PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY

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PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY Prepared by: Ms.Irish M. Sequihod

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This is a powerpoint I made for my second meeting lecture in Microbiology for Nursing Students.

Transcript of PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Page 1: PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY

PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Prepared by: Ms.Irish M. Sequihod

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INTRODUCTION Bacteria and protozoa – were

the first microorganisms observed by humans

It took 200 years before man was able to establish a connection between microorganism and infectious disease.

It was the discovery of microscope that made microbiology understand more about the nature of diseases.

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IMPORTANT PERSONS Anton van Leeuwenhoek –

was the first person to see live bacteria and protozoa

Father of microbiology A fabric merchant, surveyor,

wine assayer, and a minor city official in Delf, Holland

Ground tiny glass lenses mounted in metal frames

Single lens microscopes “Animalcules”

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LEEUWENHOEK Scrapings from teeth Ditches and pond water Blood and sperm Diarrheal stool

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LOUIS PASTEUR A French chemist Fermentation Grapes (glucose)-yeasts-ethanol Disproved the spontaneous

generation Aerobes and anaerobes Developed the process

pasteurization to kill microbes that were causing to spoil. Can be used to kill pathogens in many types of liquids.

Involves heating to 55 degree celsius and holding at that temperature for several minutes.

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LOUIS PASTEUR He discovered the infectious agents that

caused the silkworm diseases that were crippling the silk industry in France.

Germ theory of disease- made contributions that a certain microorganism can cause a certain disease.

Hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens

Developed vaccines to prevent chicken cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas

Developed the vaccine to prevent rabies in dogs and successfully used the vacine to treat human rabies

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ROBERT KOCH German physician Contributor to the germ

theory of disease He proved that anthrax

bacillus was truly the cause of anthrax.

Koch’s postulate Discovered that a. bacillus

produces spores capable of resisting adverse conditions

Fixing and staining and photographing bacteria

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ROBERT KOCH Developed methods of cultivating

bacteria on solid media. R.J. Petri- colleague of robert Frua hess- agar (polysaccharide)as

solidifying agent Dicovered mycobacterium tuberculosis

and vibrio cholera

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ABIOGENESIS Spontaneous

generation – abiogenesis

Classical notions of abiogenesis, now more precisely known as spontaneous generation, held that certain complex, living organisms are generated by decaying organic substances.

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BIOGENESIS John tyndall and Louis Pasteur – were the

one who disproved the abiogenesis theory. Rudolf Virchow – was the first who

proposed about biogenesis

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KOCH’S POSTULATE A microorganism must be found in all cases

of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans.

The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory.

The same disease must be produced when microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals

The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentaly infected animals and grown again in pure culture

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KOCH’S POSTULATE Exeptions

have to grow the pathogen in a media but not all can grow (viruses, rickettsias

Some pathogens are species-specific

Synergistics –caused by more than one organism

Less pathogenic when cultured

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THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY In the late 1800s and for the first decade of

the 1900s, scientists seized the opportunity to further develop the germ theory of disease as enunciated by Pasteur and proved by Koch.

There emerged a Golden Age of Microbiology during which many agents of different infectious diseases were identified. Many of the etiologic agents of microbial disease were discovered during that period, leading to the ability to halt epidemics by interrupting the spread of microorganisms.

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THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY Despite the advances in microbiology, it

was rarely possible to render life-saving therapy to an infected patient. Then, after World War II, the antibiotics were introduced to medicine. The incidence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, meningitis, syphilis, and many other diseases declined with the use of antibiotics.

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THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY Work with viruses could not be effectively

performed until instruments were developed to help scientists see these disease agents. In the 1940s, the electron microscope was developed and perfected. In that decade, cultivation methods for viruses were also introduced, and the knowledge of viruses developed rapidly.

With the development of vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s, such viral diseases as polio, measles, mumps, and rubella came under control.

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THE MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY Modern microbiology reaches into many fields

of human endeavor, including the development of pharmaceutical products, the use of quality-control methods in food and dairy product production, the control of disease-causing microorganisms in consumable waters, and the industrial applications of microorganisms.

Microorganisms are used to produce vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, and growth supplements. They manufacture many foods, including fermented dairy products, as well as other fermented foods such as pickles, sauerkraut, breads, and alcoholic beverages.