Internship ReportSubmitted to:

Human Resource Department at

PIA Engineering & MaintenanceKarachi, Pakistan

Submitted by:

Abdul Moiz Hassan, B.E. ElectronicsSyed Waqas Ul Haque, B.E. Electronics Hunain Shuja, B.E. Electronics

Hamdard Institute of Engineering Technology, Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Start Date for Internship: 26th July, 2016

End Date for Internship: 24th August, 2016

Report Date: 29th August, 2016

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Pakistan International Airlines

CERTIFICATE

The “INTERNSHIP REPORT” presented by SYED-WAQAS-UL-HAQUE

HUNAIN SHUJA and ABDUL MOIZ HASSAN under the direction of their advisor’s and in

charge, has been presented to and accepted by Pakistan International Airline, in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for Internship

___________________

(In charge)

_________________________

(Co-In charge)

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ContentsCERTIFICATE.........................................................................................................................................2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION OF PIA.........................................................................................................................5

INTERNSHIP AT PIA......................................................................................................................................5

WEEK 1:.....................................................................................................................................................6

BASE MAINTENANCE.............................................................................................................................6

HOW DOES A PLANE FLY?....................................................................................................................6

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL................................................................................................................6

MAINTAINING CONTROL..................................................................................................................7

WEEK 2......................................................................................................................................................8

LINE MAINTENANCE..............................................................................................................................8

BATTERY SHOP.......................................................................................................................................8

BATTERY..................................................................................................................................................8

TYPES OF BATTERY.......................................................................................................................................8

INSTRUMENT SHOP...................................................................................................................................10

AUTOPILOT................................................................................................................................................10

SUB SYSTEM OF AUTOPILOT......................................................................................................................10

RADIO SHOP..............................................................................................................................................11

COMMUNICATION IN AIRCRAFT:...............................................................................................................11

EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)..............................................................................................11

BLACK BOX.................................................................................................................................................13

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................14

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This is a report about the internship at the Engineering Department of PIA (Pakistan International Airlines). The purpose of the internship was to introduce the systems that are used in aircrafts. These systems include Telecommunication

Systems, Electronics System and Instrumental Systems

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INTRODUCTION OF PIAPakistan International Airlines commonly known as PIA THE

airline which is the national flag carrier of Pakistan. The airline was founded on 23

October 1946 as Orient Airways, prior to the Partition of India. The airline was

nationalized on 10 January 1955 and was renamed as Pakistan International

Airlines. It is Pakistan's largest airline with an in-service fleet of almost 40 aircraft

INTERNSHIP AT PIAThe journey of our internship started on the very first day we were

given the security pass to enter in the engineering section. PIA has the workshops in

many fields of engineering but as an electronics-engineering student we were initially

sent to the avionics section of pia engineering department. That includes base station

and engineering sections.

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WEEK 1:

BASE MAINTENANCE

HOW DOES A PLANE FLY?In order for an aircraft to rise into the air, a force

must be created that equals or exceeds the force of gravity. This force is called lift. In heavier-than-air craft, lift is created by the flow of air over an airfoil. The shape of an airfoil causes air to flow faster on top than on bottom. The fast flowing air decreases the surrounding air pressure. Because the air pressure is greater below the airfoil than above, a resulting lift force is created.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL Stability and control are much more

complex for an airplane, which can move freely in three dimensions, than for cars or boats, which only move in two. A change in any one of the three types of motion affects the other two.

Imagine three lines running through an airplane and intersecting at right angles at the airplane’s center of gravity.

Rotation around the front-to-back axis is called roll. Rotation around the side-to-side axis is called pitch. Rotation around the vertical axis is called yaw.

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MAINTAINING CONTROL

THE AILERONS CONTROL ROLL On the outer rear edge of each wing, the two ailerons move in

opposite directions, up and down, decreasing lift on one wing while increasing it on the other. This causes the airplane to roll to the left or right. To turn the airplane, the pilot uses the ailerons to tilt the wings in the desired direction.

THE ELEVATOR CONTROLS PITCH On the horizontal tail surface, the elevator tilts up or down,

decreasing or increasing lift on the tail. This tilts the nose of the airplane up and down.

THE RUDDER CONTROLS YAW On the vertical tail fin, the rudder swivels from side to side,

pushing the tail in a left or right direction. A pilot usually uses the rudder along with the ailerons to turn the airplane.

Flight control surfaces of Boeing 727

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WEEK 2

LINE MAINTENANCEELECTRICAL DEPART

BATTERY SHOP

BATTERY A container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy

is converted into electricity and used as a source of power.

TYPES OF BATTERY1. Alkaline Batteries

2. Lead-Acid Batteries

3. Sealed Lead Acid Battery

In pia we have lead acid and alkaline battery shops. But most frequently used battery in Aircrafts are Alkaline Battery Due to its Efficiency and long life time.

ACID VS. ALKALINE BATTERY :   

Batteries are often classified by the type of electrolyte used in their construction. There are three common classifications; acid, mildly acid, and alkaline.   

Acid-based batteries often use sulphuric acid

Life is short of acid batteries.

If level of lead acid battery is too much low, then it won’t recharge again. Automobile batteries are acid-based.  

Alkaline batteries typically use sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide

Alkaline battery can be used in aircraft for 2 months.

If alkaline battery is fully discharged, then it will charge perfectly.

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KEYS Ni-Cd battery

20 cells make one battery. Each cells are of 1.2v and are connected in series

Output is 28v DC.

In aircraft battery is charge by constant voltage. But in shops its charge by

constant current.

Sensors are attached near battery to note down its temperature.

Battery is placed at tale of aircraft.

IN line maintenance all the shops have different power supply units.

A 115VAC 400HZ supply is available at shops.

A 220VAC 50HZ supply is available at shops. A 110VAC 60HZ supply is available at shops. A 28VDC supply is available at shops.

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INSTRUMENT SHOP

AUTOPILOTAn autopilot is a device used to guide an aircraft without direct assistance from the

pilot. Early autopilots were only able to maintain a constant heading and altitude,

but modern autopilots are capable of controlling every part of the flight envelope

from just after take-off to landing. Modern autopilots are normally integrated with

the flight management system (FMS) and, when fitted, the auto throttle system.

The autopilot systems that control pitch, yaw, and roll are just components of a

greater suite of tools used to automate flight.

SUB SYSTEM OF AUTOPILOT SENSORS

COMPUTERS

CONTROLS

INDICATORS

Instrument landing system An instrument landing system (ILS) enables aircraft to land if the pilots are unable

to establish visual contact with the runway. It does this by way of transmitted radio

signals.

Inertial Navigation systemINS navigates tell it where you want to go and it will tell you how to get there.

Inertial Reference system

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IRS only supplies reference information (attitude, heading, speed, acceleration.

The system cannot navigate; it can only provide present position information.

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RADIO SHOP

COMMUNICATION IN AIRCRAFT:

HF COMMUNICATION :

It is used for long distant communication. It uses

sky wave propagation. The power requirement of HF transceivers is (100-200) but

120 is recommended. Aircraft long range communication uses the HF band

between 3 MHz and 30 MHz to talk with another aircraft.

VHF COMMUNICATION:

It is used for communication up to 150 miles. It is

mostly used at the time of Take-off and landing. The power requirement of VHF

transceivers is (18-28) but 22 watts is recommended. Aircraft short range

communication uses the VHF band between 118 MHz and 136 MHz to talk with

air traffic control

EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)Emergency locator transmitter is used by aircraft to point

out the flight when any emergency occurs.

WEATHER RADAR

A weather radar, is a type of radar used to locate

precipitation, calculate its motion, estimate its type (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and

forecast its future position and intensity.

Modern weather radars are capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in

addition to intensity of the precipitation. Both types of data can be analyzed to

determine the structure of storms and their potential to cause severe weather.

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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC)

Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based

controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of

ATC systems worldwide is to separate aircraft to prevent collisions, to organize

and expedite the flow of traffic, and to provide information and other support for

pilots when able.

IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT (IFE)

In-flight entertainment (IFE) refers to the

entertainment available to aircraft passengers during a flight.

VARIETIES OF IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT

Moving-map systems Audio entertainment Video entertainment Personal televisions In-flight movies Closed-captioning In-flight games Islamic prayers and directions to Mecca Mobile phone

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BLACK BOXA cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder,

often referred to as a "black box, is a flight recorder used to record the audio

environment and during flight data in the flight deck of an aircraft for the purpose

of investigation of accidents and incidents. This is typically achieved by recording

the signals of the microphones and earphones of the pilots’ headsets and of an area

microphone in the roof of the cockpit.

An aircraft is required to carry a Black Box and Black Box is

required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is

recorded elsewhere. As of 2005 it was required that the recording duration is a

minimum of thirty minutes, but now it has long recommended that it should be at

least two hours.

A standard Black Box is capable of recording 4 channels of

audio data for a period of 2 hours. The original requirement was for a Black Box to

record for 30 minutes, but this has been found to be insufficient in many cases,

significant parts of the audio data needed for a subsequent investigation having

occurred more than 30 minutes before the end of the recording.

The earliest Black Box used analog wire recording, later replaced by analog

magnetic tape. Some of the tape units used two reels, with the tape automatically

reversing at each end. Now this magnetic tape is replaced by flash memory unit.

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ConclusionThis internship has been an excellent and rewarding experience. Every aspect of this internship was flawless, we have learned so many things about the aircraft. At the end it was a great experience for us to work and learn with PIA.

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