high school - 74% of the respondents admitted to one or more instances of serious test cheating and 72% admitted to serious cheating on written assignments. Over half of the students admitted they have engaged in some level of plagiarism on written assignments using the Internet.”

Based on the research of Donald L. McCabe, Rutgers UniversitySource: “CIA Research.” Center for Academic Integrity, Duke

University, 2003 <http://academicintegrity.org/cai_research.asp>.

Two categories of plagiarism

Two categories of plagiarism

• Intentional• Copying a friend’s

work• Buying or borrowing

papers• Cutting and pasting

blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting

• Media “borrowing”without documentation

• Web publishing without permissions of creators

• Unintentional• Careless

paraphrasing• Poor

documentation• Quoting

excessively• Failure to use your

own “voice”

ExcusesExcusesIt’s okay if

I don’t get caught!

I was too busy to write that paper!

(Job, big game, too much homework!)

My teachers expect

too much!

I’ve got to get into

??? U.!

My parents expect “A”s!

This assignment was BORING!

Everyone does it!

Types of Plagiarism Types of Plagiarism I. Sources not cited:

“The Ghost Writer” : The writer turns in

another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own.

“The Photocopy”: copies significant portions

of text straight from a single source, without alteration.

“The Potluck Paper”: disguise plagiarism by

copying from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing.

“The Poor Disguise” : Although retained the

essential content of the source, he or she has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases.

“The Labor of Laziness” : Paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the same effort on original work.

“The Self-Stealer”: “borrows” generously from

his or her previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality.

Types of Plagiarism Types of Plagiarism II. Sources Cited (but still

plagiarized!)

“The Forgotten Footnote”: Mentions an author’s name

for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced.

“The Misinformer”: Providing inaccurate

information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them.

“The Too-Perfect Paraphrase”: Properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it.

“The Resourceful Citer”: The writer properly cites

all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work!

“The Perfect Crime”: It doesn’t exist.

Examples of plagiarism Examples of plagiarism Original Source Material: Ibrahim, S. A. (2009).

Health inequities: A global concern. American Journal of Public Health 99 (7): p. 7.

• Furthermore, in reacting to the global economic downturn, many nations, including the wealthy ones, are downsizing their commitments to health and social expenditures. History teaches us that in times like these, we often balance the books on the backs of the poor, the disenfranchised, and the minorities. But we need a new vision. It is imperative that we use the current crisis as an opportunity to reshape the global community. Everywhere in the world, the engine of economic prosperity runs on human capital and innovation, and nothing impacts human capital and innovation more than health. A father lost to AIDS in South Africa represent a lost opportunity to provide for the future of a family. A son or daughter lost to tuberculosis in India or China represents a lost opportunity to raise the next computer genius whose creativity we may need to achieve better world connectivity. An African-American child in inner city Chicago lost to crime or imprisonment represents a lost opportunity to develop the next visionary leader.

Student Version A: Plagiarism – Near Verbatim Text with No AttributionMany nations are downsizing their commitments to health and social expenditures. A new vision is needed. We must employ the current crisis to reshape the global community. Across the world, economic prosperity runs on human capital and innovation, and nothing affects human capital and innovation more than health. A child lost to tuberculosis in India or China is a lost opportunity to raise the next mathematical genius whose creativity we may need to reach improved world connectivity. An African-American child in inner city Los Angeles lost to crime or imprisonment is a lost opportunity to develop the next visionary leader.




Student Version B: Plagiarism – Mere Cosmetic ChangesIn responding to the global economic recession, many countries, including the rich ones, are less committed to spending money on health and social concerns. As the history books teach us, we frequently balance the books on the backs of the minorities and the impoverished. A new vision is necessary. It is imperative that we use the current crisis as an opportunity to restructure the international community. Health has the strongest impact than anything else upon innovation and human capital. For example, a father in Africa who dies from AIDS translates into losing a chance for providing for his future family; a child who dies from starvation in India or Viet Nam translates into losing a chance for the next genius scientist (Ibrahim, 2009). www.cornell.edu.us




Student Version C: AcceptableAs Ibrahim (2009) notes, although countries may spend less on health and social concerns, given the current economic climate, we must “use the current crisis as an opportunity to reshape the global community” (p. 7). Deaths due to such health and social issues as HIV, tuberculosis, or starvation, may deprive countries - developed or undeveloped - from future family providers, political or social leaders, or scientific geniuses (Ibrahim, 2009).

Plagiarism and academic integrityPlagiarism and academic integrity

• When you copy you cheat yourself and limit your own learning.

• The consequences are not worth the risks!

• It is only right to give credit to authors whose ideas you use

• Citing gives authority to the information you present

• Citing makes it possible for your readers to locate your source

• Education is not an “us vs. them” game! It’s about learning to learn!

• Cheating is unethical behavior

Is your academic

reputation valuable to you?

Joyce Valenza

Real life consequences:Real life consequences:

• Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians, Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin,• Kearns left television position and stepped down as

Pulitzer Prize judge for “lifting” 50 passages for her 1987 book The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis)

• Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. (Sabato)• Copied in law school and borrowed from campaign

speeches of Robert Kennedy • Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle forced to resign for

plagiarism in his columns (“Boston Columnist . . .”)• Scandal of Asim Kuraj in Croatia: Professor of Obg/yn

• CNN Article AP. 26 Nov. 2001• Channel One Article AP. 27 Nov. 2002

Joyce Valenza

Consequences (cont’d)Consequences (cont’d)

• New York Times senior reporter Jayson Blair forced to resign after being accused of plagiarism and fraud.

• “The newspaper said at least 36 of the 73 articles he had written had problems with accuracy, calling the deception a "low point" in the newspaper's history.”

“New York Times Exposes Fraud of Own Reporter.” ABC News Online. 12 May, 2003.http://www.pbs.org/newshour/newshour_index.html

Joyce Valenza

What are the punishments for plagiarism?

What are the punishments for plagiarism?

As with any wrongdoing, the degree of intent and the nature of the offense determine its status.

In an academic setting, it is most often handled by the individual instructors and the academic institution involved.

If plagiarism involves money, prizes, or job placement, it constitutes a crime punishable in court.

Punishments Punishments

I-Academic Punishments• Most colleges and universities have

zero tolerance for plagiarists. • You are less likely to be treated with

any leniency than if you plagiarized copyrighted material.

• A plagiarized paper almost always results in failure for the assignment, frequently in failure for the course, and sometimes in expulsion.

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Punishments Punishments

II- Legal Punishments• Most cases of plagiarism are considered

misdemeanors, punishable by fines of anywhere between $100 and $50,000 – and up to one year in jail.

• Also be considered a felony. For example, if a plagiarist copies and earns more than $2,500 from copyrighted material, he/she may face up to $250,000 in fines and up to ten years in jail.

III- Institutional Punishments• Most corporations and institutions will not

tolerate any form of plagiarism. People have lost their jobs or been denied positions as a result of plagiarism.

Internet and Plagiarism Internet and Plagiarism

1- The Internet now makes it easy to find thousands of relevant sources in seconds, and in the space of a few minutes plagiarists can find, copy, and paste together an entire term paper or essay.

2- The online paper mills (cheat sites). Home works, assignments, projects and paper-based solutions are all readily available on paying some fees.

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Plagiarism checkers Plagiarism checkers http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker/

http://www.plagiarismchecker.com/http://plagiarisma.net/

http://www.articlechecker.com/ http://www.academicplagiarism.com/

Avoiding plagiarism Avoiding plagiarism

1- Citation2- Quotation3- Paraphrasing 4- Summarizing

1- Citation 1- Citation

A “citation” is the way you tell readers that certain material in your work came from another source.

It gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including:

• Information about the author• The title of the work• The name and location of the publisher• The date your copy was published • The page numbers of the material you are

borrowing

Citation Citation

Why should I cite sources?• Giving credit to the original author by citing sources

is the only way to use other people’s work without plagiarizing.

But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources:• Citations are helpful to find out more about your

ideas and where they came from. • Not all sources are good or right – your own ideas

may often be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else’s bad ideas.

• Shows the amount of research you’ve done.• Citing sources strengthens your work by lending

outside support to your ideas.

Citation examples Citation examples

Saudi Arabia has witnessed enormous economic advancement in the recent decades. This transition has promoted the adoption of westernized dietary habits and sedentarism with considerable negative impact on community health. These changes are thought to be important contributors for recent epidemic of non-communicable diseases and their complications.1,2

A series of studies noted that cigarette smoking among youth is a complex behavior with several identifiable determinants including: interpersonal factors (such as family and peer influence), intrapersonal factors (self-esteem), individual motivational and attitudinal determinants as well as cultural settings (Goddard 1990; O’Loughlin et al. 1998; Kandel et al. 2007).

Goddard, E. (1990). Why children start smoking? Office of population census and surveys (social survey division). London: HMSO

1. Alwan A. Noncommunicable diseases: a major challenge to public health in the Region. East Mediterr Health J. 1997;3:6–16.2. Al-Nozha M, Arafah M, Al-Mazrou Y, et al. Coronary artery disease in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2004;5:1165–1171.

2- Quoting 2- Quoting

Taking the exact words from an original source is called quoting.

You should quote material when you believe the way the original author expresses an idea is the most effective means of communicating the point you want to make.

If you want to borrow an idea from an author, but do not need his or her exact words, you should try paraphrasing instead of quoting.

QuotingQuoting

Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied directly from a source, word for word. Quotations must be cited!

Use quotations when:• You want to add the power of an author’s words to

support your argument• You want to disagree with an author’s argument• You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful

phrases or passages• You are comparing and contrasting specific points of

view• You want to note the important research that

precedes your ownCarol Rohrbach

and Joyce Valenza

Examples Examples

For example, let’s say you want to quote from the following passage in an essay called “United Shareholders of America,” by Jacob Weisberg:

“The citizen-investor serves his fellow citizens badly by his inclination to withdraw from the community. He tends to serve himself badly as well. He does so by focusing his pursuit of happiness on something that very seldom makes people happy in the way they expect it to.”

Examples of quoting Examples of quoting

In his essay, “United Shareholders of America,” Jacob Weisberg insists that “The citizen-investor serves his fellow citizens badly by his inclination to withdraw from the community. He tends to serve himself badly. . . by focusing his pursuit of happiness on something that very seldom makes people happy in the way they expect it to.”

Using Footnotes Using Footnotes

Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of a page. They cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it.

This is an illustration of a footnote.1 The

number “1” at the end of the sentence corresponds to the note below. See how it fits in the body of the text?

1 At the bottom of the page you can insert your comments about the sentence preceding the footnote.

3-Paraphrasing 3-Paraphrasing

A paraphrase is a restatement in your own words of someone else’s ideas. Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT make your writing a legitimate paraphrase.

You must change both the words and the

sentence structure of the original, without changing the content.

Paraphrased passages still require citation

because the ideas came from another source, even though you are putting them in your own words.

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing

If I change a

few words, I’m

okay, right?

Wrong! Paraphrasing original ideas without documentingyour source, is plagiarism too!

Joyce Valenza

ParaphrasingParaphrasing

Paraphrase when:• You plan to use information on

your note cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing

• You want to avoid overusing quotations

• You want to use your own voice to present information

Carol Rohrbach and Joyce Valenza

4-Summarizing4-Summarizing

• Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of one or several writers into your own words, including only the main point(s).

• Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

• It is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to their original sources.

Summarize when:

• You want to establish background or offer an overview of a topic• You want to describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic• You want to determine the main ideas of a single source

Carol Rohrbach and Joyce Valenza

Preventing plagiarism in

research Preventing plagiarism in

research In a research paper, you have to come up

with your own original ideas while at the same time making reference to work that’s already been done by others.

- But how can you tell where their ideas end and your own begin?

- What’s the proper way to integrate sources in your paper?

- If you change some of what an author said, do you still have to cite that person?

Confusion about the answers to these questions often leads to plagiarism.

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Preventing plagiarismPreventing plagiarism

Consult your instructor Plan your paper Take Effective Notes When in doubt, cite sources Make it clear who said what Know how to Paraphrase Evaluate Your Sources

Works CitedWorks Cited• “Boston Columnist Resigns Amid New Plagiarism Charges.” CNN.com 19

Aug. 1998 3 March 2003 <http://www.cnn.com/US/9808/19/barnicle/>• Fain, Margaret. “Internet Paper Mills.” Kimbal Library. 12 Feb. 2003.

<http://www.coastal.edu/library/mills2.htm>• Lathrop, Ann and Kathleen Foss. Student Cheating and Plagiarism in the

Internet Era. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 2000.• Lewis, Mark. “Doris Kearns Goodwin And The Credibility Gap.” Forbes.com

2 Feb. 2002. <http://www.forbes.com/2002/02/27/0227goodwin.html>• “New York Times Exposes Fraud of own Reporter.” ABC News Online. 12

May, 2003.<http://www.pbs.org/newshour/newshour_index.html>

• Sabato, Larry J. “Joseph Biden's Plagiarism; Michael Dukakis's 'Attack Video' – 1988.” Washington Post Online. 1998. 3 March 2002. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/biden.htm>

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Plagiarism

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