Pipelines - M. Amerini

7/31/2019 Pipelines - M. Amerini

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pipelines-m-amerini 1/150

PIPELINEStefano TARCHIAlberto TESEI

Maurizio Amerini



Index

1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG

2. Pipeline Design

3. Construction (Onshore)

4. Construction (Offshore)

5. Operation

6. Maintenance

7. Main Pipeline Components

8. Gas Storage

9. The Pipelines Market Today10. Environmental Impact

NOTE : Most slides in sections 3-6are courtesy of SRG



Index


2. Pipeline Design



5. Operation

6. Maintenance


8. Gas Storage




4

GE Confidential and Proprietary InformationGE2006 All Rights Reserved

Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Bcm/y

-155

-22-67

'05 ' 15 '30North America

-516

-292

-375

'05 '15 '3 0Europe

-61

-6-13

'05 '15 '30India

-127

0

-28

'05 ' 15 '3 0China

70

1624

'0 5 '1 5 ' 30

Latin America

290

101

143

'05 '15 '30

Africa

301

43

195

'0 5 '15 ' 30

ME

237

208 186

'05 ' 15 '3 0

Russia

Pacific

-37-38-66

'05 '15 '30

Production - Consumption

Source: WorldEnergy Outlook 2007 (EIA), BP Statistical Review 08.

NA Gas Cons.

2005

3% 20%

2020

97% 80%

Gas importedIndigenous Production

Natural GasReserves (% of total

World)

5%

3%

8%

4%

31%

41%

8%

Gas Market… Regional Unbalance

EU Gas Cons.

2005

50%75%

2020

50%25%

Gas importedIndigenous Production China Gas Cons.

2005

35%

2020

100% 65%

Gas importedIndigenous Production



5


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

PIPELINE vs LNG1. PIP & LNG factors (Qualitative)

- Same factors affect the two markets in a different way…i.e. geographical; geopolitical;

execution risk; technical complexity; selling gas alternatives; chain bottlenecks (I.e.pipe, vessels etc…)

2. PIP & LNG Value Chain (Quantitative)

- CAPEX: Engineering, Constructions etc..

- OPEX: Maintenance, Fuel, Operations etc..

- ROI and Payback period; sensitivity depending on variables(i.e. distance; plant size/flow; gas price)



6


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

LNG vs Pip: in the Mediterranean

Source: C-Engineering



7


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Economies of scale – 1000 km




8


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Economies of scale – 4000 km




Index


2. Pipeline Design



5. Operation

6. Maintenance


8. Gas Storage




10


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Pipeline Design – Main Steps

1. Route selection

2. Pipe selection

3. Pipeline Hydraulic modeling

4. Compression stations

5. Model validation

6. Off design



1. Route Selection

Geopolitical factor is oftenkey to project success

Decisive criteria to ensure optimum route



12


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

2. Pipe Selection

Larger pipes => reduced losses (Opex) but higher Capex...need the right compromise

Gas flow in a pipe...pressure..velocity.. losses



13


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

2. Pipe Selection

Not necessarily only #1 pipe...looping,construction and emergency issues may lead to different solutions



14


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Kilometrs

SOIL THERMAL PROFILE

0

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

0.0008

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

S o i l T h e

r m a l C o n d u c t i v i t y , w / m * k

Soil Thermal Conduct.

Roughness Profile

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Kilometers

P i p e R o u g h n e s s , m m

roughness mm

PIPELINE ELEVATION PROFILE

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Kilometers

E l e v a t i o n , M

elev m

Inputs Needed:

• Pipe characteristics (i.e. Lenght,

roughness, size, thermal exch.

coefficient etc..)

• Soil temperature

• Ambient temperature

• Elevation profile

• Gas Composition and flow

• Establish treshold limits

PIPELINE ROUTE

3. Pipeline Hydraulic Modeling



15


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

4. Compression Stations

• Need to find the right balance between reducing pipe losses (whichmaximizes # stations) and relevant stations costs

• Optimum balance depending on several factors (i.e pipe rating, routeslosses etc...); typical order of magnitude is 150 km average distance



16


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

•Once Station power is established, need to move to

compression units selection within the station• Units selection shall based on flow profile forecasts,

available units size in the market andsparing philosophy

•CC and GT curves are then includedin the hydraulic model

•Several simulation are run to check properfunctioning of the system at different ambienttemperatures, flow profiles and operating

conditions (iterative process)

4. Model validation



17


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Off design may be due to:

1. Units/Stations in shutdown due

to (un)scheduled maintenance

2. Pipe Unavailability (SeaLine)

Units off-design: Sparing Philosophy

A. Parallel (N+1)

B. Series Operation (extra installed

power)

C. Dynamic (recovery during cold

period, if possible)

Disch. Pressure 1740 Psig (120 bara)

GT power and CC pressureratio are maximized during

one station outage

No Compressionrequired / available

5. Off Design - Units



18


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Cape Bon Head Station

910 Km OnshorePipeline

Algeria-Tunisia

1430 Km OnshorePipeline

Italian Peninsula

160 Km 20’’Three Lines 20” and Two Lines

26”Pipeline Under Sicilian Channel

CAPE BON SEA LINE HEAD STATION

N°10 FR52 + BCL404/A Compressor

5. Off Design - Pipeline



19


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Initial Normal Conditions (1983)4 Units working in parallel to maximize Gas Flow

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

Discharge Header (150 Bar)

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

Suction Header

Middle Pressure Header (Not Used)

Cape Bon Plant Operating Scheme

Stand-By

Unit



20


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

Suction Header

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

BCL404/a

BCL404/a

MS5002BMS5002B

Initial Emergency Conditions (1983)3 Units Middle Pressure and 2 Unites to Discharge Header

Unit InOperation

Discharge Header (205 Bar)

Middle Pressure Header (In Operation)

Cape Bon Plant Operating Scheme



21


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Large PIP evolution: design trends

(*) Price indicated refers to market price ( HenryHub) at time of installation, not to price ofgas delivered trough that pipeline.

100200N/AEmissions(NOx ppm)

NoSparing

N+12+1SparingPhilosophy

6.74.21.7Gas Price

($/MMBTU)*

200620001992Year

#900#600#600Pipe #

Yes(St.1)

NONOWaste Heatrecovery

160150120Aver.dist(Km)

41.1%37.7%36% incl.

regen cycleDriver ISOEfficiency

PGT25+PGT25FR5B/CDriver type

987555-75Pd (bara)

Russia Algeria IndiaProject

WHR becominga must

DischargePressure

Environmentalconstraints

LCC approach

Gas price up...focus on

efficiency (>43%)

Trends



Index


2. Pipeline Design



5. Operation

6. Maintenance


8. Gas Storage

9. The Pipelines Market Today

10. Environmental Impact



23


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Onshore Pipeline Design Key Issues

• During the feasibility study, several pipeline routes areanalysed to minimize the impact to the environment

• The geology and the hydrological context of the pipelineroutes is analysed

• When the route is defined, the Company contacts the

landowners to explain the project

• Several studies and surveys are required for the detail

design and for the local and national permit procedures



27


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

2 - Clearing and gradingthe working strip



28


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

3 - Handling and stringing

Pipe transport



30


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


Stringing phases

Trailers



31


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


Stringing of pipesalong the pipelinework strip



32


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

4 - Bending

Pipes can be bent in the field to fit the

moderate changes in pipeline route andthe morfology



34


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

5 – Welding & Examination

Automatic welding

Manual welding



35


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

5 – Welding & examination

Ultra-sound examination of welds



36


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

6 - Digging the trench

The trenching crew uses specialised

escavators to dig the pipe trench

0.9 mBackfill

(subsoil)

Humus(topsoil)

Italian law requires for

the cover of the pipe a

minimum of 0,9m under

the ground level pipe



37


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

6 - Digging the trench

Trench



38


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

7 - Lowering into the trench

Using a number of side-booms,operators simultaneously liftand lower the pipe into thetrench

Such operation needs closecoordination and skilledoperators



39


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0




40


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0




41


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0




42


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

7 – Lowering & Backfilling

Backfilling top soil

Backfilling



43


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

8 - Installing plants

Construction includes design and installation of:

Pig TrapsPig Traps

Pressure Reduction StationsPressure Reduction Stations

Gas Compressor StationsGas Compressor Stations Section valvesSection valves

Etc…Etc…



45


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

8 - Installing plantsPig trap



46


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


Interconnection node



47


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


High Pressure Reduction Station



49


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


Gas Compressor Station



50


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

9 - Special Crossing

* Several techniques are available for crossing railways,

roads, waterways or special natural areaswithout digging open trenches

* Depending on soil conditions and geo-hydrology, the

appropriate trenchless technique can be selected from thefollowing:

a.a. Raise borerRaise borer

b.b. Horizontal Directional DrillingHorizontal Directional Drilling

c.c. MicroMicro--tunnelingtunneling

d.d. Tunnel Boring MachineTunnel Boring Machine

e.e. ……



51


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

9a - Raise Borer

well

Horizontalgallery

Drilling machine

Raise boring is an inclined drilling. The pipe is lowered in the borehole.

The benefit of this technique is that it allows installation of the pipeline withoutany vegetal and morphologic impact



53


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

9b - Horizontal Directional Drilling

* Based on techniques developed fordrilling deviated oil wellsFrom the point of departure where the drilling unit isplaced, a small diameter pilot bore is drilled along theplanned path.The hole is successively reamed out by a boring machine

until it achieves the proper diameter for the pipe.At this point, the pipeline is pulled and laid in the hole

* Is the most commonly used trenchless technology,with a reliable directional control system

* In Italy it was used for the first time by Snam in 1982 tocross the Po River



54


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

9b - Horizontal Directional Drilling

Jet drill D e s

i g na x i

s

Directional

control

Conductor pipe

Pilot borehole

Tubo dilinea

Trivellazione orizzontale controllata (TOC)Trivellazione orizzontale controllata (TOC)

Pulling pipe

Conductor pipe Borer

Boring



59


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Vegetation andmorphology is preserved

9c - Microtunnel



61


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Tunne l i =

6.35%

L = 2,343 m

328 m

Section

T u n n e l

9d - Tunnel boring machine



62


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0




63


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Demolishing the last brattice




65


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

End of works: tunnel entrance




66


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

10 - Testing

After backfilling, the pipeline is hydraulically tested:

In the Strength test, the pipeline stays for at least 1

hour at a pressure not less than 1.3 times the Design

Pressure

In the Hydraulic test, the pipeline stay for at least 48

hour at a pressure not less than 1.2 times the Design

Pressure



67


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

11 - Restoration

* Since the design phase, foresty agronomists andgeologists perform all the operations to protect theecosystems, water courses and landscapes

* The final step in the construction process is restoringthe land as closely as possible to its original condition

* Restoration works includes:

- Morphologic restoration

- Vegetation restoration



68


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

During works… …After 1 year… …After 2 years…

11 - Restoration



69


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

After construction, the only evidence of thepipe presence, are the pipeline markings

11 - Restoration



70


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

orchard

vineyard

fields

11 - Restoration



Index


2. Pipeline Design



5. Operation

6. Maintenance


8. Gas Storage





Source: Nordstream website

Offshore pipelines – Proven Technology



73


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

MECHANICAL ASSEMBLYMECHANICAL ASSEMBLY

WORK ON THE SEA FLOORWORK ON THE SEA FLOOR

TESTING AND START UPTESTING AND START UP

Offshore Construction



74


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Offshore Construction:Mechanical Assembly

Laying Methods

• ‘S-lay’ and the ‘J-lay’

• Coiled Pipeline



75


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Laying

J-Lay S-Lay




78


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

J - Lay ProcessThis system is used to lay pipelines at depths of between 400 and 3500

m. Here the pipe is welded in a vertical position and lowered onto the

sea floor without the use of a support structure, thus forming a “J”

shape


http://www.medgaz.com/medgaz/pages/archivos_multimedia-eng.htm



79


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Coiled Pipeline

Pipes which have already welded together an onshore worksite.

For pipelines of a modest diameter, up to 14-16 inches

(35.6-40.6 cm)

Requires pipes with thick walls




80


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY

WORK ON THE SEA FLOOR

TESTING AND START UP




81


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Offshore ConstructionWork on the Sea bed



82


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

MECHANICAL ASSEMBLYMECHANICAL ASSEMBLY

WORK ON THE SEA FLOOR

TESTING AND START UP




83


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Testing and preparation for Start up

1. Fill with water /cleaning by pigs

2. Hydraulic Test (1.15/1.25 times the project pressure)

3. Dewater by air through a train of pigs4. Air-dry

5. Nitrogen fill or air purging

6. Gas or oil fill




Index


2. Pipeline Design3. Construction (Onshore)


5. Operation

6. Maintenance


8. Gas Storage





85


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Gas transmission is ensured through network pressure controlusing the following plants installed along the pipelines:

Compressor stations

Manifolds

Pressure reduction and regulation plants

Check valves.

The control is managed through:

Continuous monitoring of the process parametersof the network

Use of simulation SW to predict gas demand and balance

of the network

Gas transmission control



86


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Supervisory Control & Data AcquisitionComposed by SW, telecommunication and control systems designed toensure remote and centralized control of network operation.

Transmissionsystems

HMI

Server

RTU

Cable

Radio/Satellte transmission

Control Room

Transmissionsystems

RTU

RTU



87


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Dispatching Centre

Integrated control system capable of making gas readily available

anywhere at any time

Evaluating the total volume

of gas available

Regulating the gas flowsaccording to the demand

Monitoring thetransportation systemthrough data acquisitionstations



88


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Physical compressor station...



89


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

...SCADA compressor station



90


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Station Control System (SCS)

Operating modes

Local manual

Local automatic

Remote automatic

HMI

Measurement and regulation system

Supervision system (operation logic)



91


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Compressor Stations remote control

To ensure the remote control of the stations, a local automated controlsystem is installed in the station interfaced with the Dispatching Centre

that operates the plant directly from Headquarters.The operation is optimised according to operating needs defined in termsof the overall transportation flows and the global operational conditions.

Transport optimization consists of finding a steady condition of network

operation which minimizes total fuel gas consumption of compressor stations,ensuring gas transmission satisfying gas demand.

Dispatching Centre Station Control Room

i l i



92


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Compressor Station regulation

To ensure compressor station regulation,

Dispatching Centre define setpoints for:• suction pressure• discharge pressure• flow• discharge temperature (local set point)

and starts a number of units according to simulation results.

The station control system (SCS), through UCP, automatically regulates theunits speed match the required setpoint

l l d d l



93


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Annual Supply – Demand Modulation

Sum of:•Importation•Domestic Production•Storage withdrawal

Demand

Storage withdrawal

Storage injection

I d



Index




5. Operation

6. Maintenance


8. Gas Storage



E G Pi li I id



95


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

European Gas Pipeline IncidentData Group 1970-2004

E G Pi li I id t



96


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


E G Pi li I id t



97


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


E G Pi li I id t



98


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


Thi d ti i t f i



99


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Third parties interferencies



Floodings



101


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Floodings

Mill / Construction defects



102


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Mill / Construction defects

Welding defects

Base material

defects

Misallignment

Porosity

Slag

Lack of fusion

Lack of penetration

UndercutCracking

Delamination

InclusionCracking

Ground movements



103


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Ground movements

Landslide monitoring



104


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


MAIN PIPELINES

GEOLOGICALLY UNSTABLE AREAS

* For the gas pipeline network in

Italy over 1,800 geologicallyunstable areas have been

identified.

* Over 320 critical areas are

currently monitored using a

combination of inclinometers,

piezometers and strain gauges.

* Periodical geological surveys are

performed to visually monitor

morphological evolutions




105


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


STRAIN GAUGES

Landslide control



106


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Landslide control

SOIL CONSOLIDATION STRESS RELEASE

Corrosion



107


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Corrosion

Cathodic protection



108


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Installation of electrical (cathodic) protection

Impressed Currents Cathodic Protection Rectifier

Cathodic protection

Cathodic protection



109


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Cathodic protection

Pig inspections



110


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Pig inspections

Inspection/Maintenance:



111


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Inspection/Maintenance:Pigging Operations

Pig Before Cleaning




112


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


Pig After Cleaning




113


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs

.PIPI1

2

32

4

Pipeline

3 Pig transit signaller

4 Receiving Trap

3

1 Launching Trap

2 Special T





114


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs:

Normal Production Condition

PIPI12

3

24

Pipeline start Pipeline arrival

Pipeline

3





115


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs

Cleaning Condition

PIPI12

3

24

Pipeline start Pipelinearrival

Pipeline

3


Pipeline repair



116


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Pipeline repair

Pipeline repair



117


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Pipeline repair

Index



Index




5. Operation

6. Maintenance7. Main Pipeline Components

8. Gas Storage



Components of a Pipeline



119


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0


INITIAL INJECTION STATIONThis is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected

into the line.

Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at

these locations.



121


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

COMPRESSOR/PUMP STATIONSCOMPRESSOR/PUMP STATIONS

Pumps for liquid pipelines and compressors for gas pipelines are

located along the line to move the product through the pipeline.

The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the

terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational

conditions of the network.





122


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

BLOCK VALVESBLOCK VALVESThese are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves

the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance

work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valves are usually located at

regular intervals along the line, depending on the type of pipeline.





123


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

FINAL DELIVERY STATIONFINAL DELIVERY STATION

Known also as Outlet stations or Terminals, this is where the

product will be distributed to the consumer..


Compressor Stations



124


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

gas coolers

gas filters

compressor unit control room

p

Typical CS Process Flow Diagram



125


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

yp g

Design Philosophy for Gas Pipeline CS



126


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

g p y p

• Referenced High efficiency tri-dimensional impellers

• Wide operating range with flat efficiency curve• Robust Design for Availability/Reliability

• Very stiff casing providing excellent internal alignment at full pressureand capability to withstand extremely high nozzle loads

Centrifugal Compressor

• Aero derivative high efficiency• High reliability / Availability

• Reduced maintenance with Extended Life Parts

Gas Turbine

• Security of Supply

• Maximum efficiency• Maximum availability/reliability

• Maximum Service Intervals

Unit design to

Why is efficiency so important in PIP?



127


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

y y p

Incl. In capexSpares

100% 82 Total

9%7

Maintenance

18%15CAPEX (Unit)

55%45Fuel

18%15CAPEX (Station)

MM$ %Order of Magnitude

Assumptions

- 20 Y Cycle- WACC: 12%

Fuel

- 8600 FH/Y

- 30 MW unit: 85% GT Load

- 37.5% eff. (6800 BTU/Hp-hr)

- Gas price: 3$/MMBTU

Maintenance

- BI; (every 6m)

- HGPI (25kFH)

- MI (50kFH)

Gas Pipeline Compressors



128


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Cover

Head

Cover

Head

Typical Design used when:• Optimized stages efficiency (>88%)

• Short time assembly and maintenance time

• Cylindrical Barrel casing permits shortermanufacturing cycles (no weldings) andmaximum optimization of the dischargevolute (here not limited by the casing)

p p

BEAM TYPE with Two Cover Head fixed with “shear rings” method

Centrifugal Compressor Skid



129


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

g p

Reduction Station: Typical scheme



130


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

yp

inlet

outlet

by-pass

meter run

relief valve

pressure regulation streamsfilters heating

Filters



131


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

inlet

outlet

by-pass

meter run

relief valve

pressure regulation streamsfiltersheating

Heaters



132


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

inlet

outlet

by-pass

meter run

relief valve


Pressure regulators



133


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

g

inlet

outlet

by-pass

meter run

relief valve


Index






5. Operation


8. Gas Storage



The Gas Storage Market



135


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Source: www.gie.com (updated at Feb 09)

CAGR ~4%’08-’20

UGS

WGV(Bcm)

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650700

2008 2010 2012 2015 2020

high

base

min

Installed UGS+

under construction

UGS market is growing worldwide... ...because its role is also evolving

• Existing capacity insufficient… needed +15 BCMY

• Higher demand for flexibility & peak gas rates

• Growth driven by security of supply & arbitrage

2 main operating modes in Gas Storage



136


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

I.Filling the

Reservoir

From grid Pressure to the MaxPressure of the Reservoir

From cavern Pressure to grid Pr

II. Exporting

the Gas

• Flexibility in pressure ratio & flows necessary

to manage both the operating modes• Pgrid high variance range enhance the need for flexibility

P max

P grid

P max

P grid

Compressorstart up

Note: curve profiles are qualitative



Main Types of Storage



138


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Porous Rocks

Caverns

Aquifer Reservoir

Depleted Oil/Gas Reservoirs

Salty Caverns

Abandoned Mines

Lined Rock Caverns

Max P 170 bar

Max P 250 bar

Max P 250 bar … exceptionally

up to 450 bar

Index






5. Operation


8. Gas Storage



Pipeline Capex (By Cost Component)



140


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Pipeline Capex (By Product)



141


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Pipeline Capex (By Region)



142


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

EU Pipeline Infrastructure



143


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

China Pipeline Infrastructure

K l di d bHeihe



144


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

29/GE Oil & Gas ECLP/

10/28/2008

Alashankou

Kelamayi

Cainan

Dushanzi

Tazhong

Lunnan

Kuerle

Shanshan

花土沟

Geermu

Jingbian

Qingyang

Saihantala

阿尔善

Fangshan

Dezhou

Daqing

Tieling

Anshan

Dalian

Jilin

Fushun

Bo’ai

Qingdao

Cangzhou

Puyang

Dongying

NingboAnqing

Jiujiang

Maoming

Dali

Huaihua

Hengyang

Linyi

Zibo

Jining

Liuzhou

Huai’an

Xiangfan

Xiaogan

Yancheng

Shangrao

Rui’anZhangshu

Ruijin

Guilin

Hetian

Tahe

Luntai

Baotou

Handan

Baoji

Sebei

Dunhuang

Jiangyou

Dujiangyan

Nanchong

Anyang

Yilan

Kaladierdaban

Gas from Turkmenistan andKazahkstan

Manzhouli

Legend

Existing

New

Hongliu

Longgang

Northeast Pipelines

967km

1016mm

10MPa

2010

Shaanxi-BJ 3

1400km

1016mm

10MPa

2011

WEPP 2

8000－9000km

1219mm

10MPa

2011

China - Burma

2748km

1016mm

10MPa

2011

Northeast Pipelines

390km

1016mm

10MPa

2011

Tangshan Pipelines

450km

1016mm

10MPa

N/A

Lhasa Pipeline1200km

508mm

10MPa

N/A

LonggangPipeline

670km

1016mm

10MPa

2013

Sebei-Xining-LanzhouDuplicate

930km

660mm

2012

Urumuqi

Yinchuan

Lanzhou

Xining

HohhotBeijing

Tianjin

Shijiazhuang

Taiyuan

Harbin

Changchun

Shenyang

Zhengzhou

NanjingHefeiShanghai

Fuzhou

Hangzhou

Nanchang

Wuhan

Changsha

Guangzhou

Hong Kong

Macao

Haikou

Nanning

Kunming

Guiyang

Chengdu

Chongqing

Lhasa

Taipei

Huoerguosi

Zhongning

Xi’an

Zhuaji

Yingkou

Qinhuangdao

Jinan

Zhumadian

Pingxiang

Shaoguan

Xiangtan

North America Pipeline Infrastructure



145


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

India Pipeline Infrastructure



146


Author: S.Tarchi

2/22/2010 Rev. 0

Index




2. Pipeline Design



5. Operation


8. Gas Storage



Environmental Impact - Example




Environmental Impact - Example



BACK-UP

Pipelines - M. Amerini

Documents

Transcript of Pipelines - M. Amerini