PL511 URP LECTURE004 Planning History - Part 3

7/31/2019 PL511 URP LECTURE004 Planning History - Part 3

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PL 511 | Urban & Regional PlanningSlideshow developed by:Arch. Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAPBohol Island State University | College of Architecture & Engineering

P l a n n i n g : H i s t o r i c a l O v e r v i e wI n f l u e n c e sA history of urban and regional planning from its earlydevelopment up to the present.


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THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEME

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GOLDEN AGE OF URBAN DESIGN

the CITY BEAUTIFUL ERA: 1890 to the Great Depression (1930s) The City Beautiful Movement used the language of the Beaux Arts(Fine Arts) Style.

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION (1893) aka Chicago Worlds Fair in Jackson Park, Chicago largely designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted Inspired the CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT as works of civic art application of latest technologies faade architecture promise of America come to life as urban renewal operations


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THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMETHE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

(1890s and 1900s) a reform philosophy concerning North American architecture and

urban planning with the intent of using BEAUTIFICATION ANDMONUMENTAL GRANDEUR IN CITIES

associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, andWashington, D.C.

PROMOTED BEAUTY not only for its own sake, but also to createMORAL AND CIVIC VIRTUE among urban populations.

Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautificationcould thus promote a harmonious social order that would increasethe quality of life.


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THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMETHE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

main emphasis:o SHOWY URBAN LANDSCAPES drew on BEAUX ARTS tradition (France) aped classical architecture iconography of and for the URBAN ELITES moral diagnosis:

o PEOPLE NEED TO BE CIVILIZED

The World's Columbdisplayed and inspired th


5/121Print of an aerial view of the exposition


6/121The Statue of the Republic overlooks the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893

orderly and clean aesthetic rather than social sensibility grandiose and ambitious


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THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

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McMILLAN COMMISSION (1901) Named for the Michigan Senator James McMillan Redesign of the monumental core of Washington, D.C. to commemorate the ci

centennial and to fulfill unrealized aspects of the city plan of Pierre Charles Lcentury earlier.

AIAnatl conference in Washington D.C. (1901) Daniel Burnham, Augustus St. Gaudens, and Frederick Law Olmsted among p

CIVIC CENTERS city hall, county court house, library, museum, opera house, and a plaza

PUBLIC WORKS BRIDGES, designed as pieces of sculpture RIVERS, made into classical garden terraces COLLEGES and UNIVERSITIES, as visions of classical world RAILROADS, built Roman basilicas and baths


9/121The National Mall was the centerpiece of the 1901 McMillan Plan. A central open vista traversed the


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The National Mall was the centerpiece of the 1901 McMillan Plan. A central open vista traversed the len


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2004 view from the United States Capitol, facing west across the National Mall


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The Capitol and National Mall facing east from the top of the Washington Monument in 2011.


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The 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on the National Mall facing east from the Lincol


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CITY AS A WHOLE

Daniel Burnham (1846-1912) father of American city planning Father of the City Beautiful Director of Works for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago took a leading role in the creation of master plans for the developmen

of a number of cities, including Chicago and downtown Washington

D.C., San Francisco, Manila also designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Buildi

in New York City and Union Station in Washington D.C. last use of French Renaissance principles applied at the largest scale

possible


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Project for the ideal city of Chaux: House of supervisors of the source of the Loue. Published in 1804.

Make nolittle plathey havmagic tomen'sblood Daniel Hudson BFAIA (1846-191


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Burnham


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Burnham's vision for San Francisco's Athenaeum, looking west toward Lake Merced from today's Marvpours down from a lake just below the Athenaeum into the valley. The 300-foot-tall female statue, "

Original image from "Report on a Plan For San Francisco," Daniel Burnham, 1905. Digital image from Dav


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Burnham's


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Luneta, Manila, early 1900s


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Aerial View of Manila Port Area (1925) as Renovated by the Americans


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Baguio City was designed by Burnham


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PLANNED RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITIES Roland Park, Baltimore (1892): start of commuter suburb Country Club, Kansas City Forest Hills Garden, L.I., New York: commuter suburb for

Manhattan (1911)MANY DEVELOPMENTS

American city planning profession

England and garden city movemento English architect-planners lectured in USo English books in city planning

Many lessons from abroad ZONING introduced in 1916


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**

BIRTH OF LAND USE ZONING 1886 statute: San Fran. Chinese laundries shut down

o Fed. court case: Yick Wo v. Hopkins, Sheriff struck down statute, so city imlaundry zone

o other CA cities zoned against laundries, brothels, pool halls, dance halls, lslaughterhouses

o How? municipalitys trad . responsibility for protecting health, safety, morals ageneral welfare of citizens

1st NY ZONING LAW (1916) protected Fifth Ave. luxury store ownerexpansion of Jewish garment factories

o protected property values and expressed chauvinismo idea spread to 100s of cities in decade after the NY law was passed, promo

property values and special interests of the upper class, white majority


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THE NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMEN

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PROPONENTS HENRY WRIGHT: Rehousing Urban America (1934) CLARENCE STEIN: Towards New Towns for America (1951)

SUPERBLOCK CONCEPT Answer to problem of through traffic ISLAND OF GREEN, bordered by houses and skirted by peripheral

automobile roads

BEST EXAMPLESo Baldwin Hills, Los Angeleso Chatham Village, Pittsburgh

Community-level development


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RADBURN, NJ An unincorporated planned community located within Fair Lawn, in

Bergen County, New Jersey, United States Explicitly designed to separate traffic by mode, with a pedestrian path

system that does not cross any major roads at grade Planners: CLARENCE STEIN and HENRY WRIGHT Landscape architect MARJORIE SEWELL CAUTLEY introduced the largely residential "SUPERBLOCK" credited with incorporating some of the earliest CULS-DE-SAC in th RADBURN IDEA Organization of town into cohesive neighborhoods


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A diagram showing the street network structure of Radburn and its nested hierarchy. Separate pedestrianthe green spaces between the culs-de-sac and through the central green spine (Note: the shaded area was


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Old Radburn


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CLARENCE A. PERRY American planner, sociologist, author, and educator THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT published in 1929

o early diagrammatic planning model for residential development inmetropolitan areas

o framework for urban planners attempting to design functional, self-containedand desirable neighbourhoods in the early 20th century in industrializing cities

The core principles:o Centre the school in the neighbourhoodo Place ARTERIAL STREETS along the perimetero Design internal streets using a HIERARCHYo Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeter (or entrance)o Dedicate at least 10 percent of the neighborhood land area to PARKS AND

OPEN SPACE


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A diagram of Clarence Perry's neighbouthe spatiality of the core principles of theNew York Regional Survey, Vol 7. 1929


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REGIONAL PLANNING

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HENRY WRIGHT AND PLAN OF NEW YORK Worked under commission by Clarence Stein Report of the Commission on Housing & Regional Planning for the State of Ne

Development of New York Small trade centers for an agriculture society Decline due to cheaper Midwestern farms Industrialization took hold Hudson and Mohawk valleys became spine New York City became the financial heart and core for a constellation of

Wrights plan one of finest models of regional planning not officially adopted, but recommendations realized led to formation of RPAA


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REGIONAL PLANNING

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REGIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK 22 counties, 500 municipal districts, 10 million people, NY state, NJ

Thomas Adams Scottish planner 2-volume plan produced in 1928 most complete plan study ever done

BENTON MACKAYE Originally, a forester

The New Exploration, A Philosophy of Regional Planning published in 19 Envisioned the townless highway and highwayless towns Showed NY City as the entry and exit portal for the entire US industr New Exploration the exploration of the wilderness and conservat

be expanded to include cities


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ACHIEVEMENTS IN EUROPE

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ENGLISH NEW TOWN MOVEMENT Sir Anthony Barlow headed commission The Report of Royal Commission of Distribution of Industrial Population Sir Patrick Abercrombie and J.H. Forshaw

o The County of London Plan (1943) New Towns Plan of Hook; Plan of Cumbernauld

OTHER DEVELOPMENTS Londons Barbican area Garden cities in France

o Dourges 1st garden city in France (1919)o Longueau, Tergnier, Lille-le-Deliverance

Berlin, Germany Martin Machler Baku in Russia

West Kungsholmen, Stock Tapiola, Helsinki in Finlan Amsterdam South, Amster

Holland Other countries Italy, Sw

Israel


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ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING

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ELIEL SAARINEN Prize-winning plan for Helsinki in 1911 His urban planning theories are set forth in a book published in 1943 THE

ITS GROWTH, ITS DECAY, ITS FUTURE WALTER GROPIUS

Took same approach to architecture & urban planning (Bahaus) Wrote: Rebuilding our communities and Rebuilding our Communities (with

Walter Wagner)

The aim is to deconcentrate , not to dissolve the city. RICHARD NEUTRA RUSH CITY REFORMED Designed by the end of the 1920s by Neutra and his young employees and

apprentices, the city had showed ideas ranging from sympathy for the mostmarginalized groups of the big city, a microscopic scale, to the harshness of atotalitarian state, in macro.



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Eliel Saarinen Walter Gropius Richard Neu


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Always design by considering next larger contchair in a roomin a house, a hoan environmentenvironment in plan.

Eliel Saarinen


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Eliel Saarinen

Helsinki


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Haga, Finland by Eliel Saarinen


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Architecturebegins whereengineering

Walter Gropius


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Walter Gropius


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Aluminum City Terrace by Walter Gropius & Marcel Breuer


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I am an eyewto the ways ipeople relatethemselves aeach other, anwork is a wascooping andthat experien

Richard Neutra


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Rush City Reformed by Richard Neutra


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Richard Neutra (Kaufmann House, Chuey House, Gettysburg Cycloram)



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LE CORBUSIER (1887-1965) Charles-douard Jeanneret Fused ideas of modern architecture and city form Driving force behind the CIAM Spokesman for the INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT UNE VILLE CONTEMPORAINE (Contemporary City) 1922,

traceable to Henards & Garniers ideas PLAN VOISIN (Neighborhood Plan) 1925 LA VILLE RADIEUSE (Radiant City) 1935o LE PLAN DE PARIS 1937o WHEN CATHEDRALS WERE WHITE 1947o CONCERNING TOWN PLANNING 1948 CHANDIGARH, INDIA execution of his urban planning ideals


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Modern life

demands, and iswaiting for, anew kind of plan, both forthe house andthe city.

Le Corbusier

The Ville Contemporaine (1922) was anunrealized project to house 3 million


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Ville Contemporaine (Contemporary City)

unrealized project to house 3 millioninhabitants designed by Le Corbusier.

The centerpiece of this plan was a group of 60-story crk b il l f d d i i


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skyscrapers built on steel frames and encased in curtainglass. The skyscrapers housed both offices and the flats o

wealthy inhabitants. These skyscrapers were set within

rectangular park-like green spaces.

At the center


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At the center planned city wtransportationwhich housed

buses and traihighway interat the top, an

The Plan Voisin is a solution for thet f P i d b t 1922


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Plan Voisin

center of Paris, drawn between 1922and 1925 by Le Corbusier.

The plan for 1925 seems to be a direct transposition of thedi g f C t Cit f th illi d i


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Plan Voisin

diagram of Contemporary City for three million drawn in


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Plan Voisin


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Plan Voisin (Neighborhood Plan)


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Plan Voisin


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Plan Voisin

Influenced by the lineaof Milyutin and the the


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La Ville Radieuse (The Radiant City) 1935

of Milyutin and the thesyndicalist movement (recently joined), Le Coproposed the Ville Radiblueprint of social refo

Ville Radieuse represent


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putopian dream to REUNWITHIN A WELL-ORDENVIRONMENT. It wabased upon the abstract

the human body with hearms and legs.The design maintained thigh-rise housing blockscirculation and abundanspaces proposed in his e

The blocks of housing win long lines stepping in They were glazed on theside and were raised up They had roof terraces atracks on their roofs.

LE CORBUSIERS LA VILLE RADIEUSE


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**

ELEMENTS OF LE CORBUSIERS PLAN very high density

o 1,200 people per acre in skyscraperso overcrowded sectors of Paris & London ranged from 169-213 pers./acre

at the timeo Manhattan has only 81 pers./acreo 120 people per acre in luxury houseso 6 to 10 times denser than current luxury housing in the U.S.o multi-level traffic system to manage the intensity of traffic

access to greenspaceo between 48% and 95% of the surface area is reserved for greenspace

gardens, squares, sports fields, restaurants, theaterso with no sprawl, access to the protected zone (greenbelt/open space)

is quick and easy

LE CORBUSIERS LA VILLE RADIEUSE


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**

THE LOGIC OF INCREASING URBAN DENSITY The more dense the population of a city is the less are the

distances that have to be covered. traffic is increased by: the number of people in a city the degree to which private transportation is more appealing (clean, fast,

convenient, cheap) than public transportation the average distance people travel per trip the number of trips people must make each week

The moral, therefore, is that we must increase the density of the centres of our cities, where business affairs are carried on.

The Uni(H i U it) i


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Cit di k L M i d F d M ill (U it d'H bit ti )

(Housing Unit) isresidential hprinciple de

Corbcollaboratiarchitect Nad

concept formeseveral housing

designed by hiEurope with t

most fadevelopment

so

La Maison du Fada proveinfluential and is ofte

initial inspiration o


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Cit radieuse aka La Maison du Fada, Marseille (Unit d'Habitation)

initial inspiration oarchitectural style an


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The roofchildren's paddlin

and ventilation


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and ventilation


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In the 1950s, a uniqueopportunity to translatethe Radiant City on agrand scale presenteditself in the construction

of the Union TerritoryChandigarh, the newcapital for the Indianstates of Punjab andHaryana and the firstplanned city in India.


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Legislative Assembly, Chandigarh, India


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Chandigarh, India


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Assembly Building, Chandigarh, India


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Palace of Justice, Chandigarh, India


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Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, India



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**

CIAM Congres International dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM) CIAM grid graphic file system for recording pertinent information in an

urban study and for explaining a plan CIAM grid four component sections: work, residence, circulation, leisure The ATHENS CHARTER (fourth CIAM conference in 1933), was a manifest

written mostly Le Corbusier (1943), summarizing the Fourth Congress of theInternational Congress of Modern Architects (CIAM).

MARS Group Modern Architectural Research Group The English wing of CIAM (1933-1957) Proposed a plan for rebuilding London Sixteen finger corridors all connected by a major circulation spine and

encircling circulation loop


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Plan for London by MARS Group

The Athens Charte


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The Athens Charteessentially a condeversion of the coreand principles of marchitecture and urplanning, which catotal remaking of c

the industrial worldmake them more erational, and hygie

The Athens Charter8 MAIN THEMES*


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8 MAIN THEMES1. the centrality of the natural environment, including air, plant life, and especially2. a mystical belief in the spatial layout and symmetrical spacing of urban plannin

panacea for all social ills;3. elitism, especially in the sense of the superiority of the architect and urban plan4. the importance of restoring harmony to the relationship between time and space

cities, especially in the case of the speed of mechanized transit within urban spa5. an almost Manichean sense of morality in which old cities are posited as repres6. a nearly complete absence of any grounding of the Charter's claims in empirica

natural science, medicine, or social science;7. a remarkable lack of attention towards the immense financial resources necessa

out the program of radical and profound urban renewal advocated in the Charterfinally,

8. a tolerance for historical preservation only where such preservation does not intthe Charter's program.

*Rubin, Eli: The Athens Charter. In: Themenportal Europische Geschichte (2009), URL: http://www.europa.clio-online.de/2009/Article=



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**

LOUIS KAHN Made important designs for central Philadelphia, 1957

KENZO TANGE Plan for Tokyo, 1960o Circulation as determinant of urban formo New Tokyo over Tokyo Bay, hung on bridgeso The scheme, featuring a linear series of interlocking loops expanding Tokyo across

the bay, has often been regarded as initiating the decade-long megastructuralmovement.

Reconstruction Plan for Skopje - won 1st

prize in competition butcollaborated with runners-up for the final plan Pritzker 1987 laureate


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A city is the plaof availabilities.the place where small boy, as hewalks through itmay see someththat will tell himwhat he wants todo his whole life

Louis Khan


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Louis I. Kahn. Civic Center, project, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Aerial perspective. 1957


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Louis I. Kahn. Traffic Study, project, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Plan of proposed traffic-movement


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I feel however, thatwe architects have aspecial duty andmission... (tocontribute) to thesocio-culturaldevelopment of architecture and

urban planning. Kenzo Tange


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Kenzo Tange's 1960 Tokyo Bay Project.


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Plan reconstruction of Skopje, Macedonia. Kenzo Tange, 1965.


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Plan reconstruction of Skopje, Macedonia. Kenzo Tange, 1965.


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Aerial view of the Osaka Expo 70. Master plan designed by Kenzo Tange.

ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNINGFRANK LLOYD WRIGHT (1867 1959)


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FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT (1867-1959) Followed Howard, Geddes and social reformers BROADACRES (1932)

o presented the idea in his book THE DISAPPEARING CITY in 1932o Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city and the apotheosis of the newly born subo both a planning statement and a socio-political schemeo every family would be given an acre (4,000 m) plot of land from the federal lands r

and a Wright-conceived community would be built anew from thiso Marin County Civic Center north of SF, Calif.

The Illinois Mile -High Tower (1956)o a proposed skyscraper that would have been 1 mile (1,600 m) higho one of those semi-serious visionary buildings meant to be an alternative to the incre

urban sprawl occurring in most cities.


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No house shouldbe on a hill or onanything. It shouof the hill. Belonto it. Hill and hoshould live togeeach the happierthe other.

Frank Lloyd Wrigh


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Broadacre City

low-density car-oriented freeways +feeder roads multi-nucleated


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Broadacre City


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Broadacre City


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Marin County Civic Center, San Rafael, California


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The Mile High Tower, "The Illinois"


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Burj Khalifa by Adrian Smith at SOM

ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNINGCONSTANTINE DOXIADIS (1914-1975)


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( ) Addressed the urban problem on a worldwide scale Major designs are made for countries where economy and productive can be coordinated by policy and decree Best work is in newly developing nations of Africa and Middle East Architecture in Transition (1963) explains Doxiadiss total view Magazine Ekistics shows Dixiadiss many plans and programs Ekistics grid system for recording planning data and ordering plan

process Town planning as a science which includes planning and design, and

contribution of sociologist, geographer, economist, politician, anthropecologist, etc.

EKISTICS the science of human settlements


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If we do notunderstandfurniture,we cannotunderstand

the city. KonstantinosApostolos Doxiadis


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ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNINGCHARLES ABRAMS (1902-1970)


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**

( ) Lawyer, urban housing planner, professor of city planning In the mid-1960s, he headed a task force that recommended consolid

New York's housing activities, a proposal that led to the creation of thNEW YORK CITY HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINIST

Believed that HOUSING is one prime field of endeavor for solving uproblems

One of the first to use, maybe the very first, to use the expression Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor

MANS STRUGGLE FOR SHELTER IN AN URBANIZING WORLD (1of the first books to deal with Third World cities

o This book makes an important contribution to our understanding of various nationalprograms and the efforts of international agencies directed toward achieving land reand adequate housing.

Charles Abrams, drawing heavily on his rich practical experience, dramatically describes hin Ghana, Turkey, Pakistan, the Philippines, NSingapore, India, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, JamBarbados and Bolivia His expert knowledge


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RURAL U

SQUAT

Barbados, and Bolivia. His expert knowledgefinancial aspects of land and housing problemcommon sense observation of technical and s

enriched by imaginative human concern, and a high degree of political realism.

ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNINGBUCKMINSTER FULLER (1895-1983)


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**

American systems theorist, architect, engineer, author, designer, invenand futurist; popularized the geodesic domes

designed housing prototypes to:o counter the trend toward resource-intensive, prohibitively expensive houo to make adequate shelter available to 100% of humanity

INVENTORY OF WORLD RESOURCES, HUMAN TRENDS ANheadquarters, contained the findings of his extensive global research

o sought to discover what it would take to make the world work that

provide adequate food, energy, and shelter for 100% of humanity to enjoystandard of livingo one of the earliest proponents of renewable energy sources

Fullers extensive energy research documented that we can produce enough energy foeverybody in the world while phasing out all use of fossil fuels and atomic en


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The best wayto predict thefuture is todesign it.

Richard Buckminster Fuller

"Dymaxion" is a portmamaximum tension, inveabout 1929 at Marshall Fstore in Chicago to descrhouse, which was shownof the future store display


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Dymaxion House


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Dymaxion House


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Dymaxion House


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Dymaxion House


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Dymaxion Community (Model)


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The U.S. Pavilion for the 1967 Worlds Fair, in Montreal, by Buckminster Fuller.


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The Montreal Biosphre, formerly the American Pavilion of Expo 67, by Buckminster Fuller.


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Fuller with models of the Standard of Living Package and Skybreak Dome. *Fuller+ believed that hisinnovate in such a way as to benefit the greatest number of people using the least amount of resources.


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Fuller and Shoji Sadaos dome over Manhattan.

References LeGates, Richard and Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban

Planning, 1870-1940.


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g, Knox, Paul. Urbanization. Cullingworth, Barry. Planning in the USA . Various online sources.

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PL511 URP LECTURE004 Planning History - Part 3

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