Pipelines on the Right of Way

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Electrical Effects from the North Central Reliability Project

May 20, 2011

Prepared for:Richard CrouchSenior Project ManagerPublic Service Electric and Gas

and

David K. Richter, Esq.Assistant General Property CounselPSEG Services Corporation

Prepared by:

Kyle G. KingK & R Consulting, LLC

K&R Consulting, LLC 64 Sherwood Drive, Lenox, Massachusetts 01240 413-637-5607

Exhibit KGK-2


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Table of Contents

Report Section Page Number

Executive Summary 3

Line Description 5

Electric Field 9

Magnetic Field 17

Corona Effects 35

Audible Noise 35

Radio Noise / Electromagnetic Interference 44

Pipelines on the Right of Way 45

Regulations 48

Application of Regulations to the Project 48

Summary 48


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Executive Summary

PJM Interconnection, L.L.C. (PJM), the regional entity responsible for planning thetransmission system within its footprint, identified the need to upgrade four existing

138 kV transmission lines in North Central New Jersey with three 230 kV lines. Thisreport describes and quantifies the electrical effects of the Project. These effects includethe levels of 60-hertz (Hz) electric and magnetic fields (EMF), high frequency radionoise, and the levels of audible noise produced by the lines. Electrical effects occur nearall transmission lines, including the existing 138 kV and 230 kV lines on the ROWs.Therefore, the levels of these quantities for the proposed lines were calculated andcompared with those from the existing lines on the ROWs.

The voltage on the conductors of transmission line generates an electric field in the space between the conductors and the ground. The electric field is calculated or measured inunits of volts-per-meter (V/m) or kilovolts-per-meter (kV/m) at a height of one meter

above the ground. The current flowing in the conductors of the transmission linegenerates a magnetic field in the air and earth near the transmission line. Current isexpressed in units of amperes (A). The magnetic field is expressed in milligauss (mG),and is also usually measured or calculated at a height of one meter above the ground. Theelectric field at the surface of the conductors causes a phenomenon called corona. Coronais the electrical breakdown or ionization of air in very strong electric fields, and is thesource of audible noise, electromagnetic radiation, and visible light.

To quantify electrical effects along the route, the electric and magnetic fields, radio noise,and audible noise caused by corona from the transmission lines were calculated using theEPRI Transmission Line Workstation computer program. In this program, thecalculation of 60-Hz fields uses standard superposition techniques for vector fields fromindividual conductors. Vector fields have both magnitude and direction which must betaken into account when combining fields from different sources. Important input

parameters to the computer program are voltage, current, and geometric configuration ofthe line. The transmission line conductors are assumed to be located above a flat ground

plane. The computer model includes the affect of conductor sag between the towerattachment points. The validity of these computer models has been verified against fieldmeasurements and reported in many technical papers and reports over the past thirtyyears.

Electric fields are calculated using an imaging method. Fields from the conductors andtheir images in the ground plane are superimposed with the proper magnitude and phaseto produce the total electric field at a selected location. The total magnetic field iscalculated from the vector summation of the fields from currents in all the transmission-line conductors. Balanced (equal) currents are assumed for each three-phase circuit.Electric and magnetic fields for the Project were calculated at the standard height onemeter above the ground as recommended in the IEEE Standard Procedures forMeasurement of Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields from AC Power Lines


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Line Description

The transmission line portion of the Roseland-West Orange and Roseland-Sewarentransmission upgrades is divided into three major segments. The first segment is from

Roseland Switching Station in Roseland, New Jersey to Metuchen Switching Station inEdison (Segment 1). The second segment is from Metuchen Switching Station toSewaren Switching Station in Woodbridge, New Jersey (Segment 2). Finally, the thirdsegment runs from Roseland Switching Station to West Orange Switching Station inWest Orange, New Jersey (Segment 3). PSE&G will be replacing all of the existing138 kV transmission structures on Segment 1 to Tower 19/1 located adjacent to theConrail Lehigh Valley Railroad in Clark Township, New Jersey. From Tower 19/1A tothe Metuchen Switching Station, PSE&G proposes to use the existing structures whichare already constructed to support 230 kV. PSE&G will use the existing structures forthe entire length of Segment 2. On Segment 3, PSE&G will replace all of the existingtransmission structures with new monopoles.

The single circuit structures will have one set of three phases arranged vertically on oneside of the structure. The double circuit structures will have two sets of three phasesarranged vertically on either side of the structure. Voltage and current waves aredisplaced by 120 in time (one-third of a cycle) on each electrical phase. The maximum

phase-to-phase voltage on the existing 138 kV circuits is 145 kV and the maximum phase-to-phase voltage on the 230 kV circuits is 242 kV.

The electrical characteristics and physical dimensions for the proposed lineconfigurations are shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3. In Segment 1, Each phase of the new O230 kV line would be rebuilt with two 1.5-inch diameter conductors (1590 ACSR -Falcon). In Segment 3, each phase of the new S and T 230 kV lines would be rebuiltwith one 1.5-inch diameter conductor (1590 ACSS - Falcon). Each circuit position will

be offset from the pole by approximately 13 to 16 feet horizontally. The vertical phasespacing for each circuit will be 20 to 21 feet. There are also two grounded lightningshield wires placed above the top phase conductor attachment points. Minimum midspanconductor-to-ground clearance for each new 230 kV circuit will be greater than 26 feet atmaximum conductor temperature. The ROW widths for the Project vary from 100 to 235feet in various line segments.

The results reported here for fields and corona effects assume that the electrical phasingof the two circuits would be such as to place different electrical phases on the lowerconductors of each circuit and on the upper conductors of each circuit. This phasingconfiguration tends to minimize the fields at ground level.


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Figure 1 Proposed Roseland - West Orange (Segment 3) twin monopole configuration.


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Figure 3 Proposed Roseland - Metuchen ROW configuration from structures 9/6 to19/1.


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Table 1 - Calculated maximum edge of ROW electric field levels for each uniqueProject ROW cross section configuration (New Jersey State limit of 3.0 kV per meter)

Existing 138 and 230 kV (kV/m) Proposed 230 kV(kV/m)

S&T Circuit Line SegmentSouthern

orWestern

Northernor

Eastern

Southernor

Western

Northernor

Eastern

Roseland - West Orange 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.1

O&P Circuit Line Segment

Roseland - 9/6 Chatham 1.8 0.4 1.8 0.4

9/6 Chatham - Fanwood Station 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6

Fanwood Station - 19/1 ClarkTownship 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.6

Line Segmentsnot being Rebuilt

19/1 Clark Township - PiersonAve/Metuchen 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7

Metuchen - Sewaren 1.5 0.4 1.3 0.4


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0 0 . 5 1

1 . 5 2

2 . 5 3

3 . 5 4

4 . 5 5 - 3

0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

E l e c t r i c F i e l d ( k V / m )

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

R o s e l a n

d -

W e s

t O

r a n g e

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

1 5 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 4 Calculated electric field profile for the existing 138 kV transmission lines andthe proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segment from Roseland Station toWest Orange Station(calculated at maximum circuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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0 0 . 5 1

1 . 5 2

2 . 5 3

3 . 5 4

4 . 5 5 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

R o s e l a n

d -

9 / 6 C

h a t

h a m

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

2 2 5 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 5 Calculated electric field profile for the existing 138 kV and 230 kVtransmission lines and the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segmentfrom Roseland Station to structure 9/6 in Chatham at the Metuchen-Lambertville Split(calculated at maximum circuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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0 0 . 5 1

1 . 5 2

2 . 5 3

3 . 5 4

4 . 5 5 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W

C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

9 / 6 C h a t h a m -

1 9 / 1 C

l a r k

T o w n s h

i p

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s i g n

1 0 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 6 Calculated electric field profile for the existing 138 kV and 230 kVtransmission lines and the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segmentfrom structure 9/6 in Chatham at the Metuchen-Lambertville Split to structure 19/1 inClark Township (calculated at maximum circuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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0 0 . 5 1

1 . 5 2

2 . 5 3

3 . 5 4

4 . 5 5 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

1 9 / 1 C l a r k

T o w n s h

i p - P

i e r s o n

A v e n u e /

M e t u c h e n

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s i g n

1 0 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 7 Calculated electric field profile for the existing 138 kV transmission lines andthe proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segment from structure 19/1 inClark Township to the Pierson Avenue/Metuchen Stations (calculated at maximumcircuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5 - 3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

M e t u c h e n -

S e w a r e n

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

2 3 5 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 8 Calculated electric field profile for the existing 138 kV transmission lines andthe proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segment from Metuchen Station toSewaren Station (calculated at maximum circuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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Magnetic Field

Similar to electric field, the magnetic field is a vector quantity characterized by bothmagnitude and direction. Electrical currents generate magnetic field. In the case oftransmission lines, distribution lines, house wiring, and appliances, the 60-Hz electric

current flowing in the conductors generates a time-varying, 60-Hz magnetic field in thevicinity of these conductors. The strength of a magnetic field is measured in terms ofmagnetic lines of force per unit area or magnetic flux density. The term magnetic field,as used here, is synonymous with magnetic flux density and is expressed in units ofmilligauss (mG).

Transmission line generated magnetic fields are quite uniform over horizontal andvertical distances of several feet near the ground. However, for small sources such asappliances, the magnetic field decreases rapidly over distances comparable with the sizeof the device.

The magnetic field generated by currents on transmission-line conductors extends fromthe conductors through the air and into the ground. The magnitude of the field at a heightof one meter is frequently used to describe the magnetic field under transmission lines.The magnetic field is not influenced by humans or vegetation on the ground under theline. The direction of the maximum field varies with location. (The electric field isessentially vertical near the ground.) The most important transmission line parametersthat determine the magnetic field at one meter height are conductor height above groundand magnitude of the currents flowing in the conductors. As distance from thetransmission-line conductors increases, the magnetic field decreases.

As with electric field, the maximum or peak magnetic field occurs in areas near thecenterline and at midspan where the conductors are the lowest. The magnetic field at theedge of the right-of-way is not very dependent on line height. For a double-circuit line orif more than one line is present, the peak field will depend on the relative electrical

phasing of the conductors and the direction of power flow.

A low reactance - split phase (A B C top to bottom on one circuit, C B A top to bottom on the other circuit) transmission line configuration tends to lower the groundlevel magnetic fields. In all possible locations, the new 230 kV structures will use thisconfiguration to minimize field levels. The amount of magnetic field reduction ismaximized when the two circuits carry the same amount of current. When one circuitcarries much more current than the other, the low reactance configuration is only partiallyeffective in reducing the magnetic field levels.

During the initial Project design process, PSE&G considered a number of possibletransmission line designs. A single circuit Delta Configuration, a single circuit VerticalConfiguration, and a single circuit Split Phase Configuration which uses two conductors

per phase (with the appearance of a double circuit line). The calculated electric field, andaudible noise for all design options is well below the NJ edge of ROW limits. The maincomparison between the structure configurations focused on magnetic field levels and


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structure cost. Table 2 and Figure 9 show the calculated magnetic field levels in terms ofthe peak on the ROW level for the Delta Configuration. This was the highest calculatedvalue for all the design options. The Delta Configuration had the highest level ofmagnetic field and the lowest cost. The Vertical Configuration has higher magnetic fieldon one side of the ROW because all the conductors are placed on one side of the

structure. The Split Phase Configuration has the lowest calculated magnetic field leveland the highest per structure cost.

Prudent Avoidance is a precautionary principle in risk management, stating thatreasonable efforts to minimize potential risks should be taken when the actual magnitudeof the risks is unknown. The principle was proposed by Prof. Granger Morgan ofCarnegie Mellon University in 1989 in the context of electromagnetic radiation safety (in

particular, fields produced by power lines) calling it a common sense strategy fordealing with some difficult social and scientific dilemmas". While New Jersey has nospecific magnetic field limit for power lines, many states have either formally orinformally adopted the Prudent Avoidance policy in considering power line applications.

The conclusions reached by national and international scientific and health agencies fromtheir evaluation of EMF research, and the guidelines for exposure they haverecommended make clear that exposures to EMF that people encounter in their daily life,including those from transmission lines like the one considered here, do not pose anyrecognized long-term health risks.

While not adopted by any regulatory body at the national level in the USA, the PrudentAvoidance principle has been adopted in some form by a number of local regulatory

bodies , including the public utility commissions in California, Colorado, Connecticutand Hawaii. Several international health agencies have also adopted the PrudentAvoidance policy including the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences(NIEHS), which states: that power companies and utilities [should] continue siting

power lines to reduce exposures and explore ways to reduce the creation of magneticfields around transmission and distribution lines without creating new hazards.Similarly, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends in a recent fact sheet,When constructing new facilities low-cost ways of reducing exposures may beexplored. Appropriate exposure reduction measures will vary from one country toanother. However, policies based on the adoption of arbitrary low exposure limits are notwarranted.

In selecting the split phase design for the rebuilt portions of the transmission ROWs onthe Project, PSE&G has taken steps to lower existing magnetic field levels along theROWs. As shown in Table 3, the median calculated magnetic field level will be reducedalong all segments of the Project where the transmission structures are being rebuilt. Themagnetic field reduction ranges from 18% to 40% between Roseland and West Orange,and from 5% to 82% between Roseland and Clark Township.


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Table 2 - Calculated magnetic field for three transmission line design options

Distance fromROW Centerline Delta Vertical

Six wire"Split Phase"

- 100 feet 11.9 12.5 2.9

- 50 feet 39.4 39.5 13.3

Maximum on ROW 100 82.6 48.0

+ 50 feet 33.5 18.6 13.3

+ 100 feet 11.0 7.4 2.9


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0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

M a g n e t i c F i e l d ( % o f p e a k )

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W

C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

L o w

F i e l d L i n e

D e s

i g n

O p

t i o n s

3 W i r e V e r

t i c a l

D e l

t a

6 W i r e S p l

i t P h a s e

Figure 9 Calculated magnetic field profiles for three 230 kV transmission line designoptions. The six wire split phase options has the lowest magnetic field levels along theentire profile.


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For comparison with predicted future line current levels, the historical transmission linecurrents were reviewed from May 2008 through May 2010. The median current for each

line section was determined. The median current is the value that is exceeded 50% of thetime. Half the time the current is higher than the median, and half the time the current islower than the median. The PSE&G planning department also provided load flow dataon the New Jersey transmission system to determine what the transmission line currentlevels will be when the Project is completed and energized in 2015.

When more than one transmission circuit exists on a ROW, the currents in the lines donot always vary in proportion to each other (they are not correlated). For the purposesof this study, the PSE&G Planning Department provided predicted currents for each hourof each day in 2015. A total of 8760 (24 hours x 365 days) current levels were providedfor each line segment of all of the circuits in the Project. The values were calculated for

2015 with the Project complete and without the Project in place. Those sets of currentswere then ordered from largest to smallest and the median value was selected for eachline segment and unique ROW cross section.

Figures 10 through 20 show the calculated magnetic field profiles along a ROW crosssection at one meter above ground for the existing and new circuits for the eleven majorline sections of the Project in New Jersey. These values were calculated using themedian 2015 line currents. The profiles were calculated at midspan, which represents thelowest conductor height above ground, and the highest level of magnetic field.

Table 3 lists the edge of ROW magnetic field levels associated with the median predictedline currents in 2015. The actual magnetic field level (if measured in the future) isexpected to be above and below these points approximately 50% of the time. The data inTable 3 corresponds to the edge of ROW values shown in Figures 10 through 20.

Table 4 lists the magnetic field levels for the maximum circuit currents. The maximumcircuit currents were determined using PJM conductor rating criteria for the normalSummer maximum. The peak current magnetic fields listed in Table 4 are providedcalculation exercise of an upper limit only, the magnetic field levels from the actual lineswill always be well below these levels now and in the future.


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Table 3 - Calculated median edge of ROW magnetic field levels for each unique Projectline segment and ROW cross section

Existing 138 and 230 kV (mG) Proposed 230 kV (mG)


orWestern

Northernor

Eastern

Southernor

Western

Northernor

Eastern

Roseland - Laurel Avenue 14.9 18.9 11.3 11.3

Laurel Avenue - West Orange 10.9 13.6 8.9 8.9





Line Segments not being Rebuilt

19/1 Clark Township - New Dover Station 57.0 17.4 58.5 17.9

New Dover Station - 22/7Menlo Park 56.0 17.1 64.1 20.8

23/1 Menlo Park - Route 1 57.5 44.8 76.2 26.7

Pierson Avenue/Metuchen -Lafayette 61.3 44.9 30.7 77.3

Lafayette - Woodbridge 63.0 44.8 31.8 76.9

Woodbridge - Sewaren 61.3 44.9 33.0 76.4


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Table 4 - Calculated Edge of ROW Magnetic Field Levels for Maximum CircuitCurrents (795 ACSR-1133 A, 1033 ACSS-1827 A, 1590 ACSR-1838 A, 1590 ACSS-2374 A)

Existing 138 and 230 kV (mG) Proposed 230 kV (mG)


orWestern

Northernor

Eastern

Southernor

Western

Northernor

Eastern




9/6 Chatham - 19/1 ClarkTownship 109.1 109.1 97.6 97.6

Line Segments not being Rebuilt




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0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

M a g n e t i c F i e l d ( m G )

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W

C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

R o s e

l a n

d -

L a u r e l

A v e n u e

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

1 5 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 10 Calculated magnetic field profile for the existing 138 kV transmission linesand the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segment from RoselandStation to Laurel Avenue Station (calculated at historical and predicted 2015 mediancurrents).


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0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W

C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

L a u r e l

A v e n u e - W e s

t O r a n g e

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

1 5 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 11 Calculated magnetic field profile for the existing 138 kV transmission linesand the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segment from Laurel AvenueStation to Marion Drive/West Orange Station (calculated at historical and predicted 2015median currents).


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0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0

2 2 0 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W

C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

R o s e

l a n d - 9

/ 6

C h a t h a m

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

2 2 5 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 12 Calculated magnetic field profile for the existing 138 kV and 230 kVtransmission lines and the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segmentfrom Roseland Station to structure 9/6 in Chatham at the Metuchen-Lambertville Split(calculated at historical and predicted 2015 median currents).


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0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

F a n w o o

d -

1 9 / 1 C l a r k

T o w n s h

i p

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s i g n

1 0 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 14 Calculated magnetic field profile for the existing 138 kV transmission lineand the proposed 230 kV transmission line for the Project segment from Fanwood Stationto structure 19/1 in Clark Township (calculated at historical and predicted 2015 mediancurrents).


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0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

N e w

D o v e r -

2 2 / 7 M

e n l o P a r

k

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s i g n

1 0 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 16 Calculated magnetic field profile for the existing 138 kV and 230 kVtransmission lines and the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segmentfrom New Dover Station to structure 23/1 in Menlo Park (calculated at historical and

predicted 2015 median currents). No transmission line modifications are required in thisline segment.


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0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0

0 1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

2 3 / 1 M e n

l o P a r

k -

P i e r s o n

A v e n u e

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s i g n

1 0 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 17 Calculated magnetic field profile for the existing 138 kV and 230 kVtransmission lines and the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segmentfrom structure 23/1 in Menlo Park to Pierson Avenue/Metuchen Stations (calculated athistorical and predicted 2015 median currents). No transmission line modifications arerequired in this line segment.


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0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W

C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

M

e t u c h e n - L a f a y e t

t e E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

2 3 5 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 18 Calculated magnetic field profile for the existing 138 kV and 230 kVtransmission lines and the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segmentfrom Pierson Avenue/Metuchen Stations to Lafayette Station (calculated at historical and

predicted 2015 median currents). No transmission line modifications are required in thisline segment.


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0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0 -

3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

L a f a y e

t t e -

W o o

d b r i

d g e E x i s

t i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

2 3 5 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 19 Calculated magnetic field profile for the existing 138 kV and 230 kVtransmission lines and the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segmentfrom Lafayette Station to Woodbridge Station (calculated at historical and predicted 2015median currents). No transmission line modifications are required in this line segment.


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Corona Effects

One of the phenomena associated with all energized electrical devices, including high-voltage transmission lines, is corona. The localized electric field near a conductor can besufficiently concentrated to ionize air close to the conductors. This can result in a partial

discharge of electrical energy called a corona discharge, or corona. Several factors,including conductor voltage, shape, diameter, and surface irregularities such as scratches,nicks, dust, or water drops, can affect a conductors electrical surface gradient and itscorona performance. Corona creates small energy loss in the form of sound, radio noise,heat, and light. Because power loss is uneconomical and noise is undesirable, corona ontransmission lines has been studied by engineers since the early part of this century.Many excellent references exist on the subject of transmission line corona. Consequently,corona is well understood by engineers, and steps to minimize it are one of the majorfactors in transmission line design. The conductor bundles selected for the proposedtransmission lines are of sufficient diameter and spacing to limit the localized electricalstress on the air at the conductor surface.

Audible Noise

Audible noise (AN) represents any unwanted sound. It may be produced by atransmission line, transformer, airport, or vehicle traffic. Sound is a pressure wave caused

by a sound source vibrating or displacing air. The ear converts the pressure fluctuationsinto auditory sensations. AN from a source is superimposed on the background orambient noise that is present before the source is introduced.

The amplitude of a sound wave is the incremental pressure resulting from sound aboveatmospheric pressure. The sound-pressure level is the fundamental measure of AN; it isgenerally measured on a logarithmic scale with respect to a reference pressure. Thesound-pressure level (SPL) in decibels (dB) is given by:

SPL = 20 log (P/Po)dB

where P is the effective rms (root-mean-square) sound pressure, Po is the reference pressure, and the logarithm (log) is to the base 10. The reference pressure formeasurements concerned with hearing is usually taken as 20 micropascals ( Pa), which isthe approximate threshold of hearing for the human ear. A logarithmic scale is used toencompass the wide range of sound levels present in the environment. The range ofhuman hearing is from 0 dB up to about 140 dB (a ratio of 10 million to 1).

Logarithmic scales, such as the decibel scale, are not directly additive. To combinedecibel levels, the dB values must be converted back to their respective equivalent

pressure values, the total rms pressure level found, and the dB value of the totalrecalculated. For example, adding two sounds of equal level on the dB scale results in a3 dB increase in sound level. Such an increase in sound pressure level of 3 dB, whichcorresponds to a doubling of the energy in the sound wave, is barely discernible by the


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human ear. It requires an increase of about 10 dB in SPL to produce a subjectivedoubling of sound level for humans.

Humans respond to sounds in the frequency range of 15 to 20,000 Hz. The humanresponse depends on frequency, with the most sensitive range roughly between 2000 and

4000 Hz. The frequency-dependent sensitivity is reflected in various weighting scales formeasuring audible noise. The A-weighted scale weights the various frequencycomponents of a noise in approximately the same way that the human ear responds. Thisscale is generally used to measure and describe levels of environmental sounds such asthose from vehicles or occupational sources. The A-weighted scale is also used tocharacterize transmission-line noise. Sound levels measured on the A-scale are expressedin units of dB(A) or dBA.

AN levels and, in particular, corona-generated audible noise vary in time. In order toaccount for fluctuating sound levels, statistical descriptors have been developed forenvironmental noise. Exceedence levels (L levels) refer to the A-weighted sound level

that is exceeded for a specified percentage of the time. Thus, the L5 level refers to thenoise level that is exceeded only 5% of the time. L50 refers to the sound level exceeded50% of the time. Sound level measurements and predictions for transmission lines areoften expressed in terms of exceedence levels, with the L5 level representing themaximum level and the L50 level representing a median level. For comparison with thecalculated noise levels, Table 5 shows audible noise levels from various commonsources.

Corona is the partial electrical breakdown of the insulating properties of air around theconductors of a transmission line. In a small volume near the surface of the conductors,energy and heat are dissipated. Part of this energy is in the form of small local pressurechanges that result in audible noise. Corona-generated audible noise can be characterizedas a hissing, crackling sound that, under certain conditions, is accompanied by a 120-Hzhum. Corona-generated audible noise is of concern primarily for transmission linesoperating at voltages of 345 kV and higher during foul weather. The conductors of high-voltage transmission lines are designed to be corona-free under most conditions.However, protrusions on the conductor surface, particularly water droplets on or drippingoff the conductors, cause electric fields near the conductor surface to exceed corona onsetlevels, and corona occurs. Therefore, audible noise from transmission lines is generally afoul weather (wet-conductor) phenomenon. Wet conductors can occur during periods ofrain, fog, snow, or icing.

Corona generated audible noise levels were calculated for the maximum voltage andmidspan conductor heights for foul weather conditions. The predicted levels of audiblenoise for the existing and new 138 kV and 230 kV circuits are shown in Table 6 andFigures 21 through 25.


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Table 5 Common sound levels for comparison with calculated transmission lineaudible noise levels during foul weather

Sound Pressure Level

(dBA)

Noise Source

(for comparison)

120 Jet takeoff at 200 feet

100 Shouting at 5 feet

80 Urban street

70 Gas lawnmower at 100 ft.

60 Normal conversation indoors

50 Moderate rainfall on foliage(New Jersey night time limit)

40 Refrigerator, soft whisper

30 Bedroom at night

0 Hearing threshold

For all line segments and configurations, the proposed transmission line upgrades havecalculated audible noise levels during rain far below the New Jersey limit of 50 dBA.


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- 2 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 - 3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

A u d i b l e N o i s e ( d B A )

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

R o s e l a n

d -

W e s

t O

r a n g e

E x i s t i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

1 5 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 21 Calculated audible noise profile for the existing 138 kV transmission linesand the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segment from RoselandStation to West Orange Station(calculated at maximum circuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 - 3

0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

R o s e l a n

d - 9

/ 6 C

h a t h a m

E x i s t i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

2 2 5 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 22 Calculated audible noise profile for the existing 138 kV and 230 kVtransmission lines and the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segmentfrom Roseland Station to structure 9/6 in Chatham at the Metuchen-Lambertville Split(calculated at maximum circuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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- 2 0

- 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0

- 3 0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W

C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

9 / 6 C h a t h a m -

1 9 / 1 C l a r k

T o w n s

h i p

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

1 0 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 23 Calculated audible noise profile for the existing 138 kV and 230 kVtransmission lines and the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segmentfrom structure 9/6 in Chatham at the Metuchen-Lambertville Split to structure 19/1 inClark Township (calculated at maximum circuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 - 3

0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W

C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

1 9 / 1 C l a r k

T o w n s h

i p - P

i e r s o n

A v e n u e /

M e t u c

h e n

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

1 0 0 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 24 Calculated audible noise profile for the existing 138 kV transmission linesand the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segment from structure 19/1in Clark Township to the Pierson Avenue/Metuchen Stations (calculated at maximumcircuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 - 3

0 0

- 2 5 0

- 2 0 0

- 1 5 0

- 1 0 0

- 5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0


D i s t a n c e

f r o m

R O W

C e n

t e r l

i n e

( f t )

M

e t u c h e n - S e w a r e n

E x i s t

i n g

N e w

D e s

i g n

2 3 5 f o o t

R i g h t o f W a y

Figure 25 Calculated audible noise profile for the existing 138 kV transmission linesand the proposed 230 kV transmission lines for the Project segment from MetuchenStation to Sewaren Station (calculated at maximum circuit voltage 145 kV / 242 kV).


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Radio Noise / Electromagnetic Interference

In order to prevent interference to the reception of radio and TV broadcasts, and to protect other sensitive radio services such as aircraft navigation and emergency beacons,the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1975 established Part 15 of Title 47

of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR 47 Section 15). These rules are directed atequipment that does not deliberately generate radio frequency (RF) energy, as well as atlow-power radio transmitters that do not require individual licensing. Part 15 affects alarger variety of electronic devices than does any other FCC regulation, imposing RFemissions limits on radios, personal electronics, and includes the electric powertransmission and distribution system.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI), which includes both radio noise (RN) and televisioninterference (TVI), is created by two sources on overhead power lines. The EMI sourcesare conductor and hardware corona or gap discharges (sparks) due to loose fitting orfloating hardware. The sources of interference that cause more than 90% of the EMI

complaints received by utilities are gap discharges. The main source of gap discharges isloose hardware, and they can be found on any voltage powerline. They tend to be foundmost often on wood pole structures where hardware has a greater probability of becomingloose as the wood pole and crossarms dry out. Steel and concrete structures are much lesslikely to have loose hardware. EMI caused by corona has been thoroughly studied anddocumented over the past 40 years. Corona can be a source of severe EMI in the AM

broadcast band, particularly during wet weather when corona can be as much as ten timesgreater than in dry weather. However, electric utilities have received very few EMIcomplaints in this frequency band that were due to corona. This trend is primarily

because of the popularity of the FM broadcast band, which is not affected by powerlineEMI and the fact that the AM bands tends to have a lot of static from atmospheric EMI,especially in low signal strength areas.

EMI is measured in terms of received signal strength, just like any other radio signal, at a particular location. The units most often discussed in EMI are decibels referenced to onemicrovolt per meter.

dBu = 20 log (interference signal level / 1 V/m)

Corona has more signal power in the lower (typically AM radio) frequency bands, whilegap discharges can have a wide range of higher frequency content.

The conductor design for the Project will meet the stringent New Jersey Regulations foraudible noise. The resulting low levels of corona will also produce very little radio andtelevision band noise. The Project radio noise values presented in Table 7 are well belowthe IEEE Radio Noise Design Guideline of 40 dB V/m measured at 100 feet from theoutside conductor. PJM does not specify EMI limits for 230 kV circuits and below.


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Pipelines on the Right of Way

Concerns over electromagnetic interference (EMI) on pipelines have increased over the past few decades. Constraints on land use have encouraged joint use corridors by

pipelines and electric transmission lines. Pipelines are subject to three types of EMI from powerlines: electric field (capacitive), magnetic field (inductive), and conductivecoupling through the earth. Capacitive coupling is only a concern when the pipeline isabove ground and ungrounded. Inductive coupling is complicated because a buried

pipeline behaves like a conductor in a lossy medium. Conductive coupling is a concernduring powerline faults when large currents flow in the earth to return to the powersubstation.

Improved pipeline coatings have reduced the number of defects in the coatings wherecurrent leakage to ground can occur. The high quality of the coatings increases theresistance to ground and results in higher induced voltages from electric and magnetic

fields.Electric field coupling is the main concern when long sections of pipe are located aboveground without sufficient grounding. Once the pipeline is buried, an effective ground iscreated by the resistive pipeline coating to mitigate electric field effects. However, thisground connection is not sufficient to mitigate the magnetic field induced voltages.Mitigation to avoid spark discharges and steady state currents to workers is similar to

precautions taken with long fences, large metal buildings, and large vehicles on thetransmission right of way. The mitigation measures require low impedance connectionsto the earth to limit induced voltages.

The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the American Gas Association (AGA)completed extensive studies of the calculation and mitigation of induced voltages on gas

pipelines in the 1980s. The main concerns of magnetic field coupled voltages on pipelines are damage to pipeline coatings and cathodic protection systems, which canlead to accelerated corrosion, and shock hazards to personnel working near the pipeline.For buried pipelines, the largest induced voltages occur where there is a physical changeor discontinuity in the pipeline. The physical change results in a change in the drivingvoltage and the impedance along the pipeline. Pipeline bends, insulated joints, andchanges in transmission line direction can all increase the induced voltages.

Grounding the pipeline reduces the magnetic field induced voltages and can be aneffective mitigation tool at electrical discontinuities in the pipeline where peak inducedvoltages occur. Mitigation wires in the form of long buried bare conductors can beinstalled in the earth between the transmission line and the pipeline to reduce the induced

pipeline voltages.

The National Electrical Safety Code recommends that AC power system grounds and pipelines be separated by at least 10 feet of soil to minimize conducted voltage couplingduring fault conditions. PSE&G transmission line grounding systems are designed to:


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provide a low impedance path for lightning strokes that attach to the tower orshield wire, allow the rapid identification of fault conditions for proper relay and circuit

breaker operation, and

limit step and touch potentials near the tower base during fault conditions.

During transmission system phase to ground faults, the earth provides a path of faultcurrent back to the substation. These large fault currents result in a local ground potentialrise that can couple to an adjacent pipeline, cause both physical damage to the pipeline,and create safety hazards for personnel working on the pipeline. The local ground

potential rise near a faulted tower can create step and touch potentials near the tower andthe nearby pipeline. The tower footing impedance directly affects the coupled voltages.Lower tower impedance results in lower ground potential rise and lower soil potentialsnear the pipeline.

The tower footing impedance depends on the area of tower steel, concrete, or groundingconductor, in contact with the earth and on the local resistivity the earth. Soil resistivityis not constant over time and is a function of soil type, moisture content, temperature,current magnitude, and waveshape. Depending on the tower and footing design, theinherent construction of the tower may result in substantial surface area of tower steel,grillage, and concrete/foundation reinforcing cages in contact with the earth. Fault currentmust actual flow from the tower structure to the anchor bolts and reinforcing cage,through the concrete and finally out into the soil. The two main resistance componentsare the steel to concrete resistance and the concrete to soil resistance. Concrete resistivityis approximately 100 ohm-meters depending on moisture content and the footingresistance for steel lattice towers is dominated by the concrete to soil interface. Largeconcrete foundations on the proposed towers will distribute fault current into the localsoil and minimize local soil ionization effects.

The PSE&G conductor configuration designs for all three segments of the Project willlower magnetic field levels and reduce pipeline induced voltages from existing levels.The Project foundation grounding designs will effectively distribute fault current into thesoil and limit elevated potentials near the structures to reduce the probability of pipelinecoating damage.


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Table 7 Calculated Edge of ROW L50 Fair Weather Radio Noise Levels at MaximumVoltage (IEEE Radio Noise Design Guideline of 40 dB V/m measured at 100 feet fromthe outside conductor)

Existing 138 and 230 kV (dB V/m)Proposed 230 kV

(dB V/m)


orWestern

Northernor

Eastern

Southernor

Western

Northernor

Eastern






Line Segmentsnot being Rebuilt




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Federal and State Regulations

There are currently no national standards in the United States for 60-Hz electric andmagnetic fields. New Jersey has a guideline of 3 kV/m for electric fields at the edge ofthe ROW. This guideline was established by the New Jersey Department of

Environmental Protection on June 4, 1981. New Jersey also has published limits forAudible Noise. The New Jersey Administrative Code Section 7:29-1.2 (a) (2) (i)established a limit of 50 dBA for continuous airborne sound between the hours of10:00 P.M. and 7:00 A.M. The Audible Noise has been interpreted as applying to themedian rain rate level for power lines. Finally, New Jersey does not have a limit formagnetic fields from transmission lines.

Although New Jersey has not enacted magnetic field regulations, several states have beenactive in establishing mandatory or suggested limits on 60-Hz electric and (in two cases)magnetic fields. Five other states have specific electric-field limits that apply totransmission lines. These states include Florida, Minnesota, Montana, New York, and

Oregon. Florida and New York also have established regulations for magnetic fields.These regulations are summarized in Table 8 below.

Application of Regulations to the Project

As shown in Table 1, the Project will produce a maximum electric field of approximately2.0 kV/m on the western side of the ROW south of Roseland Station. This level is well

below the NJ State guideline of 3 kV/m.

As shown in Table 6, the Project design will limit audible noise levels to approximately35 to 38 dBA at the edge of the right of way. These levels are well within the NJ StateLimits of 50 dBA.

As shown in Table 7, the Project design will limit radio noise levels to approximately 18to 26 dB V/m at the edge of the right of way. These levels are well below the IEEERadio Noise Design Guideline of 40 dB V/m measured at 100 feet from the outsideconductor. PJM does not specify EMI limits circuit voltages below 345 kV.

SummaryElectric and magnetic fields, and corona effects, for the Project have been characterizedusing well-known methods accepted within the scientific and engineering community.The calculated levels from the existing and new 138 kV and 230 kV transmission linesline are well below the New Jersey guidelines for both electric fields and audible noise atthe edge of the ROW. In selecting the split phase design for the rebuilt portions of thetransmission ROWs on the Project, PSE&G has taken steps to lower existing magneticfield levels along the ROWs. The median calculated magnetic field level will be reducedalong all segments of the Project where the transmission structures are being rebuilt. Themagnetic field reduction ranges from 18% to 40% between Roseland and West Orange,and from 5% to 82% between Roseland and Clark Township.


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Table 8 United States electric and magnetic field regulations

State Agency Within the Right of Way Edge of Right of Way

Electric Field Regulations(kV/m)

Florida Department ofEnvironmental Regulation 8 ( 230 kV) 10 (500 kV) 2

Minnesota EnvironmentalQuality Board 8

Montana Board of NaturalResources and Conservation 7

1

New Jersey Department ofEnvironmental Protection 3

New York State PublicService Commission 11.8

1.6

Oregon Facility Siting Council 9

Magnetic Field Regulations(mG)

Florida Department ofEnvironmental Regulation 150 ( 230 kV) 200 (500 kV)

New York State PublicService Commission 200

Pipelines on the Right of Way

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