Pigment & Resin Technology

Pigment & Resin Technology

Orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents with controlled grain for an

efficient elimination of some cationic and anionic dyes

ABSTRACT

Purpose

The study aims to demonstrate that orange-derived and lemon-derived systems can be

used in continuous processes as efficient adsorbents to the entrapment of some anionic

and cationic dyes in the textile dyeing wastewater effluents.

Desing/methodology/approach

Physically and chemically modified orange and lemon mesocarps are used as natural

adsorbents for the cationic dyes Basic Blue 3, Basic Yellow 21, Basic Red 18 and Basic

Green 4 and, the anionic dyes Acid Blue 264, Acid Yellow 49 and Acid Red 337; all

commonly used in the textile dyeing industry. Adsorption capacities of the orange-

derived and lemon-derived adsorbents on the dyes are studied simulating a batch and

continuous industrial processes.

Findings

Results demonstrate that treated orange mesocarp (orange-derived adsorbent) can

adsorb up to 97% of cationic Basic Green 4 in 30 min while the lemon mesocarp

(lemon-derived adsorbent) can retain up to 88% within the same time. In the case of

anionic, 91% Acid Blue 264 is adsorbed by the orange mesocarp in 15 min whereas a

92% is adsorbed by the lemon homologue within the same time.

Originality/value

As far as we know, physically and chemically modified orange and lemon mesocarps

have not been used on the removal of cationic (Basic Blue 3, Basic Yellow 21, Basic

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Red 18 and Basic Green 4) and anioinic (Acid Blue 264, Acid Yellow 49 and Acid Red

337) dyes of textile dyeing wastewater industry. It is a costless and efficient treatment

that supposes, on the one hand, an ecofriendly and feasible process for discolouration of

wastewater and, on the other, a valorisation (upcycling) of orange and lemon peels,

which are not currently used.

KEYWORDS: cationic dye, anionic dye, adsorbent, adsorption, citrus peel,

wastewater, textile dyeing

Introduction

One of the main drawbacks of the textile dyeing industry is the generation of

large amounts of wastewater. This wastewater is rich in colour (dye) and in chemicals

like surfactants, salts, alkalis and other hard-degradation and organic compounds that

result in high-concentrated COD and BOD effluents (Hauser, 2011). The environmental

impact includes solids in suspension, ionic charge, toxicity, oxygen concentration and

colourisation. Generally, most dyes are very persistent in wastewaters due to their

solubility and low degradation degree both determined by the complexity of their

structure (Buitrón et al., 2004). It is estimated that approximately 100 tonnes/year of

dyes are discharged into water and about 70% are azo type dyes (Gupta and Suhas,

2009; Ihsanullah et al., 2020). With the aim to discolour streams, several techniques

have been investigated, including chemical (oxidation, electrolysis) (Corona-Bautista et

al., 2021; Pacheco-Álvarez et al., 2019; Suhadolnik et al., 2019), ozonation (Abrile et

al., 2020), physical (reverse osmosis, filtration, coagulation/flocculation, adsorption)

(Ahmad et al., 2015; Al-Aoh, 2021; Paixão et al., 2020), combination of chemical and

physical (Rezaee et al., 2008) and even biological (microorganisms, enzymes) processes

(Arabaci and Usluoglu, 2014; Garg and Tripathi, 2017; Saratale et al., 2011). The

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majority of those operations incur in, among others, elevated maintenance level and

manpower with high expertise that affect the final cost of the process and the

profitability of the production (Donkadokula et al., 2020; Hauser, 2011; Soares et al.,

2017).

Among all the water discoloration techniques, adsorption emerges as an

economic alternative and a low environmental impact process (Liu et al., 2020; Rashed,

2013). The adsorption mechanism is based in the capture or retention of a compound

(adsorbate) in a liquid phase by a solid (adsorbent) (Mostafa et al., 2009; Park et al.,

2010). In this sense, a wide range of low-cost materials have been studied to be used as

potential adsorbents for dyes such as wood (Kelm et al., 2019; Naeem and Hassan,

2018), clay (Kausar et al., 2018), ashes (Mor et al., 2018), activated muds (Qu et al.,

2012; Sarvajith et al., 2018), orange (Namasivayam et al., 1996), cuttlefish bones

(Elwakeel et al., 2020), algae (Elgarahy et al., 2020) and banana peels (Temesgen et al.,

2018). In these recent years, the concepts of reuse and recycling have taken an

important role in our society and resulted in an increase in research and development in

sustainable technologies. For this reason, the current trend is to use agroindustrial

wastes as alternative to produce new adsorbent materials due to their low cost and

efficiency in the elimination of metal ions (Fu and Wang, 2011; Mo et al., 2018;

Vijayaraghavan and Balasubramanian, 2015).

Part of the transformation of agroindustrial by-products such as orange and

lemon peels into new raw materials, concretely into dye adsorbents, has been performed

by CRESCA research group. In this sense, previous studies demonstrated satisfactory

results in the use of mesocarps of orange and lemon into the adsorption of organic dyes

as alternative for textile industry wastewater treatment (Arjona et al., 2018) or even as

wine clarifiers (García-Raurich et al., 2019).


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Here, the evaluation of the adsorption capacity of modified mesocarps of orange

and lemon peels to retain cationic and anionic dyes from textile dyeing industry

wastewaters is presented. The adsorption capacity of the resulting adsorbents is tested in

batch and in continuous processes with different cationic and anionic dyes, simulating

industrial operations. Parameters such as the nature of the adsorbent, the concentration

of the adsorbent, pH of the adsorption process, time of contact, hydration degree and

number of column pass are evaluated by analysing the concentration of the dye in the

residual liquor fraction by UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Materials and methods

Materials

Orange and lemons peels were collected from local fruit stores. Cationic dyes:

Basic Blue 3 (C20H26ClN3O) (Blue), Basic Yellow 21 (C22H25ClN2) (Yellow), Basic

Red 18 (C19H25Cl2N5O2) (Red) and Basic Green 4 (C23H25ClN2) (Green). Anionic dyes:

Acid Blue 264 (C29H28N3NaO6S2) (Blue), Acid Yellow 49 (C16H12Cl2N5O3S) (Yellow)

and Acid Red 337 (C17H11F3N3NaO4S) (Red) (Fig. 1). Dyes were purchased from

Classic Dyestuffs Inc. Filters of 0.45 µm pore of Millex were used in the batch process.

Fig. 1 a) Basic Blue 3, b) Basic Yellow 21, c) Basic Red 18, d) Basic Green 4, e) Acid Blue 264,

f) Acid Yellow 49 and, g) Acid Red 337.

Physical treatment of peels

Washing of the orange and lemon peels was carried out with tap water and

conventional soap at room temperature to eliminate added waxes, resins and soil of the

epicarp. After drying with continuous air flow, mesocarps were cut using an ice mincer

until achieve 0.5-1 µm particle sizes, according to previous studies (Arjona et al., 2018).


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Chemical treatment of peels

Due to the different nature of the studied dyes, two different chemical treatments

were applied to peels. With the objective to achieve an adsorbent capable to adsorb

anionic dyes, the procedure was:

1. Acidic treatment: to remove pectins and other compounds such as β-

carotene (50 g peel/ 500 mL deionised water, pH = 3-4, ultrasonic

agitation, 45 min).

2. Alkaline treatment: saponification of peels, concretely cellulose,

hemicellulose and remaining pectin fraction (50 g peel, 2.5 g Ca(OH)2

(Panreac), the necessary volume of deionised water, pH > 10, ultrasonic

agitation, 45 min).

3. Acidic treatment: modification of ionic charge (50 g peel/ 500 mL

deionised water, pH = 3-4, ultrasonic agitation, 45 min).

4. Neutralisation

5. Dry

The third step was avoided when peels were prepared to adsorb cationic dyes.

Batch process

In the discontinuous or batch process, the amount of adsorbent (0.50, 0.75 and

1.00 g), type of dye (anionic and cationic), concentration of dye (30, 60, 90, 120 and

240 ppm), pH (as-it-is, acid and alkaline), adsorption time (5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 min for

anionic and 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min for cationic) and the initial hydration degree of

orange and lemon adsorbent parameters were studied. To do this, 25 mL of a solution of

dye was prepared and mixed with the corresponding adsorbent at 20ºC. Then, the

sample was filtered and the concentration of dye in the liquor was analysed by UV-Vis

(Shimadzu UV-1800).


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Continuous process

Continuous process conditions were set once the conditions of the batch process

were established. For this reason, only the dyes that presented the highest adsorption

percentage in the batch process were tested in the continuous one (cationic green and

anionic blue). Moreover, two types of columns were evaluated, a small column Afora

5831 (nº 0 porous plate, glass key with 2/3 mm key passage, 10 mm internal diameter,

200 mm useful length) and a larger column Afora 5855 (nº 0 porous plate, glass key

with 2/3 mm key pass, 30 mm internal diameter and 500 mm useful length). The first

column was used to perform experiments towards the determination of the evolution of

the adsorbent adsorptions to the column pass volume (5 g of adsorbent, 30 ppm dye

solution, 25 mL/min, recovered adsorbent was washed with ethyl alcohol) and, the

second, to determine the influence of the flow rate (125, 43 and 23 mL/min for 20 g of

adsorbent) together with the concentration of dye (20 g adsorbent with 30 and 60 ppm

of dye) in the dye adsorption yield.

All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and

regulations

Results and discussion

Batch process

The influence of the amount of the chemically and physically treated orange and

lemon peels (adsorbents) to the cationic dyes adsorption was firstly evaluated. To do

this, cationic dyes were initially analysed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy in order

to obtain the wavelengths corresponding to the peaks of maximum absorption. The

resulting spectra indicated that the maximum absorption signal for each one of the

cationic dyes were found at 652 nm, 488 nm, 415.5 and 613.5 nm for blue, red, yellow


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and green, respectively, and for anionic were found at 607 nm, 491 nm and 399 nm for

blue, red and yellow, respectively. Afterwards, adsorption experiments with orange-

derived and lemon-derived adsorbents with the mentioned dyes were carried out. A

clear liquid fraction was obtained after 45 min when 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 g of orange-

derived and lemon-derived adsorbents where put in contact with cationic dye, indicating

a high adsorption capacity of both adsorbents (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 a) Orange-derived and b) lemon-derived adsorbents in different concentrations after

adsorption process with cationic red dye.

Those liquid fractions or liquors where subsequently analysed by UV-Vis

spectroscopy and the percentage of adsorbed dye was calculated for each amount of

adsorbent used (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3 Percentages of adsorbed cationic dyes according to the amounts of (left) orange-derived

and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.

Similar adsorption values were obtained for orange-derived and lemon-derived

adsorbents, however the overall percentage was slightly higher in the case of orange-

derived adsorbent. Blue, yellow and green cationic dyes where increasingly adsorbed

with the concentration of both adsorbents, although a discreet increase of a 0.25%

between 0.75 and 1.00 g of orange-derived adsorbent was spotted for the green.

Concretely, in the case of yellow, differences in the adsorption were found in the nature

of the adsorbent, being higher in the case of orange-derived. Contrastingly, red cationic

dye was similarly adsorbed for both adsorbents, presumably indicating an important

correlation between the chemical nature of the dyes to the adsorption results.


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Furthermore, the capacity of the orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents

was extensively evaluated with anionic dyes (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4 Percentages of adsorbed anionic dyes according to the amounts of (left) orange-derived


In contrast to the results obtained for cationic, blue anionic dye was highly

retained by the lemon-derived adsorbent rather the orange-derived, presenting an

averaged difference of the 31.66%. Nevertheless, the concentration of adsorbent was

essentially an independent parameter when values were compared within the same

adsorbent for this dye. On the other hand, the percentage of red anionic dye adsorbed

increased with the amount of adsorbent, similarly to yellow anionic dye. However,

yellow anionic dye was the only dye that showed a higher retention with orange-derived

adsorbent than the other one. Those observed differences in the adsorption with the

different dyes may have probably been influenced by the stereochemistry of the

molecule of the dye due to the position and the steric hindrance of the reactive groups in

each case. Moreover, an amount of 1.00 g of adsorbent was established to be the more

suitable concentration on dye adsorption and so, subsequent experiments were set with

this parameter.

The influence of the dye concentration in the adsorption capacity of the

adsorbents was also evaluated maintaining at 1.00g the amount of the adsorbent. The

assay was performed with the dyes that showed the strongest and the weakest

adsorption affinity to the adsorbents. Thus, green and yellow cationic dyes and blue and

yellow anionic dyes were tested with different initial concentrations, ranging from 30 to

240 ppm (Table 1).


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Table 1 Percentages of adsorbed dyes according to its initial concentration for orange-derived

and lemon-derived adsorbents.

Both, orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents did not exhibit significant

differences in the adsorption of green cationic dye, resulting in high adsorption

efficiencies even at the higher concentrations. On the contrary, yellow cationic dye

experienced the maximum retention between 90 and 120 ppm for both adsorbents, and

then a moderate decay at higher dye concentrations. Due to the poorer affinity between

yellow cationic dye and the adsorbents respect to the green homologue, a major quantity

of the yellow was necessary to achieve similar adsorption results as green, in

concordance with previous observations. In the case of anionic dyes, orange-derived

adsorbent experienced a maximum adsorption peak at 90 ppm of blue dye, however at

higher concentrations a progressive decreasing of this adsorption was spotted. On the

other hand, when lemon-derived adsorbent was put in contact with blue anionic dye, an

almost lineal decrease between 30 and 120 ppm could be observed (y = -

0.3003x+102.2, R2 =0.97), indicating the highest adsorption efficiency at the lowest dye

concentration. As expected due to the previous results, yellow anionic dye showed

discreet adsorption results for both types of adsorbent, presenting a maximum at 60

ppm. Even though, the following assays were performed with a concentration of 30 ppm

of dye.

Another parameter that may greatly influence the capacity of dye adsorption of

adsorbents is the pH value. For this reason, adsorption experiments were carried out,


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comparing different pH values: as-it-is, acid (pH = 4 and 2) and alkaline (pH = 10 and

12) (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5 Percentages of adsorbed (top) cationic and (bottom) anionic dyes according to the

different pH values for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.

Experiments with cationic dyes revealed that the capacity to adsorb red and

green dyes was not significantly affected by the pH. However, blue and yellow dyes

were greatly retained with an unmodified pH value, as-it-is, by both adsorbents.

Orange-derived adsorbent resulted in higher values of adsorption when the nature of

adsorbent was compared. Furthermore, in the case of anionic dyes, the adsorption

capacity experienced a progressive decrease with the increase of the pH values for red

and yellow dyes. On the other hand, the percentage of adsorbed blue dye kept almost

invariable along the different values of pH. Contrary to the cationic, anionic dyes were

better adsorbed by the lemon-derived adsorbent. Because in the most cases higher

absorption results were obtained by the pH as-it-is, the two-type adsorbents with

unmodified pH were concluded to be the most suitable for dye adsorption.

Moreover, the adsorption time or the contact time between the adsorbent and the

dye solution was also determined. Adsorption times were different according to the

nature of the dyes because previous results demonstrated a faster adsorption of anionic

dyes than cationic. Both, orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents could retain an

initial increasing percentage of cationic dyes within the first 30 min and then, a plateau

appeared (Fig. 6). Similar behaviour was observed in the case of anionic dyes, however

the plateau appeared after 15 min of contact time.


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different contact times for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.

Within cationic dyes, green was the fastest and the highest percentage dye that

was adsorbed by both adsorbents and yellow the lesser in all senses, in concordance

with previous observed results. On the other hand, blue and yellow anionic dyes

experienced a similar behaviour as the adsorption affinity assays exposed above, being

the more and faster adsorbed the blue, and the lesser and slowest the yellow. Those

differences were presumably related with the chemical structure and steric hindrance of

the reactive groups of the dyes. Contact times of 30 min for cationic dyes and 15 min

for anionic dyes were established to be suitable to obtain adequate adsorptivities with

those adsorbents.

All experiments were carried out using dried orange-derived and lemon-derived

adsorbents. Nevertheless, the influence of the hydration degree of the adsorbents to the

capacity of adsorption was determined. To do this, same experiments performed for the

determination of the adequate contact time between adsorbent and dyes were repeated

with hydrated adsorbents. With the objective to achieve a ‘hydrated’ state, adsorbents

were left in contact with distilled water 24 h before conducting the assay. Results

demonstrated that hydrated adsorbents could retain more effectively cationic and

anionic dyes, especially in the case of yellow dyes, whose affinities to the dry

adsorbents were the weakest (Fig. 7). This observation could be related with the

capacity to form hydrogen bonds between water and surrounding dye molecules.

Optimal contact times and its behaviour appeared to be the same for hydrated than for

dry adsorbents. Consequently, hydrated adsorbent was concluded to be the most suitable

state to the adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes.


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different contact times for (left) hydrated orange-derived and (right) hydrated lemon-derived

adsorbents.

Continuous process

The determination of the adsorption capacities of orange-derived and lemon-

derived adsorbents in a continuous process were developed after the optimum

conditions were established in a batch process. Continuous process experiments were

conducted using the dyestuffs that presented the highest adsorption percentages in the

batch process and so, green as cationic dye and blue as anionic were tested. First, an

experiment to determine the evolution of adsorption of the adsorbents according to the

volume that passes through was conducted in a small column. The eluted fluid from the

column was collected and used in a second elution through the recovered adsorbent,

simulating the effect of a second column in series. This process was repeated a third

time, simulating a third column in series. The capacity of adsorption of the adsorbents

decreased as the elutions of dyestuffs developed, as expected, indicating a decrease of

the adsorption yield (Fig. 8). In the case of green cationic dye, after the first elution or

column, the percentage of adsorbed dye was reduced down to an 18% when orange-

derived adsorbent was used and until a 2% with the lemon-derived. However, this

percentage of dye adsorbed increased up to 76% and to 19% for orange-derived and

lemon-derived, respectively, when the adsorbent was recovered and passed through a

second serial column. At the end of the third elution, the amount of dye adsorbed raised

up to 90% in the case of the orange-derived adsorbent and up to 59% in the case of the

lemon-derived homologue. A preferentially adsorption of the cationic dyes by orange-

derived adsorbent could be concluded.


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Fig. 8 Percentages of adsorbed of (top) green cationic dye and (bottom) blue anionic dye vs.

the volume of elution for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.

On the other hand, a 20% of blue anionic dye could be adsorbed by the orange-

derived adsorbent, similarly to the lemon-derived, which was 18% (Fig. 8). Afterwards,

the second column was able to retain up to 48% and 47% of dye when orange-derived

and lemon-derived where used as adsorbents, respectively. Finally, after the third

elution, the capacity of the orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents increased up

to 67% and 71%, respectively. In contrast to cationic dyes, anionic dyes did not show

significant contrast in adsorptivity values when the different types of adsorbent where

compared.

Additionally, the evolution of the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was

investigated at different flow rates. This part of the study was performed with green

cationic dye and orange-derived adsorbent due to the promising obtained results.

Similarly to the previous part, three serial columns disposition was simulated, so the

fluid recovered at the end of the first column pass was sequentially passed again two

more times. Although the maximum flow rate studied presented an adsorption of 90%,

the elution was not stable (Table 2). The stabilisation of the elution was achieved at 23

mL/min, where a 100% of the dye was adsorbed at the 2nd column. Starting from the

minimum flow rate, this was progressively increased until a decreasing of the

adsorption was not observed together with a stable elution. In this way, 43 mL/min was

found to be the more balanced flow rate.

Table 2 Percentages of adsorbed dye according to the flow rate and column pass.


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Once the flow rate was established, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents

was evaluated at different green cationic and blue cationic dyes concentration in order

to observe differences in the adsorption yield. Results showed that, excepting for the

elution of the green dye with lemon-derived adsorbent, more promising results were

obtained when the concentration of the dye was 60 ppm (Table 3). Thus, the

concentration of dye with the utmost efficiency of the adsorbent could be established.

Moreover, higher adsorption percentages were obtained with orange-derived adsorbent

when the nature of adsorbents was compared within the same cationic dye.

Contrastingly, the most suitable type of adsorbent to retain anionic dye was the lemon-

derived, in concordance with the previous observed results.

Table 3 Percentages of adsorbed dyes according to the initial dye concentration for

each type of adsorbent and column pass.

Conclusions

In this manuscript, the successful use of orange-derived and lemon-derived peels

as adsorbents after some treatments to the adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes from

textile dyeing wastewater has been demonstrated. The study has been conducted

simulating two industrial processes, a batch and a continuous. From the batch process, a

concentration of dye of 30 ppm, without the modification of the dyestuff, contact times

between the dye and adsorbent of 30 min for cationic dyes and 15 min for anionic

together with a hydrated adsorbent were the most favourable conditions. Moreover, the

behaviour of orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents for cationic dyes has

converged at concentrations of dye above 30 ppm.


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In the case of the continuous process, the most suitable conditions of flow rate

have been found at 43 mL/min, being the orange-derived adsorbent the more promising

for cationic dyes and lemon-derived for anionic dyes. Furthermore, it has been

demonstrated that the column efficiency increased with the dyed wastewater

concentration, exhibiting an increase of the double of the adsorption of dye when the

initial concentration increased from 30 ppm to 60 ppm for cationic dyes and more than

four times with the yellow anionic dye. Finally, the recovery of the adsorbed dye by

ethyl alcohol, allowing the regeneration of the column until seven times at least has

been also demonstrated.

This study is a contribution to the circular economy since it takes advantage of

agricultural wastes from the industry of juice production to transform them into bio-

derived adsorbents towards the purification of coloured wastewaters from dyeing textile

materials.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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Orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents with controlled grain for an

efficient elimination of some cationic and anionic dyes

O

N

+(C2H5)2N N(C2H5)2

Cl-

N N

H3C

H

H

H3C CH3

CH3

+

Cl-

a)b)

O2N N

N N

C2H5

CH2CH2N(CH3)3Cl+ -

Cl

c)

(H3C)2N N(CH3)2

+

Cl-

d)O NH2

SO3Na

O HN

CH2

NCH3

O2S CH3

e)

N

N

NH2

N N

CH3

Cl

SO3H

Cl

f)

CF3

N

N

SO3Na

HO

H2N

g)

Fig. 1 a) Basic Blue 3, b) Basic Yellow 21, c) Basic Red 18, d) Basic Green 4, e) Acid Blue 264,

f) Acid Yellow 49 and, g) Acid Red 337.

0.50 g 0.75 g 1.00 g 0.50 g 0.75 g 1.00 g

a) b)

Fig. 2 a) Orange-derived and b) lemon-derived adsorbents in different concentrations after

adsorption process with cationic red dye.


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67,5473,15 77,19

88,66 90,08 90,27

64,4769,51 72,65

93,33 95,12 95,36

0102030405060708090

100

0.50 0.75 1.00

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Amount of adsorbent (g)

Blue

Red

Yellow

Green

64,5872,42 75,58

88,15 88,54 87,06

50,6758,81 60,75

82,87 87,25 89,56

0102030405060708090

100

0.50 0.75 1.00

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)


Blue

Red

Yellow

Green

Fig. 3 Percentages of adsorbed cationic dyes according to the amounts of (left) orange-derived


70,99 74,28 73,05

54,5666,65 71,44

51,2459,13 64,55

0102030405060708090

100

0.50 0.75 1.00

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)


Blue

Red

Yellow

96,09 95,68 95,68

57,90 59,15 62,27

27,5133,11

40,45

0102030405060708090

100

0.50 0.75 1.00

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)


Blue

Red

Yellow

Fig. 4 Percentages of adsorbed anionic dyes according to the amounts of (left) orange-derived



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79,7573,71

55,74

94,38 95,2290,08

75,4668,56

42,71

96,77 96,7789,41

0102030405060708090

100

as-it-is pH = 4 pH = 2

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Blue

Red

Yellow

Green

79,3770,40

45,05

89,31 90,7285,39

68,4259,07

36,25

92,64 92,64

78,28

0102030405060708090

100


Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Blue

Red

Yellow

Green

73,05

89,92 87,86

75,55

13,96

1,36

43,9351,59

26,86

0102030405060708090

100


Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Blue

Red

Yellow

96,09 91,56 92,8082,40

10,040,69

64,53

31,69

0,600

102030405060708090

100


Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Blue

Red

Yellow


different pH values for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Time (min)

Blue

Red

Yellow

Green

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Time (min)

BlueRedYellowGreen

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Time (min)

Blue

Red

Yellow

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Time (min)

Blue

Red

Yellow


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different contact times for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Time (min)

Blue

Red

Yellow

Green

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Time (min)

Blue

Red

Yellow

Green

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Time (min)

Blue

Red

Yellow

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Time (min)

Blue

Red

Yellow


different contact times for (left) hydrated orange-derived and (right) hydrated lemon-derived

adsorbents.


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0102030405060708090

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Volume (mL)

1stcolumn

0102030405060708090

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Volume (mL)

1st column2nd column3rd column

0102030405060708090

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Volume (mL)

1stcolumn

0102030405060708090

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Adso

rbed

dye

(%)

Volume (mL)

1st column2nd column3rd column

Fig. 8 Percentages of adsorbed of (top) green cationic dye and (bottom) blue anionic dye vs.

the volume of elution for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.


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Orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents with controlled grain for an efficient

elimination of some cationic and anionic dyes

Table 1 Percentages of adsorbed dyes according to its initial concentration for orange-derived

and lemon-derived adsorbents.

Initial concentration (ppm)Type of dye Dye Adsorbent

30 60 90 120 240

Orange 96.30 96.17 96.64 97.59 96.72GreenLemon 96.30 96.17 96.64 97.59 97.85Orange 72.65 97.57 98.31 98.75 81.91

Cationic

Yellow Lemon 60.75 98.81 99.04 99.33 91.56

Orange 71.5 91.9 94.3 88.3 85.3Blue

Lemon 95.0 81.7 74.7 67.3 69.7

Orange 48.0 84.8 79.2 68.0 65.9Anionic

YellowLemon 40.4 70.4 60.2 36.3 43.7

Table 2 Percentages of adsorbed dye according to the flow rate and column pass.

Flow rate (mL/min)

125 43 23

1st

colum

n

2nd

colum

n

3rd

colum

n

1st

colum

n

2nd

colum

n

3rd

colum

n

1st

colum

n

2nd

colum

n

3rd

colum

n

Adsorbe

d dye

(%)

86.1 3.6 1.0 97.4 2.1 0.0 98.0 2.0 0.0

Table 3 Percentages of adsorbed dyes according to the initial dye concentration for

each type of adsorbent and column pass.

Dye concentration (ppm)

30 60


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DyeAdsorbent

type

1st

column

2nd

column

3rd

column

1st

column

2nd

column

3rd

column

Orange 98.0 1.5 0.0 97.5 2.5 0.0Green

Lemon 90.7 7.7 1.5 84.0 13.6 2.1

Orange 57.0 29.9 2.6 67.4 25.0 4.2

Adsorbed

dye (%)Blue

Lemon 42.1 44.2 6.3 93.8 2.5 0.0


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