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Transcript of Pip Stc01015
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IFC Issued for Construction
Feb 26, 2014
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Ryckman Creek Resources Specification Adaptation A6RF-000-15-SP-001
NRU Restoration Project Date: 20 Feb 2014
Fluor Contract No. A6RF Page 2 of 13
Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
Record of Revisions
Rev. No. Date Description
0 20Feb2014 Issue for Construction
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Ryckman Creek Resources Specification Adaptation A6RF-000-15-SP-001
NRU Restoration Project Date: 20 Feb 2014
Fluor Contract No. A6RF Page 3 of 13
Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Purpose
This document serves as a cover sheet for Process Industry Practice (PIP) STC01015 Structural Design
Criteria with applicable additions, deletions, modifications, and clarifications listed with associated
addendum.
1.2. Scope
This document, along with PIP STC01015, provides general guidance and minimum requirements for
structural design. More specific and comprehensive criteria may need to be developed for specific project
needs.
2 ADDENDUM
The following requirements are defined as additions, deletions, and revisions to PIP STC01015
Section Description
Section 1.2 ScopeReplace:
PIP ARC01015, PIP ARC01016, PIP CVC01015, PIP CVC01017,and PIP CVC01018
With:
project specifications 000.220.ARC01015, 000.220.ARC01016, 000.210.CVC01015,
000.210.CVC01017,and 000.210.CVC01018
Section 2.1 Replace Process Industry Practices (PIP)
With Project Specifications & Process Industry Practices (PIP)Replace Process Industry Practices (PIP) with:
000.220.ARC01015 Architectural and Building Utilities Design Criteria
000.220.ARC01016 Building Data Sheets
000.210.CVC01015 Civil Design Criteria
000.210.CVC01017 Plant Site Data Sheet
000.210.CVC01018 Project Data Sheet
PIP PCCWE001 Weighing Systems Criteria
PIP PCEWE001 Weighing Systems Guidelines
PIP REIE686/API 686 Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation and
Installation Design
000.215.STC01018 Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria
000.215.STE05121 Anchor Bolt Design Guide 000.215.STE03360 Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design
Guide
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Ryckman Creek Resources Specification Adaptation A6RF-000-15-SP-001
NRU Restoration Project Date: 20 Feb 2014
Fluor Contract No. A6RF Page 4 of 13
Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
Section Description
A6RF-000-15-SP-012 Application of ACI 336.1-01, Specification for the
Construction of Drilled Piers
Section 2.2 Industry Codes and StandardsAdd: American Concrete Institute (ACI)
ACI 301 Specification for Structural Concrete
Add: American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
AISC 341 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, includingSupplement No. 1
AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
Delete: American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
AISC Steel Construction Manual Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
Replace: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
ASCE/SEI 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
with
ASCE/SEI 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
Add: ASTM International (ASTM) ASTM A53/A53M Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped,
Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless
ASTM A123/A123M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip) on Iron and
Steel Hardware
ASTM A153/A153M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip) on Iron and
Steel Hardware
ASTM A500/A500M Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and
Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes
ASTM A563 Rev A Standard Specification for Carbons and Alloy Steel Nuts
ASTM A572/A572M Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
Columbrium-Vanadium Structural Steel
ASTM A786/A786M Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled Carbon, Low-Alloy,
High-Strength Low-Alloy, and Alloy Steel Floor Plates ASTM A1011/A1011M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-
Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Allow, High-Strength Low-Alloy
with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
ASTM F436 Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers ASTM F1852 Standard Specification for Twist-Off Type Tension Control
Structural Bolt/Nut/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum
Tensile Strength
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Ryckman Creek Resources Specification Adaptation A6RF-000-15-SP-001
NRU Restoration Project Date: 20 Feb 2014
Fluor Contract No. A6RF Page 6 of 13
Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
Section Description
Section 4.1.1 4.1.1.6 Replace SeeASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 1.5.2 and Table 1-1 with SeeASCE/SEI
7-10Section 1.5.3 and Table 1.5-1
Section 4.1.3 Live Loads (L)4.1.3.3 Replace ASCE/SEI 7 with "IBCSection 1607
4.1.3.5 Replace ASCE/SEI 7 with IBCSection 1607.4
4.1.3.7
Replace ASCE/SEI 7 with IBCSection 1607.10
4.1.3.8 Replace ASCE/SEI 7 with IBCSection 1607.10
4.1.3.10 Replace in accordance with the building code with in accordance withIBC
Section 1607.8.
Section 4.1.4 Wind Loads (W)4.1.4.1 Replace ASCE/SEI 7 with IBCSection 1609
4.1.4.2 Replace PIP CVC01017 with project specification 000.210.CVC01017
4.1.4.2 Add the following:
Every buildings, structure, equipment, component, and cladding shall be
designed to resist wind effects according to IBC Section 1609, with the following
parameters.
a. Basic wind speed shall be 120 mph based on a 3-second gust at 33 feet above
ground
b. Exposure Category = C
c. Topographic Factor, Kztshall be equal to 1.0
d. Wind Directionality Factor Kdshall be determined byASCE 7Table 26.6-1
e. Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 for rigid structures
4.1.4.5 Replace second sentence with, The design wind speed for test and erection
periods shall be taken at 75% of the basic wind speed (0.75 x 120 mph = 90
mph).
Add the following paragraphs:
4.1.4.7 For the purpose of calculating wind gust factors, assume 1 percent critical
damping ratio for steel structures and 2 percent for concrete structures per ASCE 7
Section C26.9, paragraph Structural Damping.
4.1.4.8 No reduction shall be made for the shielding effect of vessels or structures
adjacent to the equipment being designed.
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Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
Section Description
4.1.4.9 In applying the wind pressure as a lateral force on the projected areas of a vessel,
the insulation thickness, if any, shall be added to the vessel diameter.
4.1.4.10 Wind loads shall be separately computed for all supported equipment, platforms,
ladders, and stairs except for vessels when projected area increase factors have
already account for them.
4.1.4.11
Slender vertical pressure vessels shall be checked for wind inducted vibration inaccordance withASME STS-1.
4.1.4.12 Wind forces on flexible wind sensitive structures shall be determined according to
ASCE 7. Gust effect factors for flexible wind sensitive structures shall be
determined by a rational analysis procedure that incorporates the dynamic
properties of the main wind force resisting system.
Section 4.1.5 Earthquake Loads (E)4.1.5.1 Replace ASCE/SEI 7 with IBC Section 1613.
4.1.5.2 Replace PIP CVC01017 with project specification 000.210.CVC01017
4.1.5.2 Add the following:
All buildings, structures and equipment shall be designed for earthquake forces
according to IBC Section 1613 and the following parameters.a. Site Class = D (ASCE 7Table 20.3-1)
b. 0.2 Sec Spectral Response Acceleration S s= 0.531g (IBCSection 1613.3.1)
c. 1.0 Sec Spectral Response Acceleration S1= 0.136g (IBCSection 1613.3.1)
d. Short-Period Site Coefficient, Fa= 1.38 (IBCSection 1613.3.1(1))
e. Long-Period Site Coefficient, Fv = 2.08 (IBCSection 1613.3.1(2))
f. Short Period Spectral Design Response Acceleration, SDS= 0.487g (IBC
Section 1613.3.4)
g. 1-Second Period Spectral Design Response Acceleration, SD1= 0.249g (IBC
Section 1613.3.4)
h. Seismic Design Category = D (IBCTables 1613.3.5(1) and 1613.3.5(2))
i. Long-Period Transition Period, TL = 6 seconds (ASCE/SEI 7Figure 22-12)
j. Seismic Importance Factors: I = 1.25, Ip= 1.50 for Risk Category III structures
4.1.5.3 Replace first sentence with:Earthquake loading for nonbuilding structures shall be determined usingIBCand
ASCE/SEI 7Chapter 15.
Section 4.1.6 Impact Loads4.1.6.1 Replace ASCE/SEI 7 with IBCSection 1607.9.
Section 4.1.10 Blast Loads4.1.10.3 Replace PIP STC01018 with project specification 000.215.STC01018
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NRU Restoration Project Date: 20 Feb 2014
Fluor Contract No. A6RF Page 9 of 13
Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
Section Description
Section 4.2.3 Test CombinationsAdd the following:
4.2.3.7 When there is more than one vessel to be tested in a structure they may be tested
concurrently or non-concurrently. Structural design shall be based on the worst
case. This requirement may be waived if testing more than one vessel causes a
severe structural penalty and if Project Management, Construction, and the Client
all agree. Such exceptions shall be documented in the test procedures for vessels,
on the structural drawings, and in a letter to the Client.Section 4.3.1 Steel(Add) Structural steel design, fabrication, and erection shall be according toIBCChapter
22 and the followingAISCmanuals and specifications, materials, and general
requirements.
4.3.1.1 (Add) Steel Design Specifications
a. AISC 360
b. Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
c. AISC 341
d. A6RF-000-15-00-006
e. A6RF-000-15-00-007
4.3.1.5 (Add) The minimum weld size shall be of an inch.
4.3.1.7 Delete the word plates from the paragraph.
Add the following paragraphs:
4.3.1.14 Materials
a. Structural Steel (W and WT): ASTM A992
b. Structural Steel (All other): ASTM A36
c. Plate (Including gusset and column base plates): ASTM A572, Grade 50
d. Structural Pipe: ASTM A53Type E or S, Grade B
e. Structural Tubing: ASTM A500, Grade B
f. All High Strength bolts shall be in accordance with the AISC Specification
for Structural Joints UsingASTM A325orA490Bolts. High Strength Bolts
shall be either Heavy Hex Head structural bolts or Tension Control (Twist-Off) Bolts. Tension Control Bolts are the preferred bolting system.
g. High Strength Tension Control (Twist-Off) Bolts:
ASTM F1852(A325 material)
ASTM F2280(A490 material)
h. Heavy Hex Head High Strength Bolts and Nuts:
Bolts ASTM A325, Type 1
Nuts ASTM A563, Grade DH
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NRU Restoration Project Date: 20 Feb 2014
Fluor Contract No. A6RF Page 10 of 13
Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
Section Description
i. Heavy Hex Head Common Bolts and Nuts:
Bolts ASTM A307, Grade A
Nuts ASTM A563, Grade A
j. Welding Electrodes: Low hydrogenAWS D1.1, with minimum yield strength
of 58 ksi and minimum tensile strength of 70 ksi
k. Steel Grating:ASTM A1011
l. Steel Floor Plate:ASTM A786
4.3.1.15 For connections subjected to fatigue, significant load reversal (other than seismic),
crane supports, and oversized holes, slip critical connections according toAISC
shall be used.
4.3.1.16 All welding design shall be in accordance withIBCChapter 22,AISC 360,AISC
341, and AWSD1.1, D1.2, D1.3, D1.4andD1.6.
4.3.1.17 Platforms and walkways shall be covered with 1-1/4 inch by 3/16 inch galvanized
serrated grating unless otherwise noted. The weight of removable flooring
sections shall not exceed 150 pounds.
4.3.1.18 Where checkered plate is required, use inch thick, field seal welded to
supporting steel.
4.3.1.19 Guardrails shall conform toIBC, and OSHA.
4.3.1.20 Unless otherwise noted, all steel embedded items and grating shall be hot-dipped
galvanized perASTM A132orA153as applicable.
4.3.1.21 Metal deck for roof, floors, and siding shall be selected and approved by the Lead
Structural Engineer.
4.3.1.22 Structural design and detailing for the support of overhead cranes shall be in
accordance with CMAA Specification #70 and #74.
Section 4.3.3 Masonry(Add) IBC 2012 Chapter 21.
Section 4.3.2 Concrete(Add) Concrete design and construction shall be according toIBCChapter 19 and the
following codes andACIspecifications, materials, and general requirements.
4.3.2.1 (Add) Concrete design shall also be in accordance withACI 301and project
specificationA6RF-000-15-SP-00-003.
(Add) 4.3.2.7 Materials
The minimum design compressive strength, f c, shall be as follows:
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NRU Restoration Project Date: 20 Feb 2014
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Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
Section Description
a. Aboveground and Underground Structures: 4000 psi
Foundations: 4000 psi
b. Liquid Retaining Structures: 5000 psi
c. Fireproofing: 3000 psi
d. Paving and Sidewalks: 3000 psi
e. Electrical Duct Banks: 2000 psi
f. Manholes, Catch Basins, Ditch Lining, End walls, Curbs: 3000 psi
Section 4.3.4 Elevator SupportsAdd after ASME A17.1, andIBCChapter 30.
Section 4.3.6 Allowable Drift Limits
(Add) 4.3.6.8 The maximum amplified inelastic seismic drift for pipe racks, M, shall
not exceed 0.025H (where H = overall total pipe rack height)
Section 4.3.7 Foundations4.3.7.1 (Add) General foundation requirements are defined inA6RF-000-15-SP-00-003.
Foundations shall be designed to conform to Chapter 18 of theIBC.
4.3.7.2 Replace ASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 2 with IBCSection 1605. Replace
ASCE/SEI 7 with IBC.
4.3.7.3 Replace ASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 2 with IBCSection 1605. Replace
ASCE/SEI 7 with IBC.
4.3.7.4 Replace ASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 1.5 and Table 1-1 with IBCSection 1604.5
and Table 1604.5.
4.3.7.5 Replace ASCE/SEI7-05, Section 12.8.5 with IBCSection 1808.3.1. Replace
ASCE/SEI7-05, Section 12.13.4 with ASCE/SEI7-10, Section 12.13.4.
Add the following paragraphs:
4.3.7.12Foundations shall be sized in increments of 2 inches or efficient utilization of
adjustable formwork.
4.3.7.13Galvanized steel slide plate shall be provided at all sliding surfaces except where
equipment saddles bear directly against structural steel supporting members.
4.3.7.14Teflon Slide Plates shall be specified at all horizontal exchangers and vessels where
the equipment weight on the sliding support exceeds 25 kips. Stainless steel slide
plate shall be specified for corrosive service and where temperatures at the support
exceed 500 degrees Fahrenheit or the temperature limits specified by the Teflon
slide plate supplier.
Section 4.3.8 Supports for Vibrating Machinery4.3.8.4 Add before centrifugal machinery the words grade mounted.
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NRU Restoration Project Date: 20 Feb 2014
Fluor Contract No. A6RF Page 12 of 13
Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
Section Description
Section 4.3.8 4.3.8.5 Add before reciprocating machinery the words grade mounted.
(Add) Foundations for reciprocating compressors greater than 200 brake
horsepower (150 kilowatts) shall be designed for the expected dynamic forces
using dynamic analysis procedures.
Add the following paragraphs:
4.3.8.9
All table-top mounted machinery shall be designed for the expected dynamicforces using dynamic analysis procedures.
4.3.8.10 Dynamic soil and pile properties used in the foundation vibration analysis shall be
in accordance with the Geotechnical Report.
Section 4.3.9 Anchor Bolts4.3.9.3 Replace PIP STE05121 with project specificationA6RF-000-15-SP-008
Section 4.3.10 Wood(Replace) Wood design shall be in accordance with Chapter 23 of theIBC.
Section 4.3.12 Design of Driven Piles4.3.12.1 Replace PIP STS02360 with project specification 000.215.STS02360
Section 4.3.14
(Add)Deflection and Camber Criteria4.3.14.1 Deflection limitations for structures shall conform toIBCSection 1604.3 and
1613, and as specified herein.
4.3.14.2 Total vertical deflection of each individual beam shall not exceed l/240 of the
span.
4.3.14.3 For beams supporting closely interconnected equipment, total deflection shall not
exceed l/360 of the span.
4.3.14.4 Maximum live load deflection of grating and floor plate shall not exceed 1/4 inch.
4.3.14.5 Camber requirements to ensure proper roof drainage and to control deflection of
large span trussed and girders shall conform toIBCSection 1611.3 andAISC 360
Chapter L2.
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Revision 0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
A6RF-000-15-SP-001_Rev0.doc Structural Engineering
Section Description
Section 4.3.15
(Add)Clearances4.3.15.1 Minimum headroom over platforms, walkways and stairways shall be 7-6 to the
lowest point of any overhead obstruction
4.3.15.2 In providing for minimum clearances, allowances shall be made for fireproofing,
piping, heating and ventilating ducts, insulation and structural member size,
wherever applicable.
4.3.15.3 Minimum unobstructed width of walkways shall be 3-0 clear.
4.3.15.4 Stairs and ladders shall be in accordance with OSHA, andIBCcode requirements.
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TECHNICAL CORRECTIONSeptember 2007
Process Industry Practices
Structural
PIP STC01015Structural Design Criteria
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PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
This Practice is subject to revision at any time.
Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The
University of Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin,
Texas 78759. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice
for their internal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written
authorization of PIP.
PRINTING HISTORY
December 1998 Issued August 2004 Complete Revision
February 2002 Technical Revision February 2006 Technical Correction
April 2002 Editorial Revision September 2007 Technical Correction
Not printed with State funds
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TECHNICAL CORRECTIONSeptember 2007
Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 30
Process Industry Practices
Structural
PIP STC01015
Structural Design Criteria
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.................................21.1 Purpose............................................ 21.2 Scope...............................................2
2. References ..................................22.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 22.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........2
2.3 Government Regulations .................43. Definit ions ...................................5
4. Requirements..............................54.1 Design Loads ...................................54.2 Load Combinations ........................144.3 Structural Design ...........................234.4 Existing Structures .........................30
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PIP STC01015 TECHNICAL CORRECTIONStructural Design Criteria September 2007
Page 2 of 30 Process Industry Practices
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides structural engineering design criteria for the processindustries.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes the minimum requirements for the structural design of
process industry facilities at onshore U.S. sites. This Practice is intended to be used in
conjunction with PIP ARC01015, PIP ARC01016,PIP CVC01015, PIP CVC01017,
and PIP CVC01018,as applicable.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall
be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract
award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles will be used herein whereappropriate.
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)
PIP ARC01015 -Architectural and Building Utilities Design Criteria
PIP ARC01016 -Building Data Sheets
PIP CVC01015 - Civil Design Criteria
PIP CVC01017 - Plant Site Data Sheet
PIP CVC01018 - Project Data Sheet
PIP PCCWE001 -Weighing Systems Criteria
PIP PCEWE001 -Weighing Systems Guidelines
PIP REIE686/API 686 -Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation
and Installation Design
PIP STC01018 -Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria
PIP STE05121 -Anchor Bolt Design Guide
PIP STE03360 -Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation DesignGuide
PIP STS02360 -Driven Piles Specification
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
ACI 318/318R -Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary
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TECHNICAL CORRECTION PIP STC01015September 2007 Structural Design Criteria
Process Industry Practices Page 3 of 30
ACI 350/350R Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete
Structures and Commentary
ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 -Building Code Requirements for Masonry
Structures
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
AISC Steel Construction Manual - Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load
and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
AISI SG 673, Part I - Specification for the Design for Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members
AISI SG 673, Part II - Commentary on the Specification for the Design for
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
AISI SG 913, Part I -Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification forCold-Formed Steel Structural Members
AISI SG 913, Part II - Commentary on the Load and Resistance Factor Design
Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
American Petroleum Institute (API)
API Standard 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
ASCE/SEI 7-05 -Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
SEI/ASCE 37-02 -Design Loads on Structures During Construction
ASCE Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical
Facilities
ASCE Guidelines for Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical
Facilities
ASCE Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
ASME A17.1 - Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators
ASTM International (ASTM)
ASTM A36/A36M - Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A82/A82M - Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete
Reinforcement
ASTM A185/A185M - Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire
Reinforcement, Plain, for Concrete
ASTM A193/A193M - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless
Steel Bolting Materials for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and
Other Special Purpose Applications
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PIP STC01015 TECHNICAL CORRECTIONStructural Design Criteria September 2007
Page 4 of 30 Process Industry Practices
ASTM A307 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs,
60 000 PSI Tensile Strength
ASTM A325 - Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated,
120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
ASTM A354 - Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy SteelBolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
ASTM A490 - Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat
Treated,150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
ASTM A615/A615M - Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain
Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A706/A706M - Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed
and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A992/A992M - Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes
ASTM F1554 - Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and
105-ksi Yield Strength
American Welding Society (AWS)
AWS D1.1/D1.1M - Structural Welding Code - Steel
American Forest and Paper Association
National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS)
NDS Supplement - Design Values for Wood Construction
Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA)
CMAA No. 70 - Specifications for Top Running Bridge and Gantry Type
Multiple Girder Overhead Electric Traveling Cranes
CMAA No. 74 - Specifications for Top Running and Under Running SingleGirder Overhead Electric Traveling Cranes Utilizing Under Running Trolley
Hoist
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
PCI MNL 120 - Design Handbook - Precast and Prestressed Concrete
Steel Joist Institute (SJI)
SJI Standard Specifications, Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists
and Joist Girders
2.3 Government Regulations
Federal Standards and Instructions of the Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA), including any additional requirements by state or local
agencies that have jurisdiction in the state where the project is to be constructed, shall
apply.
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA)
OSHA 29 CFR 1910 -Occupational Safety and Health Standards
OSHA 29 CFR 1926 - Safety and Health Regulations for Construction
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3. Definitions
engineer of record:Purchasers authorized representative with overall authority and
responsibility for the engineering design, quality, and performance of the civil works,
structure, foundations, materials, and appurtenances described in the contract documents.
The engineer of record shall be licensed as defined by the laws of the locality in which the
work is to be constructed, and be qualified to practice in the specialty discipline required for
the work described in the contract documents.
owner:The party who has authority through ownership, lease, or other legal agreement over
the structures to be designed
4. Requirements
4.1 Design Loads
4.1.1 General
4.1.1.1 New facilities, buildings, and other structures, including floor slabs
and foundations, shall be designed to resist the minimum loads
defined inASCE/SEI 7, local building codes, this section and the
loads defined in PIP CVC01017and CVC01018.
4.1.1.2 In addition to the loads in this section, other loads shall be
considered as appropriate. These loads shall include, but are not
limited to, snow, ice, rain, hydrostatic, dynamic, upset conditions,
earth pressure, vehicles, buoyancy, and erection.
4.1.1.3 Future loads shall be considered if specified by the owner.
4.1.1.4 For existing facilities, actual loads may be used in lieu of the
minimum specified loads.
4.1.1.5 Eccentric loads (piping, platforms, etc.), particularly on horizontal
and vertical vessels and exchangers, shall be considered. For
additional information regarding eccentric loads on horizontal
vessels and exchangers, see PIP STE03360.
4.1.1.6 The owner shall be consulted to determine the classification of
Occupancy Categories for buildings and other structures for the
purpose of applying wind, earthquake, snow, and ice load provisions
in accordance with Section 1.5 of ASCE/SEI 7-05.
Comment: For process industry facilities,ASCE/SEI 7
Category III is the most likely classification becauseof the presence of toxic or explosive substances.
Category II may be used if the owner can
demonstrate that release of the toxic or explosive
substances does not pose a threat to the public. See
ASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 1.5.2 and Table 1-1, for
specific details. In some cases, it may be appropriate
to select Category IV.
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4.1.2 Dead Loads (D)
4.1.2.1 Dead loads are the actual weight of materials forming the building,
structure, foundation, and all permanently attached appurtenances.
4.1.2.2 Weights of fixed process equipment and machinery, piping, valves,
electrical cable trays, and the contents of these items shall be
considered as dead loads.
4.1.2.3 For this Practice, dead loads are designated by the followingnomenclature:
Ds, Df, De, Do, and Dt, where
Ds= Structure dead load is the weight of materials forming the
structure (not the empty weight of process equipment,
vessels, tanks, piping, nor cable trays), foundation, soil
above the foundation resisting uplift, and all permanently
attached appurtenances (e.g., lighting, instrumentation,
HVAC, sprinkler and deluge systems, fireproofing, andinsulation, etc.).
Df= Erection dead load is the fabricated weight of process
equipment or vessels (as further defined in Section 4.1.2.4).
De= Empty dead load is the empty weight of process equipment,
vessels, tanks, piping, and cable trays (as further defined in
Sections 4.1.2.4 through 4.1.2.6).
Do= Operating dead load is the empty weight of process
equipment, vessels, tanks, piping, and cable trays plus the
maximum weight of contents (fluid load) during normal
operation (as further defined in Sections 4.1.2.4
through 4.1.2.7).
Dt= Test dead load is the empty weight of process equipment,
vessels, tanks, and/or piping plus the weight of the test
medium contained in the system (as further defined in
Section 4.1.2.4).
4.1.2.4 Process Equipment and Vessel Dead Loads
1. Erection dead load (Df) for process equipment and vessels is
normally the fabricated weight of the equipment or vessel and is
generally taken from the certified equipment or vessel drawing.
2. Empty dead load (De) for process equipment and vessels is the
empty weight of the equipment or vessels, including allattachments, trays, internals, insulation, fireproofing, agitators,
piping, ladders, platforms, etc. Empty dead load also includes
weight of machinery (e.g., pumps, compressors, turbines, and
packaged units).
3. Operating dead load (Do) for process equipment and vessels is
the empty dead load plus the maximum weight of contents
(including packing/catalyst) during normal operation.
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4. Test dead load (Dt) for process equipment and vessels is the
empty dead load plus the weight of test medium contained in
the system. The test medium shall be as specified in the contract
documents or as specified by the owner. Unless otherwise
specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0 shall be used for
the test medium. Equipment and pipes that may be
simultaneously tested shall be included. Cleaning load shall be
used for test dead load if the cleaning fluid is heavier than the
test medium.
4.1.2.5 Pipe Rack Piping Loads
1. Dead loads for piping on pipe racks shall be estimated as
follows, unless actual load information is available and requires
otherwise:
a. Operating dead load (Do): A uniformly distributed load of40 psf (1.9 kPa) for piping, product, and insulation
Comment: This is equivalent to 8-inch (203-mm)diameter, Schedule 40 pipes, full of water, at
15-inch (381-mm) spacing.
b. Empty dead load (De): For checking uplift and components
controlled by minimum loading, 60% of the estimated
piping operating loads shall be used if combined with wind
or earthquake unless the actual conditions require a
different percentage.
c. Test dead load (Dt) is the empty weight of the pipe plus the
weight of test medium contained in a set of simultaneouslytested piping systems. The test medium shall be as specified
in the contract documents or as specified by the owner.Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of
1.0 shall be used for the test medium.
2. For any pipe larger than 12-inch (304-mm) nominal diameter,
a concentrated load, including the weight of piping, product,
valves, fittings, and insulation shall be used in lieu of the 40 psf
(1.9 kPa). This load shall be uniformly distributed over the
pipes associated area.
3. Pipe racks and their foundations shall be designed to support
loads associated with full utilization of the available rack space
and any specified future expansion.
4.1.2.6 Pipe Rack Cable Tray Loads
Dead loads for cable trays on pipe racks shall be estimated as
follows, unless actual load information is available and requires
otherwise:
a. Operating dead load (Do): A uniformly distributed dead load of
20 psf (1.0 kPa) for a single level of cable trays and 40 psf
(1.9 kPa) for a double level of cable trays.
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TABLE 1. MINIMUM LIVE LOADS
Uniform** Concentrated**
Stairs and Exitways 100 psf (4.8 kN/m2) 1,000 lb (4.5 kN)
Operating, AccessPlatforms, andWalkways
75 psf(3.6 kN/m
2)
1,000 lb (4.5 kN)
Control, I/O,HVAC Room Floors
100 psf (4.8 kN/m2) 1,000 lb (4.5 kN)
Manufacturing Floorsand Storage Areas:
Light125 psf(6.0 kN/m
2)
2,000 lb(9.0 kN)
Heavy 250 psf(12.0 kN/m
2)*
3,000 lb(13.5 kN)
Ground-SupportedStorage Tank Roof
25 psf(1.2 kN/m
2)
NA
*This 250 psf (12.0 kN/m2) live load includes small equipment.
**The loads provided in this table are to be used unless noted otherwiseon the owners data sheet.
4.1.3.4 Uniform and concentrated live loads listed in Table 1 shall not be
applied simultaneously.
4.1.3.5 According toASCE/SEI 7, concentrated loads equal to or greater
than 1,000 lb (4.5 kN) may be assumed to be uniformly distributed
over an area of 2.5 ft (750 mm) by 2.5 ft (750 mm) and shall belocated to produce the maximum load effects in the structural
members.
4.1.3.6 Stair treads shall be designed according to OSHA regulations or
building code as applicable.
4.1.3.7 Live load reductions shall be in accordance withASCE/SEI 7.
4.1.3.8 For manufacturing floor areas not used for storage, the live loadreduction specified byASCE/SEI 7for lower live loads may be used.
4.1.3.9 The loadings on handrails and guardrails for process equipment
structures shall be in accordance with OSHA 1910.
4.1.3.10 The loadings on handrails and guardrails for buildings and structures
under the jurisdiction of a building code shall be in accordance with
the building code.
4.1.4 Wind Loads (W)
4.1.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, wind loads shall be computed and
applied in accordance withASCE/SEI 7and the recommended
guidelines for open frame structures, pressure vessels, and pipe racks
inASCE Guidelines for Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for
Petrochemical Facilities.
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4.1.4.2 Site specific design parameters shall be in accordance with
PIP CVC01017.
4.1.4.3 The full design wind load shall be used when calculating wind drift
(see Section 4.3.6).
4.1.4.4 A solid width of 1.5 ft (450 mm) shall be assumed when calculating
the wind load on ladder cages.
4.1.4.5 Partial wind load (WP) shall be based on the requirements of
SEI/ASCE 37-02, Section 6.2.1, for the specified test or erection
duration. The design wind speed shall be 68 mph (109 kph) (which is
0.75 x 90 mph [145 kph] according to SEI/ASCE 37for test or
erection periods of less than 6 weeks).
4.1.4.6 For test or erection periods of 6 weeks or more or if the test or
erection is in a hurricane-prone area and is planned during the peak
hurricane season (from August 1 to October 31 in the U.S.A), see
SEI/ASCE 37-02, Section 6.2.1.
4.1.5 Earthquake Loads (E)
4.1.5.1 Except forAPI Standard 650ground-supported storage tanks,
earthquake loads shall be computed and applied in accordance with
ASCE/SEI 7, unless otherwise specified.
Comment: The earthquake loads inASCE/SEI 7are limit state
earthquake loads, and this should be taken into
account if using allowable stress design methods or
applying load factors from other codes. Earthquake
loads forAPI Standard 650storage tanks are
allowable stress design loads.
4.1.5.2 Site specific design parameters shall conform to PIP CVC01017.
4.1.5.3 ASCE Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of
Petrochemical Facilitiesmay also be used as a general reference for
earthquake design.
4.1.5.4 Earthquake loading shall be determined usingASCE/SEI 7-05,
Chapter 15, ifASCE/SEI 7is used for the earthquake design of
nonbuilding structures as defined inASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 15.1.1
and Tables 15.4-1 and 15.4-2.
Comment:Nonbuilding structures include but are not limited to
elevated tanks or vessels, stacks, pipe racks, and
cooling towers.
4.1.5.5 The importance factor Ifor nonbuilding structures shall be
determined fromASCE/SEI 7-05,Section 15.4.1.1.
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Comment: In general, for nonbuilding structures in
petrochemical process units, use an importance
factor I of 1.25 in conjunction with Occupancy
Category III; however, in some cases, it may be
appropriate to use an importance factor I of 1.0 or
1.5 in conjunction with Occupancy Category II or IV
respectively.
4.1.5.6 For the load combinations in Section 4.2, the following designations
are used:
Eo= Earthquake load considering the unfactored operating dead
load and the applicable portion of the unfactored structure
dead load
Ee= Earthquake load considering the unfactored empty dead load
and the applicable portion of the unfactored structure dead
load
4.1.6 Impact Loads
4.1.6.1 Impact loads shall be in accordance withASCE/SEI 7.
4.1.6.2 Impact loads for davits shall be the same as those for monorail
cranes (powered).
4.1.6.3 Lifting lugs or pad eyes and internal members (included both end
connections) framing into the joint where the lifting lug or pad eye is
located shall be designed for 100% impact.
4.1.6.4 All other structural members transmitting lifting forces shall be
designed for 15% impact.
4.1.6.5 Allowable stresses shall not be increased when combining impact
with dead load.
4.1.7 Thermal Loads
4.1.7.1 For this Practice, thermal loads are designated by the following
nomenclature:
Tp, T, Af, and Ff, where
Tp= Forces on vertical vessels, horizontal vessels, or heat
exchangers caused by the thermal expansion of the pipe
attached to the vessel
T = Self-straining thermal forces caused by the restrained
expansion of horizontal vessels, heat exchangers, andstructural members in pipe racks or in structures
Af= Pipe anchor and guide forces
Ff= Pipe rack friction forces caused by the sliding of pipes or
friction forces caused by the sliding of horizontal vessels or
heat exchangers on their supports, in response to thermal
expansion
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4.1.7.2 All support structures and elements thereof shall be designed to
accommodate the loads or effects produced by thermal expansion
and contraction of equipment and piping.
4.1.7.3 Thermal loads shall be included with operating loads in the
appropriate load combinations. Thermal load shall have the sameload factor as dead load.
4.1.7.4 Thermal loads and displacements shall be calculated on the basis of
the difference between ambient or equipment design temperature and
installed temperature. To account for the significant increase in
temperatures of steel exposed to sunlight, 35oF (20oC) shall be added
to the maximum ambient temperature.
4.1.7.5 Friction loads caused by thermal expansion shall be determined
using the appropriate static coefficient of friction. Coefficients of
friction shall be in accordance with Table 2:
TABLE 2. COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION
Steel to Steel 0.4
Steel to Concrete 0.6
Proprietary Sliding Surfaces orCoatings (e.g., Teflon)
According to ManufacturersInstructions
4.1.7.6 Friction loads shall be considered temporary and shall not be
combined with wind or earthquake loads. However, anchor and
guide loads (excluding their friction component) shall be combined
with wind or earthquake loads.
4.1.7.7 For pipe racks supporting multiple pipes, 10% of the total pipingweight shall be used as an estimated horizontal friction load applied
only to local supporting beams. However, an estimated friction loadequal to 5% of the total piping weight shall be accumulated and
carried into pipe rack struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and
foundations.
Comment:Under normal loading conditions with multiple
pipes, torsional effects on the local beam need not be
considered because the pipes supported by the beam
limit the rotation of the beam to the extent that the
torsional stresses are minimal. Under certain
circumstances, engineering judgement shall be
applied to determine whether a higher friction loadand/or torsional effects should be used.
4.1.7.8 Pipe anchor and guide loads shall have the same load factor as dead
loads.
4.1.7.9 Internal pressure and surge shall be considered for pipe anchor and
guide loads.
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4.1.7.10 Beams, struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and foundations shall
be designed to resist actual pipe anchor and guide loads.
4.1.7.11 For local beam design, only the top flange shall be considered
effective for horizontal bending unless the pipe anchor engages both
flanges of the beam.
4.1.8 Bundle Pull Load (Bp)
4.1.8.1 Structures and foundations supporting heat exchangers subject to
bundle pulling shall be designed for a horizontal load equal to
1.0 times the weight of the removable tube bundle but not less than
2,000 lb (9.0 kN). If the total weight of the exchanger is less than
2,000 lb (9.0 kN), the bundle pull design load need not exceed the
total weight of the exchanger.
4.1.8.2 Bundle pull load shall be applied at the center of the bundle.
Comment:If it can be assured that the bundles will be removed
strictly by the use of a bundle extractor attachingdirectly to the exchanger (such that the bundle pull
force is not transferred to the structure or
foundation), the structure or foundation need not be
designed for the bundle pull force. Such assurance
would typically require the addition of a sign posted
on the exchanger to indicate bundle removal by an
extractor only.
4.1.8.3 The portion of the bundle pull load at the sliding end support shall
equal the friction force or half the total bundle pull load, whichever
is less. The remainder of the bundle pull load shall be resisted at the
anchor end support.
4.1.9 Traffic Loads
4.1.9.1 Buildings, trenches, and underground installations accessible to truck
loading shall be designed to withstand HS20 load as defined by
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.
4.1.9.2 Maintenance or construction crane loads shall also be considered
where applicable.
4.1.9.3 Truck or crane loads shall have the same load factor as live load.
4.1.10 Blast Load
4.1.10.1 Blast load is the load on a structure caused by overpressure
resulting from the ignition and explosion of flammable material orby overpressure resulting from a vessel burst.
4.1.10.2 Control houses or other buildings housing personnel and control
equipment near processing plants may need to be designed for blast
resistance.
4.1.10.3 Blast load shall be computed and applied in accordance with
PIP STC01018and theASCE Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in
Petrochemical Facilities.
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4.1.11 Pressure Loads (Ground-Supported Tanks Only)
For this Practice, pressure loads for ground-supported tanks are designated
by the following nomenclature:
Pi, Pe, and Pt, where
Pi= design internal pressure
Pe= external pressure
Pt= test internal pressure
4.1.12 Snow Loads (S)
4.1.12.1 Unless otherwise specified, snow loads shall be computed and
applied in accordance withASCE/SEI 7.
4.1.12.2 Site specific design parameters shall be in accordance with
PIP CVC01017.
4.2 Load Combinations
4.2.1 General
Buildings, structures, equipment, vessels, tanks, and foundations shall be
designed for the following:
a. Appropriate load combinations fromASCE/SEI 7except as otherwisespecified in this Practice
b. Local building codes
c. Any other applicable design codes and standards
d. Any other probable and realistic combination of loads
4.2.2 Typical Load Combinations (for Structures and Foundations)
4.2.2.1 General
Load combinations are provided in Sections 4.2.2.2 through 4.2.2.6
for specific types of structures in both allowable stress design (ASD)
and strength design format.
a. Allowable Stress Design
1. The noncomprehensive list of typical load combinations for
each type of structure provided in Sections 4.2.2.2
through 4.2.2.6 shall be considered and used as applicable.
Comment: The dead load factor used for the earthquake
uplift ASD load combinations is generally taken
as 0.9. This factor is greater than the 0.6 dead
load factor used in the ASD load combinations
ofASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 2, because the dead
loads of nonbuilding structures are known to a
higher degree of accuracy than are the
corresponding dead loads of buildings. A dead
load factor of 0.9 instead of 1.0 is used to
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account for the effect of vertical seismic forces.
The use of this reduction is necessary because
foundations sized using ASD loads, except for
foundations for ground-supported storage tanks,
are generally not required to consider the effect
of vertical seismic uplift forces if a dead load
factor of 0.6 is used. A dead load factor of 1.0 is
used for the wind uplift ASD load combinations
because of the higher accuracy of dead loads of
nonbuilding structures
2. Engineering judgment shall be used in establishing all
appropriate load combinations.
3. The use of a one-third stress increase for load combinations
including wind or earthquake loads shall not be allowed for
designs usingAISC ASD.
b. Strength Design1. The noncomprehensive list of typical factored load
combinations for each type of structure provided in
Sections 4.2.2.2 through 4.2.2.6 shall be considered and
used as applicable.
2. Engineering judgment shall be used in establishing all
appropriate load combinations.
3. The following load combinations are appropriate for use
with the strength design provisions of eitherAISC LRFD
(third edition or later) orACI 318(2002 edition or later).
4.2.2.2 General Plant Structures
Load combinations for buildings and open frame structures shall be
in accordance withASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 2.
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4.2.2.3 Vertical Vessels
TABLE 3. LOADING COMBINATIONS - ALLOWABLE STRESSDESIGN (SERVICE LOADS)
Load
Comb.No. Load Combination
Al lowab le
StressMultiplier Description
1 Ds+ Do+ L 1.00 Operating Weight +Live Load
2 Ds+ Do+(W or 0.7 Eo
a)
1.00 Operating Weight +Wind or Earthquake
3 Ds+ De+ W 1.00 Empty Weight +Wind
(Wind Uplift Case)
4a 0.9 (Ds+ Do) + 0.7 Eoa 1.00 Operating Weight +
Earthquake(Earthquake Uplift
Case)
4b 0.9 (Ds+ De) + 0.7 Eea 1.00 Empty Weight +
Earthquake(Earthquake Uplift
Case)
5 Ds+ Df+ Wp 1.00 Erection Weight +Partial Wind
b
(Wind Uplift Case)
6 Ds+ Dt+ Wp 1.20 Test Weight +Partial Wind
Notes:
a. For skirt-supported vertical vessels and skirt-supported elevatedtanks classified as Occupancy Category IV in accordance with
ASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 1.5 and Table 1-1, the critical earthquakeprovisions and implied load combination ofASCE/SEI 7-05,Section 15.7.10.5, shall be followed.
b. Erection weight + partial wind is required only if the erection weight ofthe vessel is significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel.
c. Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be includedin the calculations for operating load combinations, if deemedadvisable. The pipe stress engineer shall be consulted for anythermal loads that are to be considered.
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TABLE 4. LOADING COMBINATIONS AND LOAD FACTORS STRENGTH DESIGN
LoadComb.
No. Load Combination Description
1 1.4 (Ds+ Do) Operating Weight
2 1.2 (Ds+ Do) + 1.6 L Operating Weight + Live Load
3 1.2 (Ds+ Do) +(1.6 W or 1.0 Eo
a)
Operating Weight + Wind orEarthquake
4 0.9 (Ds+ De) + 1.6 W Empty Weight + Wind(Wind Uplift Case)
5a 0.9 (Ds+ Do) + 1.0 Eoa Operating Weight + Earthquake
(Earthquake Uplift Case)
5b 0.9 (Ds+ De) + 1.0 Eea Empty Weight + Earthquake
(Earthquake Uplift Case)
6 0.9 (Ds+ Df) + 1.6 Wp Erection Weight + Partial Windb
(Wind Uplift Case)
7 1.4 (Ds+ Dt) Test Weight
8 1.2 (Ds+ Dt) + 1.6 Wp Test Weight + Partial Wind
Notes:
a. For skirt-supported vertical vessels and skirt-supported elevated tanksclassified as Occupancy Category IV in accordance withASCE/SEI7-05, Section 1.5 and Table 1-1, the critical earthquake provisions andimplied load combination ofASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 15.7.10.5, shallbe followed.
b. Erection weight + partial wind is required only if the erection weight ofthe vessel is significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel.
c. Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be includedin the calculations for operating load combinations, if deemedadvisable. The pipe stress engineer shall be consulted for any thermalloads that are to be considered. The same load factor as used for deadload shall be used.
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4.2.2.4 Horizontal Vessels and Heat Exchangers
TABLE 5. LOADING COMBINATIONS - ALLOWABLE STRESSDESIGN (SERVICE LOADS)
Load
Comb.No.
Load Combination
Al lowab le
StressMultiplier Description
1 Ds+ Do+(T or Ff)
b1.00 Operating Weight +
Thermal Expansion orFriction Force
2 Ds+ Do+ L +(T or Ff)
b
1.00 Operating Weight +Live Load +
Thermal Expansion orFriction Force
3 Ds+ Do+(W or 0.7 Eo)
1.00 Operating Weight +Wind or Earthquake
4 Ds+ De+ W 1.00 Empty Weight + Wind
(Wind Uplift Case)
5a 0.9 (Ds+ Do) +0.7 Eo
1.00 Operating Weight +Earthquake
(Earthquake Uplift Case)
5b 0.9 (Ds+ De) +0.7 Ee
1.00 Empty Weight +Earthquake
(Earthquake Uplift Case)
6 Ds+ Df+ Wp 1.00 Erection Weight +Partial Wind
c
(Wind Uplift Case)
7 Ds+ Dt+ Wp 1.20 Test Weight +Partial Wind
(For Horizontal VesselsOnly)
8 Ds+ Ded+ Bp 1.00 Empty Weight +
Bundle Pull(For Heat Exchangers
Only)
Notes:
a. Wind and earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse andlongitudinal directions, but shall not necessarily be appliedsimultaneously.
b. The design thermal force for horizontal vessels and heat exchangersshall be the lesser of T or F f.
c. Erection weight + partial wind is required only if the erection weight ofthe vessel or exchanger is significantly less than the empty weight ofthe vessel or exchanger.
d. Heat exchanger empty dead load will be reduced during bundle pullbecause of the removal of the exchanger head.
e. Sustained thermal loads not relieved by sliding caused by vessel orexchanger expansion shall be considered in operating loadcombinations with wind or earthquake.
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f. Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in thecalculations for operating load combinations if deemed advisable. The pipestress engineer shall be consulted for any thermal loads that are to beconsidered.
TABLE 6. LOADING COMBINATIONS AND LOAD FACTORS STRENGTH DESIGN
LoadComb.
No. Load Combination Description
1 1.4 (Ds+ Do) + 1.4 (T or Ff)b Operating Weight +
Thermal Expansion or Friction Force
2 1.2 (Ds+ Do) + 1.6 L +1.2 (T or Ff)
b
Operating Weight + Live Load +Thermal Expansion or Friction Force
3 1.2 (Ds+ Do) +
(1.6 W or 1.0 Eo)
Operating Weight +
Wind or Earthquake
4 0.9 (Ds+ De) + 1.6 W Empty Weight + Wind(Wind Uplift Case)
5a 0.9 (Ds+ Do) + 1.0 Eo Operating Weight + Earthquake(Earthquake Uplift Case)
5b 0.9 (Ds+ De) + 1.0 Ee Empty Weight + Earthquake(Earthquake Uplift Case)
6 0.9 (Ds+ Df) + 1.6 Wp Erection Weight + Partial Windc
(Wind Uplift Case)
7 1.4 (Ds+ Dt) Test Weight(For Horizontal Vessels Only)
8 1.2 (Ds+ Dt) + 1.6 Wp Test Weight + Partial Wind(For Horizontal Vessels Only)
9 1.2 (Ds+ Ded) + 1.6 Bp Empty Weight + Bundle Pull
(For Heat Exchangers Only)
10 0.9 (Ds+ Ded) + 1.6 Bp Empty Weight + Bundle Pull
(For Heat Exchangers Only)(Bundle Pull Uplift Case)
Notes:
a. Wind and earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal
directions, but shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously.
b. The design thermal force for horizontal vessels and heat exchangers shall bethe lesser of T or Ff.
c. Erection weight + partial wind is required only if the erection weight of the vesselor exchanger is significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel orexchanger.
d. Heat exchanger empty dead load will be reduced during bundle pull because ofthe removal of the exchanger head.
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e. Sustained thermal loads not relieved by sliding from vessel orexchanger expansion shall be considered in operating loadcombinations with wind or earthquake.
f. Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be includedin the calculations for operating load combinations, if deemed
advisable. The pipe stress engineer shall be consulted for anythermal loads that are to be considered. The same load factor asused for dead load shall be used.
4.2.2.5 Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Design
TABLE 7. LOADING COMBINATIONS - ALLOWABLE STRESSDESIGN (SERVICE LOADS)
LoadComb.
No. Load Combination
Al lowableStress
Multiplier Description
1 Ds+ Do+ Ff+ T + Af 1.00 Operating Weight +
Friction Force +Thermal Expansion +
Anchor Force
2 Ds+ Do+ Af+(W or 0.7 Eo)
1.00 Operating Weight +Anchor + Wind or
Earthquake
3 Ds+ Dec+ W 1.00 Empty Weight + Wind
(Wind Uplift Case)
4a 0.9 (Ds) + 0.6 (Do) +Af+ 0.7 Eo
d1.00 Operating Weight +
Earthquake(Earthquake Uplift
Case)
4b 0.9 (Ds+ Dec) +
0.7 Ee
1.00 Empty Weight +Earthquake
(Earthquake UpliftCase)
5 Ds+ Dt+ Wp 1.20 Test Weight +Partial Wind
e
Notes:
a. Considerations of wind forces are normally not necessary in thelongitudinal direction because friction and anchor loads will normallygovern.
b. Earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinaldirections, but shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously.
c. 0.6Do is used as a close approximation of the empty pipe condition
De.
d. Full Ds+ Dovalue shall be used for the calculation of Eoin loadcombination 4a.
e. Test weight + partial wind normally is required only for local memberdesign because test is not typically performed on all pipessimultaneously.
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TABLE 8. LOADING COMBINATIONS ANDLOAD FACTORS STRENGTH DESIGN
LoadComb.
No. Load Combination Description1 1.4 (Ds+ Do+ Ff+ T
+ Af) Operating Weight +
Friction Force +Thermal Expansion +
Anchor
2 1.2 (Ds+ Do+ Af) +(1.6 W or 1.0 Eo)
Operating Weight +Anchor + Wind or
Earthquake
3 0.9 (Ds+ Dec) + 1.6 W Empty Weight + Wind
(Wind Uplift Case)
4a 0.9 (Ds+ Do) + 1.2 (Af) +
1.0 Eo
Operating Weight +Earthquake
(Earthquake Uplift Case)
4b 0.9 (Ds+ Dec) + 1.0 Ee Empty Weight + Earthquake(Earthquake Uplift Case)
5 1.4 (Ds+ Dt) Test Weight
6 1.2 (Ds+ Dt) + 1.6 Wp Test Weight + Partial Windd
Notes:
a. Considerations of wind forces are normally not necessary in thelongitudinal direction because friction and anchor loads will normallygovern.
b. Earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinaldirections, but shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously.
c. 0.6Do is used as a close approximation of the empty pipe condition De.
d. Test weight + partial wind normally is required only for local memberdesign because test is not typically performed on all pipessimultaneously.
4.2.2.6 Ground-Suppor ted Storage Tank Load Combinations
Load combinations for ground-supported storage tanks shall be taken
fromAPI Standard 650. Load combinations fromAPI Standard 650
and modified for use withASCE/SEI 7loads and PIPnomenclature
are shown in Table 9.
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TABLE 9. LOADING COMBINATIONS - ALLOWABLE STRESSDESIGN (SERVICE LOADS)
LoadComb.
No. Load Combination Description
1 Ds+ Do+ Pi Operating Weight +Internal Pressure
a
2 Ds+ Dt+ Pt Test Weight +Test Pressure
3 Ds+ (Deor Do) + W + 0.4 Pib Empty or Operating
Weight + Wind +Internal Pressure
a
4 Ds+ (Deor Do) + W + 0.4 Peb
Empty or OperatingWeight + Wind +External Pressure
5 Ds+ Do+ (L or S) + 0.4 Peb
Operating Weight +Live or Snow +
External Pressure
6 Ds+ (Deor Do) + 0.4 (L or S) + Pe Empty or OperatingWeight +
Live or Snow +External Pressure
7 Ds+ Do+ 0.1 S + Eoc+ 0.4 Pi
bOperating Weight +
Snow + Earthquake +Internal Pressure
a
(Earthquake UpliftCase)
8 Ds+ Do+ 0.1 S + Eoc
Operating Weight +Snow + Earthquake
Notes:a. For internal pressures sufficient to lift the tank shell according to the
rules ofAPI Standard 650, tank, anchor bolts, and foundation shall bedesigned to the additional requirements ofAPI Standard 650
Appendix F.7.
b. If the ratio of operating pressure to design pressure exceeds 0.4, theowner shall consider specifying a higher factor on design pressure inload combinations 3, 4, 5, and 7 of Table 9.
c. Earthquake loads forAPI Standard 650tanks taken fromASCE/SEI 7bridging equations or fromAPI Standard 650already include the0.7 ASD seismic load factor.
4.2.2.7 Load Combinations for Static Machinery, Skid and Modular
Equipment, Filters, and Other Equipment
Load combinations for static machinery, skid and modular
equipment, filters, etc., shall be similar to the load combinations for
vertical vessels.
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4.2.3 Test Combinations
4.2.3.1 Engineering judgment shall be used in establishing the appropriate
application of test load combinations to adequately address actual
test conditions in accordance with project and code requirements
while avoiding overly conservative design.
4.2.3.2 Consideration shall be given to the sequence and combination of
testing for various equipment, vessels, tanks, and/or piping systems
supported on common structures, pipe racks, or foundations.
4.2.3.3 Full wind and earthquake loads are typically not combined with test
loads unless an unusually long test duration is planned (i.e., if a
significant probability exists that the partial wind velocity will be
exceeded or an earthquake event may occur).
4.2.3.4 Additional loading shall be included with test if specified in the
contract documents.
4.2.3.5 For allowable stress design, a 20% allowable stress increase shall bepermitted for any test load combination.
4.2.3.6 For ultimate strength/limit states design, no load factor reduction
shall be permitted for any test load combination.
4.3 Structural Design
4.3.1 Steel
4.3.1.1 Steel design shall be in accordance with AISC ASD or AISC LRFD
specifications.
4.3.1.2 For cold-formed shapes, design shall be in accordance with AISI
specifications.
4.3.1.3 Steel joists shall be designed in accordance with SJI standards.
Comment: Supplement number 1 to the AISC ASD
specification deleted the one-third stress increase
for use with load combinations including wind or
earthquake loads. Because of the deletion of the
one-third stress increase, designs made to the AISC
LRFD specifications should be considered for
economy.
4.3.1.4 Steel design, including steel joists and metal decking, shall bedesigned in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1926, Subpart R, to
provide structural stability during erection and to protect employeesfrom the hazards associated with steel erection activities.
Comment: Common requirements that affect steel design areas
follow (this is not an all inclusive list):
a. All column base plates shall be designed with a minimum of
four anchor bolts. Posts (which weigh less than 300 lb [136 kg])
are distinguished from columns and are excluded from the four-
anchor bolt requirement.
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b. Columns, column base plates, and their foundations shall be
designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 lb
(136 kg) located 18 inches (450 mm) from the extreme outer
face of the column in each direction at the top of the column
shaft. Column splices shall be designed to meet the same load-
resisting characteristics as those of the columns.
c. Double connections through column webs or at beams that
frame over the tops of columns shall be designed so that at least
one installed bolt remains in place to support the first beamwhile the second beam is being erected. The fabricator may also
supply a seat or equivalent device with a means of positive
attachment to support the first beam while the second beam is
being erected.
d. Perimeter columns shall extend 48 inches (1,200 mm) above the
finished floor (unless constructability does not allow) to allow
the installation of perimeter safety cables. Provision shall be
made for the attachment of safety cables.
e. Structural members of framed metal deck openings shall be
turned down to allow continuous decking, except where not
allowed by design constraints or constructability. The openings
in the metal deck shall not be cut until the hole is needed.
f. Shear stud connectors that will project vertically from or
horizontally across the top flange of the member shall not be
attached to the top flanges of beams, joists, or beam attachments
until after the metal decking or other walking/working surface
has been installed.
4.3.1.5 All welded structural connections shall use weld filler materialconforming toAWS D1.1/D1.1M, Section 3.3 (including Table 3.1),
and have an electrode strength of 58 ksi (400 MPa) minimum yield
strength and 70 ksi (480 MPa) tensile strength, unless otherwise
required.
4.3.1.6 Structural steel wide-flange shapes, including WT shapes, shall be in
accordance withASTM A992/A992M,unless otherwise specified.
4.3.1.7 All other structural shapes, plates, and bars shall be in accordance
withASTM A36/A36M,unless otherwise specified.
4.3.1.8 Preference in design shall be given to shop-welded, field-bolted
connections.
4.3.1.9 Compression flanges of floor beams, not supporting equipment, may
be considered braced by decking (concrete or floor plate) if
positively connected thereto.
4.3.1.10 Grating shall not be considered as lateral bracing for support beams.
4.3.1.11 Except as specified in Section 4.3.1.12 or if slip-critical connections
are required by theAISC Specification for Structural Joints Using
ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts, all bolts 3/4 inches (19 mm) and larger
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(except anchor bolts) shall be type-N (bearing-type with threads
included in the shear plane) high-strengthASTM A325bolts.
4.3.1.12 Bolt size shall be as follows:
a. Structural members - 3/4 inch (19 mm) minimum
b. Railings, ladders, purlins, and girts - 5/8 inch, (16 mm)
ASTM A307
4.3.1.13 Minimum thickness of bracing gusset plates shall be 3/8 inch
(10 mm).
4.3.2 Concrete
4.3.2.1 Concrete design shall be in accordance withACI 318/318R.
4.3.2.2 Concrete design for liquid-containing structures shall also be
designed in accordance withACI 350/350R.
4.3.2.3 Unless otherwise specified, all reinforcing steel shall be in
accordance withASTM A615/A615MGrade 60 deformed.
4.3.2.4 ASTM A615/A615MGrade 60 plain wire conforming to
ASTM A82/A82Mmay be used for spiral reinforcement.
4.3.2.5 Welded wire fabric shall conform toASTM A185/A185M.
4.3.2.6 Reinforcement designed to resist earthquake-induced flexural and
axial forces in frame members and in wall boundary elements shall
be in accordance withASTM A706/A706M.ASTM A615/A615M
Grade 60 reinforcement is acceptable for these members under the
following conditions:
a. The actual yield strength based on mill tests does not exceed the
specified yield strength by more than 18,000 psi (124 MPa).Retests shall not exceed this value by more than an additional
3,000 psi (20.7 MPa).
b. The ratio of the actual ultimate tensile strength to the actual
tensile yield strength is not less than 1.25.
4.3.2.7 Precast and prestressed concrete shall be in accordance with the
PCI Design Handbook.
4.3.3 Masonry
Masonry design shall be in accordance withACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402.
4.3.4 Elevator Supports
Elevator support design shall be in accordance withASME A17.1.
4.3.5 Crane Supports
4.3.5.1 Vertical deflection of support runway girders shall not exceed the
following limits given in Table 10 if loaded with the maximum
wheel load(s), without impact (where L = the span length).
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4.3.6.3 Allowable wind drift limits for pre-engineered metal buildings shall
not exceed H/80 (where H = building height).
4.3.6.4 Allowable wind drift limits for a building with a bridge crane that is
required to be in service even during hurricanes shall not exceed
H/400 or 2 inches (50 mm), whichever is less (where H = the heightfrom the base of the crane support structure to the top of the runway
girder).
4.3.6.5 Allowable wind drift limits for buildings with bridge cranes that will
not be in service during hurricanes shall not exceed H/140 or
2 inches (50 mm), whichever is less (see Section 4.3.6.4 for
definition of H).
4.3.6.6 Allowable wind drift limits for process structures and personnel
access platforms shall not exceed H/200 (where H = structure height
at elevation of drift consideration).
4.3.6.7 Allowable seismic drift limits shall be in accordance with
ASCE/SEI 7.
4.3.7 Foundations
4.3.7.1 Foundation design shall be based on the results of a geotechnical
engineering investigation.
4.3.7.2 The minimum overturning stability ratio for service loads other
than earthquake shall be 1.5 (see Section 4.3.7.4 for the minimum
overturning stability ratio for earthquake loads). For foundation
design of buildings and open frame structures, if the dead load factor
is 0.6 in accordance withASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 2, the minimum
overturning stability ratio shall be 1.0.
Comment:This requirement is consistent withASCE/SEI 7provisions, in which the factor of safety is built
into the 0.6 dead load factor in the load
combinations.
4.3.7.3 The minimum factor of safety against sliding for service loads other
than earthquake shall be 1.5 (see Section 4.3.7.4 for the minimum
sliding factor of safety for earthquake loads). For foundation design
of buildings and open frame structures, if the dead load factor is 0.6
in accordance withASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 2, the minimum factor of
safety against sliding shall be 1.0.
Comment: This requirement is consistent withASCE/SEI 7
provisions, in which the factor of safety is builtinto the 0.6 dead load factor in the load
combinations.
4.3.7.4 Overturning and sliding caused by earthquake loads shall be checked
in accordance withASCE/SEI 7-05, Chapter 12. The minimum
overturning stability ratio and the minimum factor of safety against
sliding for earthquake service loads shall be 1.0. In addition, the
minimum overturning stability ratio for the anchorage and
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foundations of skirt-supported vertical vessels and skirt-supported
elevated tanks classified as Occupancy Category IV in accordance
withASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 1.5 and Table 1-1, shall be 1.2 for the
critical earthquake loads specified inASCE/SEI 7-05, Section
15.7.10.5.
4.3.7.5 For earthquake loads calculated by the Equivalent Lateral Force
Procedure inASCE/SEI 7, additional stability checks shall be
performed in accordance withASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 12.8.5,
Overturning. For foundations designed using seismic loadcombinations from Tables 3, 5, and 7 of this Practice, the reduction
in overturning effects at the soil-foundation interface permitted in
ASCE/SEI 7-05, Section 12.13.4, shall not be used.
4.3.7.6 The minimum factor of safety against buoyancy shall be 1.2 if using
actual unfactored service loads.
4.3.7.7 Long-term and differential settlement shall be considered if
designing foundations supporting interconnected, settlement-sensitive equipment or piping systems.
4.3.7.8 Because OSHA requires shoring or the equivalent for excavations
5 ft (1,525 mm) deep or greater and because it is costly to shore
excavations, minimizing the depth of spread footings shall beconsidered in the design.
4.3.7.9 Unless otherwise specified, the top of grout (bottom of base plate) of
pedestals and ringwalls shall be 1 ft (300 mm) above the high point
of finished grade.
4.3.7.10 Except for foundations supporting ground-supported storage tanks,
uplift load combinations containing earthquake loads do not need to
include the vertical components of the seismic load effect, E, if usedto size foundations.
4.3.7.11 Foundations for ground-supported storage tanks that have sufficient
internal pressure to lift the shell shall be designed for the
requirements ofAPI Standard 650Appendix F.7.5.
4.3.8 Supports for Vibrating Machinery
4.3.8.1 Machinery foundations shall be designed in accordance with
PIP REIE686, Chapter 4, equipment manufacturers
recommendations, and published design procedures and criteria for
dynamic analysis.
4.3.8.2 If equipment manufacturers vibration criteria are not available, themaximum velocity of movement during steady-state normal
operation shall be limited to 0.12 inch (3.0 mm) per second for
centrifugal machines and to 0.15 inch (3.8 mm) per second for
reciprocating machines.
4.3.8.3 Support structures or foundations for centrifugal machinery greater
than 500 horsepower shall be designed for the expected dynamic
forces using dynamic analysis procedures.
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4.3.8.4 For centrifugal machinery less than 500 horsepower, in the absence
of a detailed dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall be
designed to be at least three times the total machinery weight, unless
specified otherwise by the equipment manufacturer.
4.3.8.5 For reciprocating machinery less than 200 horsepower, in theabsence of a detailed dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall
be designed to be at least five times the total machinery weight,
unless specified otherwise by the manufacturer.
4.3.8.6 The allowable soil-bearing or allowable pile capacity for foundations
for equipment designed for dynamic loads shall be a maximum of
half of the normal allowable for static loads.
4.3.8.7 The maximum eccentricity between the center of gravity of the
combined weight of the foundation and machinery and the bearing
surface shall be 5% in each direction.
4.3.8.8 Structures and foundations that support vibrating equipment shall
have a natural frequency that is outside the range of 0.80 to1.20 times the exciting frequency.
4.3.9 Anchor Bolts
4.3.9.1 Anchor bolts shall be headed type or threaded rods with compatible
nuts usingASTM A36/A36M,A307, F1554Grade 36,F1554
Grade 55, F1554Grade 105,A193/A193MGrade B7,A354
Grade BC, orA354Grade BD material.
4.3.9.2 AllASTM A36/A36M,A307,andF1554 Grade 36anchor bolts shall
be hot dip galvanized.
4.3.9.3 Anchor bolt design shall be in accordance with PIP STE05121.
4.3.10 Wood
Wood design shall be in accordance with the American Forest and Paper
AssociationNational Design Specification for Wood Constructionand with
theNDS Supplement-Design Values for Wood Construction.
4.3.11 Design of Drilled Shafts
4.3.11.1 Minimum vertical reinforcement shall be 0.50% of the pier gross
area or as required to resist axial loads and bending moments.
4.3.11.2 The minimum clear spacing of vertical bars shall not be less than
three times the maximum coarse aggregate size nor less than three
times the bar diameter.
4.3.11.3 Reinforcing steel shall allow a minimum of 3 inches (75 mm) of
concrete cover on piers without casing and 4 inches (100 mm) of
concrete cover on piers in which the casing will be withdrawn.
4.3.12 Design o f Driven Piles
4.3.12.1 Unless otherwise specified or approved, the pile types specified in
PIP STS02360 shall be used.
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4.3.12.2 In addition to in-place conditions, piles shall be designed to resist
handling, transportation, and installation stresses.
4.3.12.3 Unless otherwise specified, the exposure condition shall be
evaluated to establish the corrosion allowances for steel piles.
4.3.12.4 The top of piles shall penetrate a minimum of 4 inches (100 mm)
into the pile cap.
4.3.13 Vessel Load Cell Supports
Supports for vessel load cells shall be designed in accordance with
PIP PCCWE001and PIP PCEWE001.
4.4 Existing Structures
If the owner and the engineer of record agree that the integrity of the existing
structure is 100% of the original capacity based on the design code in effect at the
time of original design, structural designs shall be performed in accordance with the
following:4.4.1 If additions or alterations to an existing structure do not increase the force in
any structural element or connection by more than 5%, no further analysis is
required.
4.4.2 If the increased forces on the element or connection are greater than 5%, the
element or connection shall be analyzed to show that it is in compliance with
the applicable design code for new construction.
4.4.3 The strength of any structural element or connection shall not be decreased to
less than that required by the applicable design code or standard for new
construction for the structure in question.