Pigment & Resin Technology

efficient elimination of some cationic and anionic dyes
ABSTRACT
Purpose
The study aims to demonstrate that orange-derived and lemon-derived systems can be
used in continuous processes as efficient adsorbents to the entrapment of some anionic
and cationic dyes in the textile dyeing wastewater effluents.
Desing/methodology/approach
Physically and chemically modified orange and lemon mesocarps are used as natural
adsorbents for the cationic dyes Basic Blue 3, Basic Yellow 21, Basic Red 18 and Basic
Green 4 and, the anionic dyes Acid Blue 264, Acid Yellow 49 and Acid Red 337; all
commonly used in the textile dyeing industry. Adsorption capacities of the orange-
derived and lemon-derived adsorbents on the dyes are studied simulating a batch and
continuous industrial processes.
Results demonstrate that treated orange mesocarp (orange-derived adsorbent) can
adsorb up to 97% of cationic Basic Green 4 in 30 min while the lemon mesocarp
(lemon-derived adsorbent) can retain up to 88% within the same time. In the case of
anionic, 91% Acid Blue 264 is adsorbed by the orange mesocarp in 15 min whereas a
92% is adsorbed by the lemon homologue within the same time.
Originality/value
As far as we know, physically and chemically modified orange and lemon mesocarps
have not been used on the removal of cationic (Basic Blue 3, Basic Yellow 21, Basic
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Pigm ent & Resin Technology
Red 18 and Basic Green 4) and anioinic (Acid Blue 264, Acid Yellow 49 and Acid Red
337) dyes of textile dyeing wastewater industry. It is a costless and efficient treatment
that supposes, on the one hand, an ecofriendly and feasible process for discolouration of
wastewater and, on the other, a valorisation (upcycling) of orange and lemon peels,
which are not currently used.
KEYWORDS: cationic dye, anionic dye, adsorbent, adsorption, citrus peel,
wastewater, textile dyeing
Introduction
One of the main drawbacks of the textile dyeing industry is the generation of
large amounts of wastewater. This wastewater is rich in colour (dye) and in chemicals
like surfactants, salts, alkalis and other hard-degradation and organic compounds that
result in high-concentrated COD and BOD effluents (Hauser, 2011). The environmental
impact includes solids in suspension, ionic charge, toxicity, oxygen concentration and
colourisation. Generally, most dyes are very persistent in wastewaters due to their
solubility and low degradation degree both determined by the complexity of their
structure (Buitrón et al., 2004). It is estimated that approximately 100 tonnes/year of
dyes are discharged into water and about 70% are azo type dyes (Gupta and Suhas,
2009; Ihsanullah et al., 2020). With the aim to discolour streams, several techniques
have been investigated, including chemical (oxidation, electrolysis) (Corona-Bautista et
al., 2021; Pacheco-Álvarez et al., 2019; Suhadolnik et al., 2019), ozonation (Abrile et
al., 2020), physical (reverse osmosis, filtration, coagulation/flocculation, adsorption)
(Ahmad et al., 2015; Al-Aoh, 2021; Paixão et al., 2020), combination of chemical and
physical (Rezaee et al., 2008) and even biological (microorganisms, enzymes) processes
(Arabaci and Usluoglu, 2014; Garg and Tripathi, 2017; Saratale et al., 2011). The
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majority of those operations incur in, among others, elevated maintenance level and
manpower with high expertise that affect the final cost of the process and the
profitability of the production (Donkadokula et al., 2020; Hauser, 2011; Soares et al.,
2017).
Among all the water discoloration techniques, adsorption emerges as an
economic alternative and a low environmental impact process (Liu et al., 2020; Rashed,
2013). The adsorption mechanism is based in the capture or retention of a compound
(adsorbate) in a liquid phase by a solid (adsorbent) (Mostafa et al., 2009; Park et al.,
2010). In this sense, a wide range of low-cost materials have been studied to be used as
potential adsorbents for dyes such as wood (Kelm et al., 2019; Naeem and Hassan,
2018), clay (Kausar et al., 2018), ashes (Mor et al., 2018), activated muds (Qu et al.,
2012; Sarvajith et al., 2018), orange (Namasivayam et al., 1996), cuttlefish bones
(Elwakeel et al., 2020), algae (Elgarahy et al., 2020) and banana peels (Temesgen et al.,
2018). In these recent years, the concepts of reuse and recycling have taken an
important role in our society and resulted in an increase in research and development in
sustainable technologies. For this reason, the current trend is to use agroindustrial
wastes as alternative to produce new adsorbent materials due to their low cost and
efficiency in the elimination of metal ions (Fu and Wang, 2011; Mo et al., 2018;
Vijayaraghavan and Balasubramanian, 2015).
Part of the transformation of agroindustrial by-products such as orange and
lemon peels into new raw materials, concretely into dye adsorbents, has been performed
by CRESCA research group. In this sense, previous studies demonstrated satisfactory
results in the use of mesocarps of orange and lemon into the adsorption of organic dyes
as alternative for textile industry wastewater treatment (Arjona et al., 2018) or even as
wine clarifiers (García-Raurich et al., 2019).
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Here, the evaluation of the adsorption capacity of modified mesocarps of orange
and lemon peels to retain cationic and anionic dyes from textile dyeing industry
wastewaters is presented. The adsorption capacity of the resulting adsorbents is tested in
batch and in continuous processes with different cationic and anionic dyes, simulating
industrial operations. Parameters such as the nature of the adsorbent, the concentration
of the adsorbent, pH of the adsorption process, time of contact, hydration degree and
number of column pass are evaluated by analysing the concentration of the dye in the
residual liquor fraction by UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Materials and methods
Materials
Orange and lemons peels were collected from local fruit stores. Cationic dyes:
Basic Blue 3 (C20H26ClN3O) (Blue), Basic Yellow 21 (C22H25ClN2) (Yellow), Basic
Red 18 (C19H25Cl2N5O2) (Red) and Basic Green 4 (C23H25ClN2) (Green). Anionic dyes:
Acid Blue 264 (C29H28N3NaO6S2) (Blue), Acid Yellow 49 (C16H12Cl2N5O3S) (Yellow)
and Acid Red 337 (C17H11F3N3NaO4S) (Red) (Fig. 1). Dyes were purchased from
Classic Dyestuffs Inc. Filters of 0.45 µm pore of Millex were used in the batch process.
Fig. 1 a) Basic Blue 3, b) Basic Yellow 21, c) Basic Red 18, d) Basic Green 4, e) Acid Blue 264,
f) Acid Yellow 49 and, g) Acid Red 337.
Physical treatment of peels
Washing of the orange and lemon peels was carried out with tap water and
conventional soap at room temperature to eliminate added waxes, resins and soil of the
epicarp. After drying with continuous air flow, mesocarps were cut using an ice mincer
until achieve 0.5-1 µm particle sizes, according to previous studies (Arjona et al., 2018).
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Chemical treatment of peels
Due to the different nature of the studied dyes, two different chemical treatments
were applied to peels. With the objective to achieve an adsorbent capable to adsorb
anionic dyes, the procedure was:
1. Acidic treatment: to remove pectins and other compounds such as β-
carotene (50 g peel/ 500 mL deionised water, pH = 3-4, ultrasonic
agitation, 45 min).
2. Alkaline treatment: saponification of peels, concretely cellulose,
hemicellulose and remaining pectin fraction (50 g peel, 2.5 g Ca(OH)2
(Panreac), the necessary volume of deionised water, pH > 10, ultrasonic
agitation, 45 min).
3. Acidic treatment: modification of ionic charge (50 g peel/ 500 mL
deionised water, pH = 3-4, ultrasonic agitation, 45 min).
4. Neutralisation
5. Dry
The third step was avoided when peels were prepared to adsorb cationic dyes.
Batch process
In the discontinuous or batch process, the amount of adsorbent (0.50, 0.75 and
1.00 g), type of dye (anionic and cationic), concentration of dye (30, 60, 90, 120 and
240 ppm), pH (as-it-is, acid and alkaline), adsorption time (5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 min for
anionic and 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min for cationic) and the initial hydration degree of
orange and lemon adsorbent parameters were studied. To do this, 25 mL of a solution of
dye was prepared and mixed with the corresponding adsorbent at 20ºC. Then, the
sample was filtered and the concentration of dye in the liquor was analysed by UV-Vis
(Shimadzu UV-1800).
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Continuous process
Continuous process conditions were set once the conditions of the batch process
were established. For this reason, only the dyes that presented the highest adsorption
percentage in the batch process were tested in the continuous one (cationic green and
anionic blue). Moreover, two types of columns were evaluated, a small column Afora
5831 (nº 0 porous plate, glass key with 2/3 mm key passage, 10 mm internal diameter,
200 mm useful length) and a larger column Afora 5855 (nº 0 porous plate, glass key
with 2/3 mm key pass, 30 mm internal diameter and 500 mm useful length). The first
column was used to perform experiments towards the determination of the evolution of
the adsorbent adsorptions to the column pass volume (5 g of adsorbent, 30 ppm dye
solution, 25 mL/min, recovered adsorbent was washed with ethyl alcohol) and, the
second, to determine the influence of the flow rate (125, 43 and 23 mL/min for 20 g of
adsorbent) together with the concentration of dye (20 g adsorbent with 30 and 60 ppm
of dye) in the dye adsorption yield.
All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and
regulations
Batch process
The influence of the amount of the chemically and physically treated orange and
lemon peels (adsorbents) to the cationic dyes adsorption was firstly evaluated. To do
this, cationic dyes were initially analysed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy in order
to obtain the wavelengths corresponding to the peaks of maximum absorption. The
resulting spectra indicated that the maximum absorption signal for each one of the
cationic dyes were found at 652 nm, 488 nm, 415.5 and 613.5 nm for blue, red, yellow
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and green, respectively, and for anionic were found at 607 nm, 491 nm and 399 nm for
blue, red and yellow, respectively. Afterwards, adsorption experiments with orange-
derived and lemon-derived adsorbents with the mentioned dyes were carried out. A
clear liquid fraction was obtained after 45 min when 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 g of orange-
derived and lemon-derived adsorbents where put in contact with cationic dye, indicating
a high adsorption capacity of both adsorbents (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 a) Orange-derived and b) lemon-derived adsorbents in different concentrations after
adsorption process with cationic red dye.
Those liquid fractions or liquors where subsequently analysed by UV-Vis
spectroscopy and the percentage of adsorbed dye was calculated for each amount of
adsorbent used (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 Percentages of adsorbed cationic dyes according to the amounts of (left) orange-derived
and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.
Similar adsorption values were obtained for orange-derived and lemon-derived
adsorbents, however the overall percentage was slightly higher in the case of orange-
derived adsorbent. Blue, yellow and green cationic dyes where increasingly adsorbed
with the concentration of both adsorbents, although a discreet increase of a 0.25%
between 0.75 and 1.00 g of orange-derived adsorbent was spotted for the green.
Concretely, in the case of yellow, differences in the adsorption were found in the nature
of the adsorbent, being higher in the case of orange-derived. Contrastingly, red cationic
dye was similarly adsorbed for both adsorbents, presumably indicating an important
correlation between the chemical nature of the dyes to the adsorption results.
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was extensively evaluated with anionic dyes (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 Percentages of adsorbed anionic dyes according to the amounts of (left) orange-derived
In contrast to the results obtained for cationic, blue anionic dye was highly
retained by the lemon-derived adsorbent rather the orange-derived, presenting an
averaged difference of the 31.66%. Nevertheless, the concentration of adsorbent was
essentially an independent parameter when values were compared within the same
adsorbent for this dye. On the other hand, the percentage of red anionic dye adsorbed
increased with the amount of adsorbent, similarly to yellow anionic dye. However,
yellow anionic dye was the only dye that showed a higher retention with orange-derived
adsorbent than the other one. Those observed differences in the adsorption with the
different dyes may have probably been influenced by the stereochemistry of the
molecule of the dye due to the position and the steric hindrance of the reactive groups in
each case. Moreover, an amount of 1.00 g of adsorbent was established to be the more
suitable concentration on dye adsorption and so, subsequent experiments were set with
this parameter.
The influence of the dye concentration in the adsorption capacity of the
adsorbents was also evaluated maintaining at 1.00g the amount of the adsorbent. The
assay was performed with the dyes that showed the strongest and the weakest
adsorption affinity to the adsorbents. Thus, green and yellow cationic dyes and blue and
yellow anionic dyes were tested with different initial concentrations, ranging from 30 to
240 ppm (Table 1).
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Table 1 Percentages of adsorbed dyes according to its initial concentration for orange-derived
and lemon-derived adsorbents.
Both, orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents did not exhibit significant
differences in the adsorption of green cationic dye, resulting in high adsorption
efficiencies even at the higher concentrations. On the contrary, yellow cationic dye
experienced the maximum retention between 90 and 120 ppm for both adsorbents, and
then a moderate decay at higher dye concentrations. Due to the poorer affinity between
yellow cationic dye and the adsorbents respect to the green homologue, a major quantity
of the yellow was necessary to achieve similar adsorption results as green, in
concordance with previous observations. In the case of anionic dyes, orange-derived
adsorbent experienced a maximum adsorption peak at 90 ppm of blue dye, however at
higher concentrations a progressive decreasing of this adsorption was spotted. On the
other hand, when lemon-derived adsorbent was put in contact with blue anionic dye, an
almost lineal decrease between 30 and 120 ppm could be observed (y = -
0.3003x+102.2, R2 =0.97), indicating the highest adsorption efficiency at the lowest dye
concentration. As expected due to the previous results, yellow anionic dye showed
discreet adsorption results for both types of adsorbent, presenting a maximum at 60
ppm. Even though, the following assays were performed with a concentration of 30 ppm
of dye.
Another parameter that may greatly influence the capacity of dye adsorption of
adsorbents is the pH value. For this reason, adsorption experiments were carried out,
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comparing different pH values: as-it-is, acid (pH = 4 and 2) and alkaline (pH = 10 and
12) (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 Percentages of adsorbed (top) cationic and (bottom) anionic dyes according to the
different pH values for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.
Experiments with cationic dyes revealed that the capacity to adsorb red and
green dyes was not significantly affected by the pH. However, blue and yellow dyes
were greatly retained with an unmodified pH value, as-it-is, by both adsorbents.
Orange-derived adsorbent resulted in higher values of adsorption when the nature of
adsorbent was compared. Furthermore, in the case of anionic dyes, the adsorption
capacity experienced a progressive decrease with the increase of the pH values for red
and yellow dyes. On the other hand, the percentage of adsorbed blue dye kept almost
invariable along the different values of pH. Contrary to the cationic, anionic dyes were
better adsorbed by the lemon-derived adsorbent. Because in the most cases higher
absorption results were obtained by the pH as-it-is, the two-type adsorbents with
unmodified pH were concluded to be the most suitable for dye adsorption.
Moreover, the adsorption time or the contact time between the adsorbent and the
dye solution was also determined. Adsorption times were different according to the
nature of the dyes because previous results demonstrated a faster adsorption of anionic
dyes than cationic. Both, orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents could retain an
initial increasing percentage of cationic dyes within the first 30 min and then, a plateau
appeared (Fig. 6). Similar behaviour was observed in the case of anionic dyes, however
the plateau appeared after 15 min of contact time.
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different contact times for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.
Within cationic dyes, green was the fastest and the highest percentage dye that
was adsorbed by both adsorbents and yellow the lesser in all senses, in concordance
with previous observed results. On the other hand, blue and yellow anionic dyes
experienced a similar behaviour as the adsorption affinity assays exposed above, being
the more and faster adsorbed the blue, and the lesser and slowest the yellow. Those
differences were presumably related with the chemical structure and steric hindrance of
the reactive groups of the dyes. Contact times of 30 min for cationic dyes and 15 min
for anionic dyes were established to be suitable to obtain adequate adsorptivities with
those adsorbents.
All experiments were carried out using dried orange-derived and lemon-derived
adsorbents. Nevertheless, the influence of the hydration degree of the adsorbents to the
capacity of adsorption was determined. To do this, same experiments performed for the
determination of the adequate contact time between adsorbent and dyes were repeated
with hydrated adsorbents. With the objective to achieve a ‘hydrated’ state, adsorbents
were left in contact with distilled water 24 h before conducting the assay. Results
demonstrated that hydrated adsorbents could retain more effectively cationic and
anionic dyes, especially in the case of yellow dyes, whose affinities to the dry
adsorbents were the weakest (Fig. 7). This observation could be related with the
capacity to form hydrogen bonds between water and surrounding dye molecules.
Optimal contact times and its behaviour appeared to be the same for hydrated than for
dry adsorbents. Consequently, hydrated adsorbent was concluded to be the most suitable
state to the adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes.
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different contact times for (left) hydrated orange-derived and (right) hydrated lemon-derived
adsorbents.
The determination of the adsorption capacities of orange-derived and lemon-
derived adsorbents in a continuous process were developed after the optimum
conditions were established in a batch process. Continuous process experiments were
conducted using the dyestuffs that presented the highest adsorption percentages in the
batch process and so, green as cationic dye and blue as anionic were tested. First, an
experiment to determine the evolution of adsorption of the adsorbents according to the
volume that passes through was conducted in a small column. The eluted fluid from the
column was collected and used in a second elution through the recovered adsorbent,
simulating the effect of a second column in series. This process was repeated a third
time, simulating a third column in series. The capacity of adsorption of the adsorbents
decreased as the elutions of dyestuffs developed, as expected, indicating a decrease of
the adsorption yield (Fig. 8). In the case of green cationic dye, after the first elution or
column, the percentage of adsorbed dye was reduced down to an 18% when orange-
derived adsorbent was used and until a 2% with the lemon-derived. However, this
percentage of dye adsorbed increased up to 76% and to 19% for orange-derived and
lemon-derived, respectively, when the adsorbent was recovered and passed through a
second serial column. At the end of the third elution, the amount of dye adsorbed raised
up to 90% in the case of the orange-derived adsorbent and up to 59% in the case of the
lemon-derived homologue. A preferentially adsorption of the cationic dyes by orange-
derived adsorbent could be concluded.
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Fig. 8 Percentages of adsorbed of (top) green cationic dye and (bottom) blue anionic dye vs.
the volume of elution for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.
On the other hand, a 20% of blue anionic dye could be adsorbed by the orange-
derived adsorbent, similarly to the lemon-derived, which was 18% (Fig. 8). Afterwards,
the second column was able to retain up to 48% and 47% of dye when orange-derived
and lemon-derived where used as adsorbents, respectively. Finally, after the third
elution, the capacity of the orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents increased up
to 67% and 71%, respectively. In contrast to cationic dyes, anionic dyes did not show
significant contrast in adsorptivity values when the different types of adsorbent where
compared.
Additionally, the evolution of the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was
investigated at different flow rates. This part of the study was performed with green
cationic dye and orange-derived adsorbent due to the promising obtained results.
Similarly to the previous part, three serial columns disposition was simulated, so the
fluid recovered at the end of the first column pass was sequentially passed again two
more times. Although the maximum flow rate studied presented an adsorption of 90%,
the elution was not stable (Table 2). The stabilisation of the elution was achieved at 23
mL/min, where a 100% of the dye was adsorbed at the 2nd column. Starting from the
minimum flow rate, this was progressively increased until a decreasing of the
adsorption was not observed together with a stable elution. In this way, 43 mL/min was
found to be the more balanced flow rate.
Table 2 Percentages of adsorbed dye according to the flow rate and column pass.
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Once the flow rate was established, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents
was evaluated at different green cationic and blue cationic dyes concentration in order
to observe differences in the adsorption yield. Results showed that, excepting for the
elution of the green dye with lemon-derived adsorbent, more promising results were
obtained when the concentration of the dye was 60 ppm (Table 3). Thus, the
concentration of dye with the utmost efficiency of the adsorbent could be established.
Moreover, higher adsorption percentages were obtained with orange-derived adsorbent
when the nature of adsorbents was compared within the same cationic dye.
Contrastingly, the most suitable type of adsorbent to retain anionic dye was the lemon-
derived, in concordance with the previous observed results.
Table 3 Percentages of adsorbed dyes according to the initial dye concentration for
each type of adsorbent and column pass.
Conclusions
In this manuscript, the successful use of orange-derived and lemon-derived peels
as adsorbents after some treatments to the adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes from
textile dyeing wastewater has been demonstrated. The study has been conducted
simulating two industrial processes, a batch and a continuous. From the batch process, a
concentration of dye of 30 ppm, without the modification of the dyestuff, contact times
between the dye and adsorbent of 30 min for cationic dyes and 15 min for anionic
together with a hydrated adsorbent were the most favourable conditions. Moreover, the
behaviour of orange-derived and lemon-derived adsorbents for cationic dyes has
converged at concentrations of dye above 30 ppm.
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In the case of the continuous process, the most suitable conditions of flow rate
have been found at 43 mL/min, being the orange-derived adsorbent the more promising
for cationic dyes and lemon-derived for anionic dyes. Furthermore, it has been
demonstrated that the column efficiency increased with the dyed wastewater
concentration, exhibiting an increase of the double of the adsorption of dye when the
initial concentration increased from 30 ppm to 60 ppm for cationic dyes and more than
four times with the yellow anionic dye. Finally, the recovery of the adsorbed dye by
ethyl alcohol, allowing the regeneration of the column until seven times at least has
been also demonstrated.
This study is a contribution to the circular economy since it takes advantage of
agricultural wastes from the industry of juice production to transform them into bio-
derived adsorbents towards the purification of coloured wastewaters from dyeing textile
materials.
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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efficient elimination of some cationic and anionic dyes
O
N
CH3
Cl
SO3H
Cl
f)
CF3
N
N
SO3Na
HO
H2N
g)
Fig. 1 a) Basic Blue 3, b) Basic Yellow 21, c) Basic Red 18, d) Basic Green 4, e) Acid Blue 264,
f) Acid Yellow 49 and, g) Acid Red 337.
0.50 g 0.75 g 1.00 g 0.50 g 0.75 g 1.00 g
a) b)
Fig. 2 a) Orange-derived and b) lemon-derived adsorbents in different concentrations after
adsorption process with cationic red dye.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Blue
Red
Yellow
Green
Fig. 3 Percentages of adsorbed cationic dyes according to the amounts of (left) orange-derived
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Blue
Red
Yellow
Fig. 4 Percentages of adsorbed anionic dyes according to the amounts of (left) orange-derived
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
Blue
Red
Yellow
different pH values for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
different contact times for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
Blue
Red
Yellow
different contact times for (left) hydrated orange-derived and (right) hydrated lemon-derived
adsorbents.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Ad so
rb ed
d ye
1st column 2nd column 3rd column
Fig. 8 Percentages of adsorbed of (top) green cationic dye and (bottom) blue anionic dye vs.
the volume of elution for (left) orange-derived and (right) lemon-derived adsorbents.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
elimination of some cationic and anionic dyes
Table 1 Percentages of adsorbed dyes according to its initial concentration for orange-derived
and lemon-derived adsorbents.
30 60 90 120 240
Orange 96.30 96.17 96.64 97.59 96.72Green Lemon 96.30 96.17 96.64 97.59 97.85 Orange 72.65 97.57 98.31 98.75 81.91
Cationic
Lemon 95.0 81.7 74.7 67.3 69.7
Orange 48.0 84.8 79.2 68.0 65.9 Anionic
Yellow Lemon 40.4 70.4 60.2 36.3 43.7
Table 2 Percentages of adsorbed dye according to the flow rate and column pass.
Flow rate (mL/min)
125 43 23
86.1 3.6 1.0 97.4 2.1 0.0 98.0 2.0 0.0
Table 3 Percentages of adsorbed dyes according to the initial dye concentration for
each type of adsorbent and column pass.
Dye concentration (ppm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Lemon 90.7 7.7 1.5 84.0 13.6 2.1
Orange 57.0 29.9 2.6 67.4 25.0 4.2
Adsorbed

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