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What is orifice (in piping term) and what is the function of orifice in pipes? Posted by: ANTONY in Piping Questions, QUESTIONNAIRE, Site Map

06 oct

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Dimensional, WEIGHT and Piping Design Information.

An orifice, in general is an

opening. I'll just leave it at that.

In piping it is usually a special

device used primarily to measure

or restrict the flow of a fluid.

These are called metering

devices.

Here is an example of one type.

A flat metal disc with a known

diameter hole is called an orifice

plate. It is clamped between

special flanges in a section of

straight pipe and centered in the

pipe so that the fluid flowing

through the pipe also passes

through the hole and then

proceeds on down the pipe.

The two special flanges both have

a small hole ( called a tap) drilled

thru the sides and on into the

pipe opening where the flow is

passing. The pressure from the

upstream side or "tap" of the

orifice plate is compared to the

downstream pressure.

Since it is known that pressure

drop and velocity are related the

measured pressure drop across

the known orifice is used in the 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

of 53Piping Info: Piping Questions

3/22/2011http://piping-info.blogspot.com/search/label/Piping%20Questions

Industrial application of venturi meter and orifice?

flow calculation.

Other orifice-type metering

devices are used to limit a flow

within a certain range. This is

common in variable orifice control

valves where a tapered plug

changes the size of the orifice

opening.

Another less common orifice plate

application in piping is in flow

restriction in the event of a

pipeline rupture.

In refrigeraton a common

metering device called a capillary.

This is actually a smaller diameter

tube which does the same as a

hole in a flat plate, but does it

better.

i would be glad if the answer be in detail , and anybody can explain me the application of

orifice in the car?

Venturies and Orifice plates are widely used in industries to measure the flow rate of

gases and liquids. The working principle is simple and flow is measured using the

differential pressure principle.

Even for a wind to blow, there has to be a low pressure and a high pressure. Hence if

there is a flow (created naturally or artificially), there is a high pressure upstream and

low pressure down stream.

Differential pressure transmitters (DPT's) utilize this principle to measure this pressure

difference and transmit the pressure difference signal to a process indicator or controller.

This signal is processed by the indicator (meter) and scaled or integrated to engineering

parameters like flow rate, totalisation, speed, volume etc., using specific formulas for the

particular type of application and medium (gas or fluid).

To summarize, venturies and orifices generate a differential pressure which if integrated

with time, can then be used to convert into any engineering parameter like flow rate,

quantity, speed etc. and can be used in any industrial, automotive, aeronautical,

domestic or just about any field - which comes to imagination.

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QUESTIONS FOR PIPING ENGINEER Posted by: ANTONY in Design basis, Piping Book, Piping Design system, Piping

Questions, Site Map

01 oct

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TYPICAL QUESTIONS FOR PIPING

ENGINEER’s

KNOWLEDGE TESTING

Please help to answer this

Examination?

1. Can you explain in detail three

or more major differences

between code ANSI B31.1

and code ANSI B31.3?

2. There is a power plant inside a

Process refinery. Where exactly

the ANSI B31.1 &

ANSI B31.3 scope break occurs?

3. Which of the following piping system is more health hazardous. A) Fuel oil piping b)

Process piping with Caustic c) process piping with HF acid d) Sulphuric acid piping.

4. There is a steam piping with low pocket but without steam trap. What will be worst

consequence of this layout?


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5. In what circumstance, the reducer of a pump suction piping will be in bottom flat

position. Explain why the reducer should be so.

6. A P&ID shows a spec break (at Flange) between carbon steel & stainless steel

specification. What additional arrangements you have to make for that dissimilar material

flange joint?

7. A stainless steel piping specification mentions Galvanized carbons steel bolts. What is

your first reaction ti this and how do you rectify it?

8. How many types of piping speciality items do you know? Why it is called a piping

special? Why not we include them in standard piping specification.

9. Draw a typical steam trap station layout and explain why the existence of a by-pass

line around the trap is not a good idea, when the condensate is returning to a condensate

header?

10. Explain what is a “Double block & Bleed” valve? Why we need a bleed valve? When

do we use this?

11. In a typical tie-in where should the spectacle blind be inserted? a) after block valve

and towards existing plant b) before block valve and towards new plant. Explain why.

12. “Stress intensification factor (SIF)” Where do we use this? Explain this term. How

many types of these SIF’s exist?

13. When all design parameters are same, whose thermal expansion is higher among the

following? A) Carbon steel b) Stainless steel c) Duplex steel d) Cast Iron e) Galvanized


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PROCESS PLANT / UTILITY TERMINOLOGY Posted by: ANTONY in Piping Design system, Piping Questions, Process plant Layout,

QUESTIONNAIRE, Site Map

03 jun

PROCESS PLANT TERMINOLOGY

Process Plant Terms

Refinery

A refinery is a plant that takes

crude oil as its feed or charge

stock and converts it into the

many petroleum products that

people use; Some of these are

gasoline, jet-fuel, kerosene,

butane, propane, fuel oil and

asphalt.

Hydrocarbon

The hydrocarbon compound contains hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbon compounds are

numerous and form the basis for petroleum products. They exist mostly as vapors and

liquids but may also be solid. In general, piping systems refineries and gasoline plants

transport hydrocarbons or utilities.

Gasoline Plant

The gasoline plant takes natural gas (a vapor) as its charge stock and separates the

vapor’s heavier products out and re-injects the lighter gas (methane) into a pipeline or

perhaps into the gas field it came from. Again gasoline, propane and butane are

extracted as products. But, since a gasoline plant starts with a vapor, the heavier

hydrocarbons do not exist in its charge stock; so heavier products cannot be made.

Asphalt s one of the products that is classified as a heavy hydrocarbon and is not

produced in a gasoline plant.

Chemical Plant

The chemical plant takes semi-refined products from refineries and gasoline plants and

reprocess them, in this case it is also act as a Petrochemical plant. Sometimes blending

in other products and converts them into certain chemicals which may be sold as a

finished consumer product. One such product widely demanded today is plastic. Chemical

plants make many ingredients in modern medicines.

Tank Farm

The tank farm is the area that contains the huge storage tanks of the refinery and 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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gasoline or chemical plants. The tanks are usually isolated from the main processing

units in case of fire. They may be 200° or more in diameter and will contain the plant’s

charge stock for several days. The tanks also store the plant’s products, until the

shipment goes to the consumer.

Flare Systems

The flare system transports vapors (via a piping system) to a flare stack which is very

tall and has a flame burning at the top. This system burns waste gases and also collects

and burns relief valve discharges. At night the flare stack usually stands out -sending

flames high into the air. This is waste gas burning. if it did not burr, it would pollute the

air.

Instruments

Instruments tell the operator what is happening inside a vessel or pipe. There are four

basic groups of instruments, namely temperature, pressure, flow and level.

Fluid

Most students may think of fluid as liquid, but it can also be a vapor. Fluid means

something that will flow-something not solid. Piping directs fluid flow.

Process Plant Utilities:

The utility is a refinery’s service portion. While a home has water, gas and electricity, a

refinery or other plant has many more, some of which are below.

Steam

Steam services many plant items. Heat generates steam in fired boilers or heater which

will make many different steam pressures and temperatures. They apply heat and

convert condensate (pure water) to steam (a vapor). The steam then goes to the

different plant units in the piping systems which use the steam.

Many students think they have seen steam, but they haven’t. They cannot actually see

steam: it is invisible. What they have seen is the condensate condensing out of the

steam. That is where the term condensate” comes from.

Condensate

As the energy in steam is used, the steam turns to condensate. Another piping system

collects this condensate, which is returned under a row pressure to a collection point and

is pumped through the boiler tubing and converted to steam again. So the condensate is

in a constant cycle from steam to condensate to steam.

Fuel Oil

Fuel oil is another utility that refineries make and partially consume. It is also sold as a

product to heat homes and fires furnaces in private business.


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Instrument Air

A utility that operates the plant instruments is instrument air. A piping system distributes

this air, which has been compressed and dried to remove, all its moisture, as the

moisture would harm the instruments.

Utility Air

Utility air drives air motors and blow air on objects to clean them, such as some barbers

blow cut hair off customers with air hoses.

Cooling Water

Cooling water cool various streams in a plant. The water starts at a cooling tower and is

pumped through a piping system to exchangers, which exchange heat. it comes out

boner-much like water from a hot water heater in a home. This water then returns to the

cooling tower, which cools the water. and then is ready for more circulation into the unit.

Like the steam and condensate system above, this is a constantly c system.

Drains

An underground utility collects drains from funnels or catch basins and, in a separate

piping system, transports them to a disposal point. Since no pressure is in this drain

piping, the pipes must slope to cause flow. This slope is usually 1 foot per 100 feet of

tine or greater.

It can be very difficult to design drain systems. Since they run underground, they must

miss all other underground items. The drainage system must twist and turn to miss all

the process equipment foundations.

Most plants also have more than one drain system. They may have an oily water sewer a

storm water sewer and an acid sewer. The oily water sewer handles the oily drips and

drains. The storm water sewer collects surface runoffs from rains. The acid sewer collects

acid drains and drips. There may be many other types of separate drain systems.

Piping Questions and Answers

You May like these too

Piping Components - Explanation

PIPING QUIZ & ANSWERS


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PIPING INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Book, Piping Design system, Piping Hand Book,

Piping Questions, QUESTIONNAIRE, Site Map

28 may

PIPING INTERVIEW

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What factors to consider for

site selection?

Ans : District classification,

Transportation facilities,

Manpower

availability, industrial

infrastructure, community

infrastructure, availability

of raw water, effluent disposal,

availability of power, availability

of

industrial gas, site size and

nature, ecology and pollution.

2. What are different standards?

Ans : Most commonly use

standards are as follows:

Sr. Standard Description

1. ANSI B18.2 Square and

hexagola head bolts and nuts

2. ANSI B16.3 Malleable iron

threaded fittings

3. ANSI B16.4 Cast iron threaded

fittings.

4. ANSI B16.9 Steel buttwelding 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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fittings

5. ANSI B16.11 Forged steel

socketwelding and threaded

fittings

6. ANSI B16.25 Buttwelding ends

7. ANSI B16.28 Short elbow

radius and returns

8. MSS-SP-43 Stainless steel

buttweld fittings

9. MSS-SP-83 Pipe Unions

10. API 605 Large diameter

carbon steel flanges

11. ANSI B16.1 Cast iron pipe

flanges and flanged fittings

12. ANSI B16.5 Steel pipe flanges

and flanged fittings

13. ANSI B16.47 Large diameter

steel pipe flanges and flanged

fitts.

14. ANSI B16.20 Ring joint

gaskets and grooves for pipe

flanges

15. ANSI B16.21 Non metallic

gaskets for pipe flanges

16. API 601 Metallic gasket for

refinery piping.

17. API 5L Specification for line

pipe.

18. ANSI B16.10 Welded and

seamless wrought steel pipes

19. ANSI B36.19 Welded and

seamless austenitic stainless steel

pipe

20. ANSI B16.10 Face to face and

end to end dimensions of valves

21. ANSI B16.34 Steel valves,

flanged and buttwelding ends.

3. What are various temporary

closures for lines?

Ans : Line blind valve, line blind,

spectacle plate, double block and

bleed,

blind flanges replacing a

removable spool.

4. Where jacked screwed flange is

used ?

Ans : For spectacle discs, one

flange is jacked screw flange. This

flange

has two jacked screws 180

degree apart which are used to 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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create

sufficient space between flange

for easy removal and placement

of line

blind or spectacle blind.

5. What is double block and

bleed?

Ans : Two valves with bleed ring

in between with a bleed valve

connected

to the hole of bleed ring.

6. Where blind flange is used ?

Ans : It is used with view to

future expansion of the piping

system, or for

cleaning, inspection etc.

TOWERS

7. What are crude oil ranges?

Ans : Crude oil BP Range: 100F-

1400F, lightest material: Butene

below

100F, Heavier materials- upto

800F, Residue above 800F.

8. What is batch shell process?

Ans : feed, heat,condense,heat

more,condense, low quality.

9. What are types of towers?

Ans : Stripper, Vacuum tower,

trayed, packed towers.

10. What is chimney tray?

Ans : It’s a solid plate with central

chimney section, used at drawoff

sections of the tower.

11. What factors to consider while

setting tower elevation?

Ans : NPSH, Operator access,

Maintenance access, Minimum

clearance,

reboiler type , common area, type

of support, Tower dimensions,

type of

head, bottom outlet size,

foundation details, minimum

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12. How to located tower

maintenance access nozzles ?

Ans : At bottom, top and

intermediate sections of tower,

must not be at

the downcomer section of tower

and in front of internal piping.

13. How to located feed nozzle ?

Ans : Must be oriented in specific

area of tray by means of internal

piping.

14. How to located temperature

and pressure instruments ?

Ans : Temperature in liquid

space, at downcomer side and

pressure in

vapor space, in area except

downcomer sector.

SEE ALSO:

PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 1 OF 3)


COMPRESSORS & DRUMS PIPING INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Drum, PDF Download, Piping Questions,

QUESTIONNAIRE, Site Map

05 may


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PIPING INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

COMPRESSORS

1. What are the types of

compressors?

Ans : Positive Displacement,

Centrifugal and Axial, rotary

screw, rotary

vane, rotary lobe, dynamic, liquid

ring compressors.

2. What are types of compressor

drives?

Ans : Electric motor, gas turbine,

steam turbine and gas engine.

3. How Centrifugal compressors work ?

Ans : Highspeed impellers increase the kinetic energy of the gas,

converting this energy into higher pressures in a divergent outlet passage

called a diffuser. Large volume of gas at moderate pressure.

4. What are types of steam turbine and why are they popular?

Ans : Condensing and non-condensing, Popular because can convert

large amounts of heat energy into mechanical work very efficiently.

5. Where gas turbine drive is used ?

Ans : Desserts and offshore platforms where gas is available, for gas

transmission, gas lift, liquid pumping, gas re-injection and process

compressors.

6. What are the auxillary equipments of compressor?

Ans : Lube oil consoles, Seal oil consoles, Surface condensers,

Condensate pump, Air blowers, Inlet air filters, Wast heat system,

compressor suction drum, knock out pot, Pulsation dampner, volume

bottles, Inter and after coolers.

7. What are the types of seal oil system?

Ans : Gravity and pressurized.

8. What factors to be considered while designing compressor housing?

Ans : Operation, Maintenance, Climate conditions, Safety, Economics.

9. What are the compressor housing design points?

Ans : Floor elevation, building width, building elevation, hook centerline

elevation.

10. What are the types of compressor cases?

Ans : Horizontal split case, Vertical split case.

11. What are compressor suction line requirements ?

Ans : Minimum 3D straight pipe between elbow and inlet nozzle,

increases based on inlet piping layout. 4D

12. What are necessary parts of inlet line of compressor?

Ans : Block Valve, Strainer, Break out flanges in both inlet and outlet to 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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remove casing covers, Straightening vane in inlet line if not enough

straight piece in inlet line available, PSV in interstage line and in

discharge line before block valve.

13. What points to be considered for reciprocating compressor piping

layout?

Ans : High pulsation, simple line as low to grade as possible for

supporting, analog study, all branches close to line support and on top,

Isolate line support from adjacent compressor or building foundations

14. What are the types of compressor shelters?

Ans : On ground with no shelter, Open sided structure with a roof,

Curtain wall structure (Temperate climates), Open elevated installation,

Elevated multicompressor structure.

DRUMS

15. What are drum internals?

Ans : Demister pads, Baffles, Vortex breakers, Distribution piping.

16. What are drum elevation requirements?

Ans : NPSH, minimum clearance, common platforming, maintenance,

operator access.

17. What are drum supports?

Ans : Skirt for large drums, legs, lugs, saddles for horizontal drums.

18. What are necessary nozzles for non-pressure vessel?

Ans : Inlet, outlet, vent, manhole, drain, overflow, agitator, temperature

element, level instrument, and steamout connection.

19. What are necessary nozzles for pressure vessel?

Ans : Inlet, outlet, manhole, drain, pressure relief, agitator, level guage,

pressure gauge, temperature element, vent and for steamout.

20. What is preferred location for level instrument nozzles?

Ans : Away from the turbulence at the liquid outlet nozzle, although the

vessel is provided with a vortex breaker, instrument should be set in the

quiet zone of the vessel for example on the opposite side of the weir or

baffle or near the vapor outlet end.

21. What is preferred location for process nozzles on drum?

Ans : Minimum from the tangent line.

22. What is preferred location for steam out nozzle on drum?

Ans : At the end opposite to the maintenance access.

23. What is preferred location for vent ?

Ans : AT the top section of drum at the end opposite the steam out

connecton.

24. What is preferred location for pressure instrument nozzle on drum?

Ans : Must be anywhere in the vapor space, preferable at the top section

of drum

25. What is preferred location for temperature instrument?

Ans : Must be in liquid space, preferably on the bottom section of drum.

26. What is preferred location for drain? 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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Ans : Must be located at the bottom section of drum.

See Also:




PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 3 OF 3) Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Book, Piping Questions, Site Map,

Valve

15 apr

51. What is regular pattern plug valve?

Ans : Rectangular port, area almost equal to pipe bore, smooth transition

from round body to rectangular port, for minimum pressure loss.

52. What are short pattern plug valve?

Ans : Valves with face to face dimension of gate valve, as a alternative to

gate valve.

53. What are ventury pattern plug valve?

Ans : Change of section through the body throat so graded to have

ventury effect, minimum pressure loss.

54. What are inverted plug design valve?

Ans : Plug valve with taper portion up of plug. For 8” and higher size.

55. What is pressure balanced plug valve?

Ans : With holes in port top and bottom connecting two chambers on top

and bottom of plug, to reduce turning effort.

56. What are Teflon sleeved plug valve? 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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Ans : PTFE sleeve between plug and body of valve, low turning effort,

minimum friction, temperature limitation, anti static design possible.

57. What are permasil plug valve?

Ans : Plug valves with Teflon seat instead of sleeves, for on off

applications, can handle clean viscous and corrosive liqiuids, Graphite seat

for high temperature applications. Drip tight shut off not possible.

58. What are eccentric plug valve?

Ans : Off center plug, corrosive and abrasive service, on off action,

moves into and away from seat eliminating abrasive wear.

59. What is dimensional standard for plug valve?

Ans : API 599.

60. What is pinch valve?

Ans : Similar to diaphragm valve, with sleeves of rubber or PTFE, which

get sqeezed to control or stop the flow, Cast iron body, for very low

service pressures like isolation of hose connections, manufacture

standard.

61. What is needle valve?

Ans :Full pyramid disc, same design as globe valve, smaller sizes, sw or

threaded, flow control, disc can be integral with stem, inside screw,

borged or barstock body and bonnet, manufacturers standard.

62. How to install a globe valve ?

Ans : Globe valve should be installed such that the flow is from the

underside of the disk, Usually flow direction is marked on the globe valve.

63. What are globe valve port types?

Ans : Full port: More than 85% of bore size, Reducer port: One size less

than the connected pipe.

64. What are globe valve disk types?

Ans :Flat faced type for positive shutoff, loose plug type for plug renewal

or needle type for finer control.

65. What are characteristics of globe valve stem?

Ans : Always rising design, with disk nut at the lower end and handwheel

at upper end.

66. What are types of globe valve?

Ans : Angle globe valve, plug type disc globe valve, wye-body globe

valve, composite disc globe valve, double disc globe valve.

67. What is angle globe valve?

Ans : Ends at 90 degree to save elbow, higher pressure drop. 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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68. Where plug type disc globe valve is used?

Ans : For severe regulating service with gritty liquids such as boiler

feedwater and for blow off service.

69. Where WYE body globe valve is used ?

Ans : In line ports with stem emerging at 45 degree, for erosive fluids

due to smoother flow pattern.

70. What is double disc globe valve ?

Ans : Has two discs bearing on separate seats spaced apart, on a single

shaft, for low torque, used for control valves.

71. What are port types for gate valves?

Ans : Full port and reduced port. Default is reduced bore. Full port has to

be specified in bom.

72. How to close a gate valve ?

Ans :Turn the handwheel in clockwise direction.

73. What is lantern ring?

Ans : It’s a collection point to drain off any hazardous seepages or as a

point where lubricant can be injected, it is in the middle of packing rings.

74. What are types of gate valves?

Ans : Solid plane wedge, solid flexible wedge, split wedge, double disc

paralles seats, double disc wedge, single disc single seat gate or slide,

single disc parallel seats, plug gate valve.

75. What are the types of bonnets?

Ans : Bolted bonnet, bellow sealed bonnet, screwed on bonnet, union

bonnets, A U-bolt and clamp type bonnet, breechlock bonnet, pressure

seal bonnet.

SEE ALSO:



PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 2 OF 3) Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Questions, Site Map, Valve

15 apr


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26. What is BlowDown Valve?

Ans Refers to a plug type disc

globe valve used for removing

sludge and

sedimentary matter from the

bottom of boiler drums, vessels,

driplegs

etc.

27. What is Breather Valve?

Ans: A special self acting valve

installed on storage tanks etc. to

release

vapor or gas on slight increase of

internal pressure ( in the region

of ½ to

3 ounces per square inch).

28. What is Drip Valve?

Ans: A drain valve fitted to the

bottom of a driplet to permit

blowdown.

29. What is Flap Valve?

Ans: A non return valve having a

hinged disc or rubber or leather

flap

used for low pressure lines.

30. What is Hose Valve?

Ans: A gate or globe valve having

one of its ends externally

threaded to

one of the hose thread standards

in use in the USA. These valves

are

used for vehicular and firewater

connections.

31. What is Paper-Stock Valve?

Ans: A single disc single seat gate

valve (Slide gate) with knife

edged or

notched disc used to regulate flow

of paper slurry or other fibrous

slurry.

32. What is Root Valve?

Ans: A valve used to isolate a

pressure element or instrument

from a line

or vessel, or a valve placed at the

beginning of a branch form the

header.

33. What is Slurry valve?

Ans: A knife edge valve used to

control flow of non-abrasive

slurries.

34. What is Spiral sock valve? 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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Ans: A valve used to control flow

of powders by means of a

twistable

fabric tube or sock.

35. What is Throttling valve?

Ans: Any valve used to closely

regulate flow in the just-open

position.

36. What is Vacuum breaker?

Ans: A special self-acting valve or

nay valve suitable for vacuum

service,

operated manually or

automatically, installed to admit

gas (usually

atmospheric air) into a vacuum or

low-pressure space. Such valves

are

installed on high points of piping

or vessels to permit draining and

sometimes to prevent siphoning.

37. What is Quick acting valve ?

Ans: Any on/off valve rapidly

operable, either by manual lever,

spring or

by piston, solenoid or lever with

heat-fusible link releasing a

weight which

in falling operates the valve.

Quick acting valves are desirable

in lines

conveying flammable liquids.

Unsuitable for water or for liquid

service in

general without a cushioning

device to protect piping from

shock.

38. What is diverting valve ?

Ans : This valve switch flow from

one main line to two different

outlets.

WYE type and pneumatic control

type with no moving part.

39. What is sampling valve?

Ans : Usually of needle or globe

pattern, placed in branch line for

the

purpose of drawing all samples of

process material thru the branch.

40. What are blow off valve?

Ans : It is a variety of globe valve

confirming with boiler code

requirements and specially 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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designed for boiler blowoff

service. WYE

pattern and angle type, used to

remove air and other gases from

boilers

etc.

41. What is relief valve?

Ans : Valve to relieve excess

pressure in liquids in situations

where full

flow discharge is not required,

when release of small volume of

liquid

would rapidly lower pressure.

42. What is safety valve?

Ans : Rapid opening(popping

action) full flow valve for air and

other

gases.

43. What is foot valve?

Ans : Valve used to maintain a

head of water on the suction side

of sump

pump, basically a lift check valve

with integrated strainer.

44. What is float valve?

Ans : Used to control liquid level

in tanks, operated by float, which

rises

with liquid level and opens the

valve to control water level. It can

also

remove air from system, in which

case, air flows out of system in

valve

open condition, but when water

reaches valve, float inside valve

raises to

close the valve and stop flow of

water. Used in drip legs.

45. What are flush bottom

valves?

Ans : Special type of valves used

to drain out the piping, reactors

and

vessels, attached on pad type

nozzles.

46. What are types of flush

bottom valves?

Ans : Valves with discs opening

into the tank and valves with

disks into

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47. What are the uses of three-

way valve?

Ans : Alternate connection of the

two supply lines to a common

delivery

vise versa, isolating one safety

valve, division of flow with

isolation

facility.

48. What are uses of four way

valve?

Ans : Reversal of pump suction

and delivery, By pass of strainer

or

meter, reversal of flow through

filter, heat exchanger or dryer.

49. What is metal seated

lubricated plug valve?

Ans : A plug valve with no plastic

material, where grease is applied

to

contacting surfaces for easy

operation.

50. What are three patterns of

plug valve design?

Ans : Regular pattern, short

pattern and ventury pattern.

SEE ALSO:

PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE -

VALVE (PART 1 OF 3)


VALVE (PART 3 OF 3)


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PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 1 OF 3) Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Hand Book, Piping Questions, Site Map,

Valve

15 apr

PIPING INTERVIEW

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What are the steps in selection

of valve?

Ans : What to handle, liquid, gas

or powder, fluid nature, function,

construction material, disc type,

stem type, how to operate,

bonnet type,

body ends, delivery time, cost,

warranty.

2. What are functions of valves?

Ans : Isolation, regulation, non-

return and special purposes.

3. What are isolating valves?

Ans : Gate, ball, plug, piston,

diaphragm, butterfly, pinch.

4. What are regulation valves?

Ans : Globe, needle, butterfly,

diaphragm, piston, pinch.

5. What are non-return valves?

Ans : check valve,

6. What are special valves?

Ans : multi-port, flush bottom,

float, foot, pressure relief,

breather.

7. What materials are used for

construction of valves?

Ans : Cast iron, bronze, gun

metal, carbon steel, stainless

steel, alloy

carbon steel, polypropylene and

other plastics, special alloys.

8. What is trim?

Ans : Trim is composed of stem,

seat surfaces, back seat bushing

and

other small internal parts that

normally contact the surface fluid.

9. Which standard specifies trim

numbers for valve ?

Ans : API 600.

10. What are wetted parts of

valve?

Ans : All parts that come in

contact with surface fluid are

called wetted

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11. What is wire drawing?

Ans : This term is used to indicate

the premature erosion of the

valve

seat caused by excessive velocity

between seat and seat disc, when

valve

is not closed tightly.

12. What is straight through

valve?

Ans : Valve in which the closing

operation of valve is achieved by

90degrees turn of the closing

element.

13. What pressure tests are

carried out on valves?

Ans : Shell-hydrostatic, seat-

hydrostatic, seat-pneumatic

14. What are available valve

operators?

Ans : Handlever, handwheel,

chain operator, gear operator,

powered

operator likes electric motor,

solenoid, pneumatic and hydraulic

operators, Quick acting operators

for non-rotary valves (handle lift).

15. What are two types of ball

valve?

Ans : Full port design and regular

port design, according to type of

seat,

soft seat and metal seat.

16. What are ball valve body

types?

Ans : Single piece, double piece,

three piece, the short pattern,

long

pattern, sandwitch and flush

bottom design.

17. Why ball valves are normally

flanged?

Ans : Because of soft seat PTFE

which can damage during

welding.

18. What are butterfly valve

types?

Ans : Double flange type, wafer

lug type and wafer type.

19. What are types of check

valve?

Ans : Lift check valves and swing

check valves. 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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20. What are non-slam check

valves?

Ans : Swing check valve,

conventional check valve, wafer

check valve,

tilting disc check valve, piston

check valve, stop check valve,

ball check

valve.

21. Where stop check valve is

used ?

Ans : In stem generation by

multiple boilers, where a valve is

inserted

between each boiler and the main

steam header. It can be

optionally

closed automatically or normally.

22. Where diaphragm valves are

used ?

Ans : Used for low pressure

corrosive services as shut off

valves.

23. What is Barstock Valve?

Ans: Any valve having a body

machined from solid metal

(barstock).

Usually needle or globe type.

24. What is BIBB Valve?

Ans: A small valve with turned

down end, like a faucet.

25. What is Bleed Valve?

Ans: Small valve provided for

drawing off liquid.

SEE ALSO:


VALVE (PART 2 OF 3)


VALVE (PART 3 OF 3)


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PIPE RACK / WAYS & RACK PIPING Training Posted by: ANTONY in Download, PDF Download, Pipe Support, Piping Book, Piping

Hand Book, Piping Questions, Site Map

23 mar

INTRODUCTION

PIPE RACK Pipe Rack design criteria Shapes Future Space Width of Pipe Rack Clearance

Pipe Rack Loading

RACK PIPING

Positions of Lines (Process & Utilities) Hot Lines & Cold Lines Bigger Size Lines Pipe Spacing

Anchor Bay Unit Battery Limit Expansion Loops Pipe Route Trays Download the file

Technorati Tags: Pipe Rack,Rack Piping,pipe rack deisgn,width of pipe rack,expansion

loops,pipe route


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VALVE & PIPING Training Book Posted by: ANTONY in Download, PDF Download, Piping Book, Piping Design system,

Piping Hand Book, Piping Questions, Site Map

23 mar

Introduction

Piping materials:

Metallic & Non-metallic

Metallic piping manufacturing

process

Pipes specification:

Pipe size :Dimensions & Schedule

Numbers

Pipe fittings:

Types & functions of fittings

Pipe connections:

Threading, welding, flanges

Gasket

Piping symbols & drawing

Hydrostatic testing

VALVE AND PIPING

PIPING

Contents

Piping coating & insulation

Pipe Supports & restraints

Maintenance of piping system

Download The File Here


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Technorati Tags: Valve & Piping Training Book,PDF Download,Piping book,Piping

training,Valve Selection,Piping download,Pipe fittings,Piping guide

ProEngineer Piping Fittings in Wildfire 3.0 Posted by: ANTONY in Piping Questions, Site Map, Software Tutorial

12 mar


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Pro Engineer Piping Fitting in Wildfire

Technorati Tags: pro engineer,wildfire 3.0,pipe fittings,3d model

Piping Stress Related Design Factors Posted by: ANTONY in Pipe Support, Piping Book, Piping Hand Book, Piping Questions,

Process plant Layout, Site Map, Stress training

11 mar

There are five basic factors that influence piping and therefore piping stress in the

process plant. There is temperature, pressure, weight, force and vibration. These factors

will come in many forms and at different times. Stress problems become all the more 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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Stress Related Design Factors

complex because two or more of these will exist at the same time in the same piping

system. The main objective of the focus when dealing with problems related to piping

systems is not normally the pipe itself. In a very high percentage of the time it is not the

pipe that is the weakest link. Note this: the pipe is normally stronger and/or less

vulnerable to damage than what the pipe is connected to. Pumps are just one examples

of equipment to which pipes are routinely connected. Misalignment problems caused by

expansion (or contraction) in a poorly designed system can result in major equipment

failure. Equipment failures can lead to the potential for fire, plant shutdown and loss of

revenue. At this point it should be emphasized that the success (or failure) of the plant’s

operation, years down the road can and will depend on what is done up front by all the

members of the design team during the design stage. An important point to remember,

“While analysis cannot create a good design, it can confirm a good design” (Improved

Pump Load Evaluation,” Hydrocarbon Processing, April 1998, By: David W. Diehl, COADE

Engineering Software, Inc Houston, TX). On the other hand, proper analysis will identify

bad design and potential problems in a piping system design.

Temperatures in piping systems may range from well over 1000o

F (537.8 C) on the

high side to below -200 o

F (-128.8 C) on the low side. Each extreme on the temperature

scale and everything in between brings its own problems. There will also be times when

both high and low temperatures can occur in the same piping system. An example of this

would be in piping that is installed in an arctic environment. The piping is installed

outdoors where it is subjected to -100 o

F (-73.3 C) over the arctic winter. Six to nine

months later it is finally commissioned started up and may operate at five or six hundred

degrees.

The problems that temperature causes is expansion (or contraction) in the piping

system. Expansion or contraction in a piping system is an absolute. No matter what the

designer or the stress engineer does they cannot prevent the action caused by heat or

cold. Expansion or contraction in a piping system it self is not so much a problem. As we

all know if a bare pipe was just lying on the ground in the middle of a dry barren desert it

will absorb a lot of heat from just solar radiation. In the hot sun piece of pipe can

reached 150 o

F (65.5 C). The pipe will expand and with both ends loose it would not be a

problem. However, when you connect the pipe to something, even if only one end is

connected you may begin to have expansion related problems. When the pipe is 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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anchored or connected to something at both ends you absolutely will have expansion

induced problems. Expansion induced problems in a piping system is stress. There are a

number of ways to handle expansion in piping systems. Flexible routing is the first and

by far the cheapest and safest method for handling expansion in piping systems. The

other way is the use of higher cost and less reliable flexible elements such as expansion

joints.

Stress will exist in every piping system. If not identified and the proper action taken,

stress will cause failure to equipment or elements in the piping system itself. Stress

results in forces at equipment nozzles and at anchor pipe supports. Two piping

configurations with the same pipe size, shape, dimensions, temperature and material but

with different wall schedules (sch. 40 vs. sch. 160) will not generate the same stress.

Force in piping systems is not independent of the other factors. Primarily, force (as

related to piping systems) is the result of expansion (temperature) and/or pressure

acting on a piping configuration that is too stiff. This may cause the failure of a pipe

support system or it may cause the damage or failure of a piece of equipment. Force,

and the expansion that causes it, is best handled by a more flexible routing of the piping.

Some people suggest that force can be reduced by the use of expansion joints. However

we must remember that for an expansion joint to work there must be an opposite and

equal force at both ends to make the element work. This tends to compound the problem

rather than lessen it.

Pressure in piping systems also range from the very high to the very low. Piping

systems with pressure as high as 35,000 psi in some plants are not unusual. On the

other hand piping systems with pressures approaching full vacuum are also not unusual.

The pressure (or lack of) in a piping system effects the wall thickness of the pipe. When

you increase the wall thickness of the pipe you do two things. First, you increase the

weight of the pipe. Second, you increase the stiffness of the pipe thus the stress

intensification affecting forces. Increasing the wall thickness of the pipe is the primary

method of compensating for increases in pressure. Other ways, depending on many

factors include changing to a different material. With low or vacuum systems there are

also other ways to prevent the collapse of the pipe wall. Among these the primary

method is the addition of stiffening rings. Stiffing rings may be added internally or

externally depending on the commodity type and the conditions.

Weight in a piping system is expressed normally as dead load. The weight of a piping

system at any given point is made up of many elements. These include the weight of the

pipe, the fittings, the valves, any attachments, and the insulation. There is also the test

media (e. g. hydrotest water) or the process commodity whichever has the greater

specific gravity. Piping systems are heavy, period. Everybody involved in the project

needs to understand this and be aware that this weight exists and it needs to be

supported. Ninety-nine times out of a hundred this weight will be supported from a

structural pipe support (primary pipe support system) of some kind. However there are

times when the piping (weight) is supported from a vessel or other type of equipment.

Vibrations will also occur in piping systems and come in two types. There is the basic

mechanical vibration caused by the machines that the piping is connected to. Then, there

is acoustic (or harmonic) vibration caused by the characteristics of the system itself.

Typically the only place severe vibrations will be found is in piping connected to

equipment such as positive displacement reciprocating pumps or high pressure multi-

stage reciprocating compressors and where there is very high velocity gas flows.


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Technorati Tags: Piping desing,piping stress,design factors,piping design factors

Author:James O. Pennock is a former Piper with more than 45 years experience

covering process plant engineering, design, training, pipe fabrication and construction.

He is now retired and lives in Florida, USA.

Original from http://www.pipingdesigners.com/

You may also interested in

Piping Designer - Stress Training

Piping Designer - Stress Training Posted by: ANTONY in Pipe Support, Piping Book, Piping Questions, Site Map, Stress

training

11 mar

Piping Designer Stress Training

What does the piping designer need to know? Piping design is more than just knowing

how to turn on the computer, how to find the piping menus and the difference between

paper space and model space. So, appropriately, what else does the designer need to

know about piping design besides how to connect a piece of pipe to a fitting?

Here is a list of some of the most basic of things that a good piping designer should

know. Thinking about every one of these items should be as natural as breathing for a

good piping designer.

� Allowable pipe spans – All designer need to know and understand the span

capabilities of pipe in the different schedules for a wide variety of common piping 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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materials. When a new project introduces a new material with severely reduced span

capabilities; supplemental training may be required.

� Expansion of pipe – All designers must understand that they need to treat a piping

system as though it is alive. It has a temperature and that temperature causes it to grow

and move. That growth and movement must be allowed for and incorporated in the

overall design. Not just of that specific line but for all other lines close by. The process of

expansion in a pipe or group of pipes will also exert frictional forces or anchor forces on

the pipe supports they come in contact with.

� Routing for flexibility – The piping designer must understand how to route pipe for

flexibility. Routing for flexibility can normally be achieved in the most natural routing of

the pipeline from its origin to its terminus. Routing for flexibility means (a) do not run a

pipe in a straight line from origin to terminus and (b) building flexibility into the pipe

routing is far cheaper and more reliable than expansion joints.

� Weight and loads (live loads and dead loads) – The piping designer needs to

understand the effects of weight and loading. They need to know and understand that

everything has a weight. They need to be able recognize when there is going to be a

concentrated load. They need to have access to basic weight tables for all the standard

pipe schedules, pipe fittings, flanges, valves for steel pipe. They also need to have the

weight tables for other materials or a table of correction factors for these other materials

vs. carbon steel. They need to be able to recognize when downward expansion in a

piping system is present and is adding live loads to a support or equipment nozzle.

� Equipment piping – The piping designer needs to know the right and the wrong way

to pipe up (connect pipe to) different kinds of equipment. This includes pumps,

compressors, exchangers, filters or any special equipment to be used on a specific

project.

� Vessel piping – The piping designer also needs to understand about the connecting,

supporting and guiding of piping attached to vessels (horizontal or vertical) and tanks.

They need to know that nozzle loading is important and does have limitations.

� Rack piping – The designer needs to understand that there is a logical approach to the

placement of piping in (or on) a pipe rack. It does not matter how wide or how high the

rack or what kind of plant, the logic still applies. Starting from one or both outside edges

the largest and hottest lines are sequenced in such a manner that allows for the nesting 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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Technorati Tags: Piping training,Piping stress training,piping flexibility

of any required expansion loops. The spacing of the lines must also allow for the bowing

effect at the loops caused by the expansion.

� Expansion loops – The designer needs to understand and be able to use simple rules

and methods for sizing loops in rack piping. This should include the most common sizes,

schedules and materials.

� Cold spring/Pre-spring – Designers should understand the basics rules of cold spring

and pre-spring. They need to understand what each one is along with when to and when

not to use each.

cheers..

Introduction to LNG Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Book, Piping Questions, Site Map, Zip

Download

23 feb

This Presentation covers the basics of LNG. and lot of questions are answered. For

Sample initial few pages are pasted below.

What is LNG?

LNG is natural gas which has been condensed by cooling to approximately -160°

C and is stored at atmospheric pressure.

Why liquefy natural gas?


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Technorati Tags: LNG Guide,LNG Introduction,Natural Gas,LNG Book

Converting natural gas to a

liquid reduces its volume by

about 600 to 1. Liquefying

natural gas makes it feasible

to transport by tanker and to

store it in preparation for re-

gasification and delivery to

markets.

What is Acid Gas?

Acid gases are those that

produce acids when dissolved

in water and include both CO2

and H2S.

Note: Sour Gas is a gas stream containing significant quantities of H2S or CO2

or both.

For Download Click here

Piping Info Site Map Posted by: ANTONY in Download, PDF Download, Pipe Support, Piping Book, Piping

Design system, Piping Hand Book, Piping Questions, Process plant Layout, Site Map, Zip

Download

21 feb


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Technorati Tags: Piping Material,Download piping material,ebook,pdf download,Excel

download,Pipe fittings,Piping quiz,Piping hand book,Piping data book,Chemical defiition

book,engineering reference

1. Pipe Support Design and

Standards

2. Piping Hand Book Data

3. Design of Piping Systems-MW

Kellogg

4. Piping Hand Book - Mohinder L.

Nayyar

5. Process Plant Layout and Piping

Design-Roger Hunt

6. PIPING QUIZ & ANSWERS

7. Piping Questions and Answers

8. Piping Quiz

9. Chemical Industries Definition Book

10. Engineer's Hand Book

11. Engineering Reference Excel Book

12. Introduction to LNG

13. Pipes, Flanges and Fittings Dimensions in Excel

14. Piping Slide Chart

PDMS Commands

Piping Components - Explanation

PDMS Latest Commands


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Piping Quiz Posted by: ANTONY in Download, PDF Download, Piping Book, Piping Questions, Site

Map

16 feb

Piping Quiz... Useful piping quiz

What should be the radius of long

radius elbow?

Answer:

1.5D (Where “D” is the diameter

of the pipe)

Normally where do we use the

following?

i. Eccentric reducers ii)Concentric

reducers

Answer:

i. Eccentric reducers = Pump

suction to avoid Cavitation, To

maintain elevation (BOP) in

rack.

ii. Concentric reducers = Pump

discharge, vertical pipeline etc.

Concentric reducer is used in pump suction. (Yes / No). Explain.

Answer:

No. Air pockets may form if concentric reducer is used at pump suction, which results in


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Cavitation, and cause damage to Pump. To avoid this problem, Eccentric Reducer with

Flat Side Up (FSU)is used in Pump Suction.

Go to following link and download the file

http://tinyurl.com/cws2fj

You May be also interested in


Piping Questions and Answers

Piping Questions and Answers Posted by: ANTONY in PDF Download, Piping Questions, Site Map

16 feb

Much awaited PIPING QUESTIONAIRE

Pls follow the link and download the PIPING QUESTIONAIRE pdf file.

http://tinyurl.com/bbmfyg

For example:

1. What is the ASME code followed for design of piping systems in Process piping

(Refineries

& Chemical Industries)? 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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(i) B 31.1

(ii) B 31.3

(iii) B 31.5

(iv) B 31.9

Answer (II)

2. Which American institute standard does piping engineer refer?

Answer: -

A. The American Petroleum institute (API).

B. The American Iron & Steel institute (AISI).

C. The American Society for Testing and materials (ASTM).

D. The American National standard institute (AISI).

E. The American welding society (AWS).

F. The American Water Works Association (AWWA).

G. The American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

3. What is the different ASME 31 code for pressure piping?

Answer: -

A. ASME B31.1 - Power piping.

B. ASME B31.2 - Fuel Gas Piping.

C. ASME B31.3 - Process piping.

D. ASME B31.4 - Pipeline Transportation system for liquid hydrocarbon & other liquid.

E. ASME B31.5 - Refrigeration Piping.

F. ASME B31.8 - Gas transmission & distribution piping system.

G. ASME B31.9 - Building services piping.

H. ASME B31.11 - Slurry transportation piping system.

4. What are the different sections of ASME code? Where these sections are reffered?

Answer: -

A. ASME section I : - Rules for construction of power boiler.

B. ASME Section II : - Materials.

Part A – Ferrous materials.

Part B – Non-Ferrous materials.

Part C – Specification for electrodes & filler wire.

Part D – Properties.

C. ASME Section IV : - Rules for construction of Heating Boiler.

D. ASME Section V : - Non- destructive Examination.

E. ASME Section VI : - Recommended rules for care & operation of heating boiler.

F. ASME Section VII : - Recommended guidelines for care of power boiler.


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H. ASME Section VIII : - Rules for construction of pressure vessels. (Division I & II)

I. ASME Section IX : - Welding & Brazing qualification.

There are lot of questions and answers are available. Please make use of it.

See also


PIPING QUIZ & ANSWERS Posted by: ANTONY in Piping Questions, Site Map

16 feb

Piping QA FLUOR DANIEL


Piping QA

1. What is the pipe size range,

per Fluor Daniel standard, for

pipe spools that are to be shop

fabricated?

3” diameter and larger

<2.1/2” and larger>


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2. What is the pipe size range, per Fluor Daniel standard, for pipe spools that are to be

field fabricated?

2” diameter and smaller

3. Define what piping is considered field assembly.

Off-the-shelf components that make-up a piping assembly and do not require

cutting and / or welding

<If no field fabrication is required>

4. Define what piping is considered rack loaded, per Fluor Daniel standard, and what pipe

size ranges is involved.

Piping in the PIPERACK that crosses two or more supports.

3” and larger.

5. All shop fabricated piping spools (mark pieces) are shipped from the fabrication shop

in a geometry that is defined by length, width, and height. Assuming it to be a box, there

are two situations that you must avoid in regard to the box and the mark pieces within.

Describe these two situations and describe the undesirable result if you do not avoid

them.

Piece mark must fit within the shipping box otherwise it may not be

transported.

Skewed placement of the piece mark within the shipping box could result in

crowding out other piece marks.

<Press fit should be avoided to ensure piece mark fits shipping box>

6. Define a field weld (FW) and when it is used.

Field Weld is made somewhere other than the fabrication shop. Used to connect

two mark pieces (or components) together.

Describe three things you must consider when locating a field weld and why they must

be considered.

Accessibility:

The weld must be in a place that is accessible to the welder

Constructability:

The weld must be placed so the constructors can position the piece mark prior

to welding.

Size of spool piece to ensure it fits shipping box and can be transported.

Economics:

Made in a location that would lessen or eliminate the need for additional

scaffolding. 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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Piping QA

Self-supporting so temporary supports are not required during construction.

Made on the smaller side of a reducer.

Preferably made in the horizontal

8. Describe a field fit-up weld (FFW) and when it is used.

Field Fit Weld is a weld made somewhere other than the fabrication shop. The

fabrication shop adds additional length of material to the spool piece. This

additional length gives the field variance for adjustment when the location of

the connecting point is not known.

<May require field alteration>

9. Per Fluor Daniel standard, what is the construction (fitting type) of:

Pipe size range 2 ½” and larger? Butt-weld

Pipe size range 2” and smaller? Socket Welded

Pipe size range 2” and smaller? Screwed or Threaded

10. What is the minimum (not absolute minimum) distance between welds that Fluor

Daniel likes to use?

3 inches

11. What is the absolute minimum distance between welds (used only as a last choice)?

Pipe Size (NPS) Min. distance b/w welds

1/8” 3/16

1 /4” 1/4

3/8" 5/16

1/2" 7/16

3/4" 1/2

1" 11/16

1 1/4" 13/16

1 1/2" 15/16

2" 1 3/16

2 1/2" 1 9/16

3" 1 3/4

3 1/2" 2 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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4" 2 1/4

5" 2 3/4

Half the outside diameter of pipe (6” and larger)

12. What do the letters HAZ mean?

Heat Affected Zone

Kavimagi Page 3 of 13 13. What is the effect of the HAZ?

Weakens the material (pipe wall)

Piping QA

14. How far from the weld, is the HAZ?

¼” or 1”

15. Why do piping designers care about the HAZ?

If two HAZ’s overlap each other it may result in failure of the pipe

16. When is the HAZ considered in threaded construction?

When threaded connection is seal welded

17. What are the pressure ratings of forged steel Socket Weld Fittings?

3000#

6000#

18. What are the pressure ratings of forged steel threaded fittings?

2000#

3000#

6000#

19. What are the pressure ratings of malleable iron threaded Fittings?

150#

300#

20. What are the pressure ratings of cast iron threaded fittings?

125#

250#

List the wall thickness for pipe, starting with the thinnest wall to the heaviest wall:

Carbon Steel & Alloy steel (13 schedules)


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Sch 10,

Sch 20,

Sch 30,

Sch 40,

Std Wt,

Sch 60,

Sch 80,

XS,

Sch 100,

Sch 120,

Sch 140,

Sch 160,

XXS

Stainless Steel (4 schedules)

Sch 5S,

Sch 10S,

Sch 40S,

Sch 80S

Piping QA

22. What is the technical term used for the sag in pipe caused by gravity and how does

affect piping design?

Deflection

It govern the amount of pipe span

<causes leakage at flanges>

<causes stress on pipe>

23. If one 4” carbon steel pipe is schedule 40 and another 4” carbon steel pipe is

schedule 80….

Which has the greater sag and why?

4" sch 40 has the greater sag because its wall thickness is less than the wall

thickness of the sch 80 - the thinner the wall, the shorter the length the line will

span. 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0

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Which weighs more and why?

4" sch 80 because it's wall thickness is more than that of the sch 40, more

material= more weight

Which requires fewer support point and why?

4" sch 80 because it's thicker wall allows it to span farther, reducing the

number of times support is needed.

<more rigid / stiffer>

24. Pipeway/Piperack loading/stuffing drawings.

Which lines qualify for loading/stuffing

Lines 3" and larger that cross two or more pipe supports.

Why is loading/stuffing done (the advantages)?

It provides an early start for construction.

It reduces the amount of ground area taken by storage of pipe

25. Line size changes

When is swage used for a line size change?

When reducing from or to socket welded or threaded construction on at least

one end.

When is a butt-weld reducer used for a line size change?

When reducing from or to butt welded construction on both ends.

When/where do you use eccentric, bottom flat swages or reducers and why?

In any horizontal run of pipe, that has two or more supports within that run.

To maintain a common bottom of pipe elevation for the two line sizes.

When/where do you use eccentric, top flat swages or reducers and why?

Used at the final reduction on a pump end suction line.

Piping QA

To prevent cavitation of the pump.

When/where do you use eccentric, side flat swages or reducers and why?

Used when two equipment connections are so close that the two connecting,

adjacent lines interfere with each other after the line size change.

If they are side flat toward each other, the lines may clear.

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When do you use butt-weld reducing 90 degree elbows and why?

Normally it is not FLUOR piping practice to use reducing butt-weld 90 degree

reducing elbows.

If they are used, it will be where a size change is required and there is

insufficient space available for an elbow and a reducer or an elbow and a

reducing flange - or if the client requires it.

Why would a short radius butt-weld 90-degree ell be used?

To adhere to FLUOR piping practice 000 250 2650 where it states 10" and larger

elbows at a nozzle of a vertical vessel are short radius (decreases the "l"

dimension so a standard vessel pipe support can be used).

<Space limitations>

Why would a short radius butt-weld 90-degree ell not be used?

It is easy to "lose" a short radius elbow if shipped to the jobsite or fabrication

shop with long radius elbows of the same size.

Additional tracking effort may result to keep the short radius elbow from being

"lost" or used inadvertently where it was not intended to be used.

Often the use of a short radius elbow requires client approval, or process

review, or stress approval - all taking time that would not be taken for a long

radius elbow.

<when pressure drop is a concern – short radius elbow has more pressure drop.

26. What is a trimmed ell and when is it used?

A trimmed elbow is a butt weld 90 degree long radius elbow that is cut and

beveled to match the original bevel, the resulting change of direction is no

longer 90 degrees but is a non-standard angle suited for the piping geometry

requiring it.

Trimmed elbows are used when a line routing must have a change of direction

that is not satisfied by a 90 or 45-degree elbow or by elbows being rolled or

offset.

Describe a stub-on connection and when it is used?

A stub-on connection is a branch connection made to a header without the use

of fittings - the connection is made from pipe. the branch pipe is contoured (fish

-mouthed) to match the curvature of the header to which it will be connected (a

fillet weld). A hole is made in the header that should match the inside diameter

of the branch pipe. The stub-on connection is not the same construction as a

Piping QA

stub-in connection - but the resulting geometry is the same as a stub-on. Stub-

on connections are generally 90 degree, but can be other angles.

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28. Describe a stub-in connection and when it is used?

Fluor piping does not use the stub-in construction. A stub-in connection is the

same as a stub-on connection as far as the resulting geometry and material

goes, but the construction is different. The branch pipe may or may not be

contoured to match the inside diameter of the header - if it is not, then it is a

straight cut. The header will have a hole cut in it that nearly matches the

outside diameter of the branch pipe. The branch pipe is inserted into the hole in

the header and is connected via a fillet weld. Like the stub-on, the stub-in is

generally 90 degree and other angles are possible.

Client request

29. Describe a reinforcing pad and when it is used?

Reinforcing pads are made from the same size, wall thickness and material as

the pipe header to which they are welded.

Reinforcing pads are used at stub-on and stub-in branch connections and

occasionally at support trunnions when specified by the stress sketch, if

required per the line list or if required per the branch chart in the piping

material specification.

30. What document (name and 5-diget number) does a piping designer refer to

determine what branch connection to use?

Piping material specification

31. What are the two documents (not specifications) that will tell a piping designer when

branch reinforcement is required?

Stress sketch

Line list

<Branch chart>

32. What is the pipe size range in which all flanges are standard?

24 inch and smaller

33. What is the pipe size range in which all flanges are not?

26 inch and larger

List the information to be placed on the isometric that will fully describe a non-standard

flange and what is the reason we would include this information?

Reason for including the information.

To guarantee, without failure, the flanges are compatible.

Information to be placed on ISO.

Piping QA


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ANSI number or other industry number (API, MSS)

Size

Rating

Facing

Outside diameter of flange

Bolt circle diameter

Bolt hole diameter

Number of bolt holes

Flange bore

Material

Bolt hole orientation

Flange thickness

35. What facing is required on a steel flange that will be bolted to a cast iron flange and

why?

Flat Face

There is a risk of breaking the cast iron flange if it is bolted to a raised face

steel flange.

36. What are two pressure ratings of cast iron flanges and what are the ratings of

compatible steel flanges?

125# Cast iron to 150# steel,

250# cast iron to 300# steel.

37. How is cast iron flange attached to steel pipe?

The flange is threaded on.

38. What are two reasons for using lap joint construction?

To reduce the cost of components - a less expensive carbon steel flange may be

used in lieu of a stainless steel flange.

Flange can be rotated to aid in bolthole alignment.

39. What fitting (not flange) must be used in lap joint construction and what are the

names of two the types of these fittings?

Stub end <Lap joint stub end>

ANSI & MSS


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40. What is the difference between a van stone flange and a slip on flange?

The shape of the contact point where the face of flange contacts the lip of the

stub end is rounded on the van stone flange and is square on the slip on flange.

41. In lap joint construction, how many welds are on a slip flange?

Zero.

In lap joint construction, how many welds are on a van stone flange?

Zero.

Piping QA

43. List the types of steel flanges.

Weld neck

Slip on

Threaded

Socket welded

Van stone

Reducing

Expanding

Blind

<Lap joint>

<Orifice>

<Slip on reducing>

44. List the faces of steel flanges.

Raised face

Flat face

Ring joint

Tongue and groove

Male & Female

45. List the ratings of steel flanges.

150#

300#


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400#

600#

900#

1500#

2500#

46. How are flange boltholes oriented on flanges on vertical line?

Boltholes straddle the north-south-east-west flange centerlines

47. How are flange boltholes oriented on flanges on horizontal line?

Boltholes straddle the vertical and horizontal flange centerlines

Valves are used for three basic flow functions (not control valves or pressure safety

valves). List three functions and the type of valve used for each function.

Function

BLOCK THROTTLE CHECK

<Start / stop> <prevent back flow>

Type

GATE/BALL/PLUG/BUTTERFLY <needle> – BLOCK

GLOBE <plug or butterfly or needle> – THROTTLE

CHECK – CHECK

Piping QA

49. What are the two styles of butterfly valves in flanged piping and their associated type

of bolt?

A. WAFER - STUD BOLT/MACHINE BOLT

B. LUG TYPE - CAP SCREW

50. What are the two main styles of check valves in flanged piping and their associated

type of bolt?

A. SWING - STUD BOLT/MACHINE BOLT

B. WAFER/SPLIT DISC - STUD BOLT/MACHINE BOLT

51. Not using a ladder or platform, how is a valve operated that is:

Too high - CHAIN OPERATOR

Too low - EXTENSION STEM


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52. What is the minimum clearance between the outside diameter of a valve hand wheel

and the next obstruction?

Three inches

53. If a valve hand wheel projects into an aisle way, to what elevation must the bottom

of the hand wheel be raised above HPFS (High Point Finished Surface) or platform?

6'-6" plus or minus 3" (6'-3" to 6'-9")

54. What manually operated item is added to a valve that is either to large or is to high a

pressure to operate and how do you know it will be required (give the name of the

specification)?

- A GEAR OPERATOR

- MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

55. If a pressure safety valve has a block vale upstream of it, what note must appear on

the P&ID relating to this block valve and why?

• CSO (car sealed open) or LO (locked open).

• To help ensure that the valve is open during normal plant operation so that if

a condition resulting in overpressurization occurs, the valve is open and the

relief valve can function properly.

56. If a pressure safety valve downstream of it, what note must appear on the P&ID

relating to this block valve and why?

• CSO (car sealed open) or LO (locked open)

• To help ensure that the valve is open during normal plant operation so that if

a condition resulting in overpressurization occurs, the valve is open and the

relief valve can function properly.

57. The piping downstream of a pressure safety valve that discharges to a closed system

must be routed in a specific direction, what is this direction and why?

• Routed in such a manner as to free drain into the collection header.

So no liquid can collect and possibly obstruct the free release of pressure.

Piping QA

58. If a pressure safety valve has a downstream block valve, excluding accessibility, how

is the vale hand wheel to be oriented and why?

• The handwheel is to be located within the lower 180 degrees - horizontal to

horizontal. <horizontal or downward>

• This is to prevent the disc falling into the port if the stem corrodes - thereby

closing the valve and preventing the free release of pressure.

59. If a pressure safety valve has a rupture disc upstream, what is the purpose of the

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The rupture disc isolates the relief valve from the potentially corrosive

atmosphere of the system to be protected - protecting the stem from corrosion.

60. When a pressure safety valve discharges vertically to atmosphere, what must be

added to the lowest part of the tail pipe, what size is it and why is it added?

• A weep hole.

• 1/4" diameter

• To drain the collection of rain water in the open tailpipe that if allowed to

collect could obstruct the free release of pressure

61. What is the end preparation for the end tailpipe of a pressure safety valve

discharging vertically to atmosphere and why?

• Square cut/plain end

• There is no need to bevel or 45-degree chamfer because it is unnecessary

cost.

62. What is the formula for calculating the free standing (unguided) length of a tailpipe of

a pressure safety valve discharging vertically to atmosphere?

1.67 x outside diameter (in inches) of the Tail Pipe = the height in feet.

63. If a pressure safety valve has a small, valved and plugged connection in the area

between the block valve and the pressure safety valve, describe the purpose and

operation of this valve.

For bleeding pressure and venting any trapped commodity so, the relief valve

can be safely removed for maintenance.

64. Per Fluor Daniel Standard, what is the rule for establishing the height of a tailpipe of

a pressure safety valve that discharges to atmosphere?

The top of a tailpipe discharging to atmosphere must be a minimum of 8'-0"

above any platform within a 25'-0" radius of the tailpipe.

65. The spring on a pressure safety valve must be oriented in which direction and why?

• Vertically upward.

To keep the spring out of any liquid that could corrode the spring.

Piping QA

66. Cooling water piping at the channel side of a shell and tube heat exchanger that is

located outside in the sunlight will typically have a THERMAL RELIEF VALVE located

between the exchanger nozzle and the block valve. Why is this done?

To protect the tubes of the exchanger from splitting due to overpressurization

of the system when the valves upstream and downstream of the exchanger are

closed. Sunlight can cause a temperature rise of the trapped liquid, causing a

rise in pressure.


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67. What is the most common body style for control valves?

Globe

68. In a control valve manifold with block valves upstream and downstream of the

control valve, what is placed between the upstream block valve and the control valve and

what is its purpose?

• 3/4" valved & plugged bleed valve.

• To drain and depressurize the volume of trapped liquid for the safe removal of

the control valve for maintenance.

69. If a control valve manifold has a bypass line what is the distance between the bypass

valve and the main line and why?

• Minimum distance.

• To prevent a dead leg in the bypass line.

70. What is the minimum clearance between the top of the diaphragm on a control valve

and the nearest obstruction above it?

1’-0” (12 inches)

71. In a control valve manifold with upstream and down stream block valves

A. What is the breakout spool piece for?

Easy removal of the control valve.

B. What is the preferred configuration of the breakout spool piece and why?

• Preferred configuration is with an elbow.

• It is easier to remove than a straight spool piece that requires a flange

spreader. The "l" shape allows gravity to aid in its removal.

72. Who determines the size of the control valve?

Process

73. Who determines the size of the bypass valve?

Process

Who determines the upstream and downstream block valves?

Process

Piping QA

75. If you are establishing the overall length of a control valve main fold for allocation of

space and you do not have a vendor drawing giving the face to face dimension of the

control valve, what valve will you use as a substitute face to face dimension (assume the

control valve is 6”-3003RF)?


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• A 6"-300# GLOBE VALVE OR PIPING PRACTICE 000 250 2701

• <17 ½ inches>

76. When a control valve and its downstream block valve are the same size and rating,

they can be bolted together. What possible problem can occur when these two valves are

bolted together?

The handwheel of the block valve may interfere with the topworks of the

control valve.

Also give me two solutions that could correct the problem.

• If the boltholes permit - rotate the block valve so the interference is gone.

• Add two flanges back to back, and, if necessary add a spool piece to give the

necessary clearances.

• <place valve in the vertical>

77. There are three things that establish the height of a valued drain (bottom of drain top

of finished surface). One thing that sets this height is Fluor Daniel standard (6”), what

are two others?

• Clearance for rodding out the drain.

• Clearance required for the addition of a bucket to catch the liquid.

78. What are two industry terms when a threaded connection is also welded?

Seal welding

Back welding

79. What must be used on a threaded connection if it is to receive the weld referred to in

question 69, and why should it not be used?

• Thread compound or "pipe dope."

If thread compound/pipe dope is present and the connection is to be seal

welded, the heat could cause a small explosion, injuring the welder.


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