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PIA 2020
Introduction to Public Affairs
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Overview1. Models of Governance Institutions
2. The Public Sector and the Economy: “Contemporary Models” of Governance and Socio-Economic Change
3. The European Model, North Atlantic Unity and Japan
4. Neo-Orthodoxy: The Debates Over Development: Africa, Asia and Latin America
5. Comparative Methodology Issues
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1. Models of Governance: An Ideal
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Fundamental: Debates About Democracy
Debates about Democracy VIDEO
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Political Models
1. Separation of Powers
2. Parliamentary System
3. Mixed Systems of Government
4. One Party or No Party Systems
5. Military and Authoritarian Systems
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Separation of Powers
“Presidential System”
U.S.
Mexico
Philippines
Many Latin
American
Countries
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Parliamentary System: Cabinet or Fused Government
United Kingdom
Scandinavia
Central Europe
India
Former British Colonies
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The French Hybrid- The Mixed Presidential Model
France
French Colonies
Weak Hybrids with a Ceremonial President
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One Party States: “Democratic Centralism”
Communist or Leninist States
Afro-Marxist
Fascist
“No Party Regimes”
Weak Party Systems
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“Absolutism”
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Governance Theory in the 1990s
a. Often turns out to be very specific: i.e. focused institutions
1. Ombudsman2. Auditor General3. Territorial Governor as rep. of national
authority- the Prefectoral system
b. The Problem: Comparative studies of institutions are very expensive-run out of money/go back to case studies
c. The New Solution: Integration- The Whole of Government Approach
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Swedish Ombudsman
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From 1989-2001
End of Cold War
Application of Structural Adjustment to Socialist Countries
September 11
Democracy and Governance
Public Private Partnerships
Whole of Government Approach
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Whole of Government
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2001-Present
Micro-Issues:
Debate about “Whole of Government
1. Public-Private Partnerships
2. Evaluation and Contracting Out
3. Three D’s: Diplomacy, Defense and Development
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2. The Public Sector and the Economy
1. Free Market
2. Mixed or Social Democratic
3. Socialist Industrialization
4. Autarcky with Rural Mobilization
5. Corporate/ Fascist
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Ideology as Social Science
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The Public Sector and the Economy
Reminder:
Karl Marx- The Other German-
Source of ideas about the developmental state. Marx as a Social Scientist not an Ideologue. The contemporary of Max Weber
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Marx with his Wife Jenny (1869) and with Friedrich Engels and Family (1864)
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Karl Marx: Another Five Minutes
a.. Original Marxian views- State as the instrument of the ruling classes
b. The dialectic and Historical Materialism
c. Model: (John Armstrong- The Conservative Marxist)
-Thesis
-Antithesis
-Synthesis
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Dialectic
Thesis Antithesis
Synthesis
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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)(April 22 1870 – January 21, 1924)
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Class Conflict: Four Epochs
SlaveryFeudalismCapitalismSocialism (National Socialism?)
e. Functionaries as the petty bourgeoisie
f. Communism- state and the bureaucracy whither away
g. Fascism- Society will Whither Away
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Fascism and Italy
VIDEO
The Banality of Authoritarianism
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Command Economy- Revised by Keynes and Franklin D. Roosevelt 1. Under socialism, government, the
bureaucracy should manage the economy
2. The development of an elaborate national planning system
3. Keynes- Failure of market
4. European Social Democracy
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Command Economy
4. The debate: Keynesianism and European Socialism (the Rose)- How much is this part of Command Economy Framework? (Guy Peters)
5. Development Administration: Command Economics in the Third World? (Heady, Riggs vs. Vincent and Eleanor Ostrom)
6. Development Management: An Oxymoron
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3. The European Model, North Atlantic Unity and Japan
Focus on the State Economic System
Collectivist vs. Individualist Approach
Europe vs. Anglo-Saxon
Debates about Groups: Competitive vs. Cooperative (Corporatist)
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Continental Europe
Counter-influence of St. Simonism- an interventionist view (Not Adam Smith).
“the era of abundance could be attained certainly and quickly. The guaranteed means were applications of science and technology to unrestricted mastery of nature.”
Count de Saint-Simon
1760-1825
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Count Henri de Saint-simon
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Does This Help?
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Social Democracy: Debate
The Rose as a Symbol
Socialism and the Rise of Labor in Europe
The Second International
All European Countries have a Social Democratic Party (The Second International)
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American Activism vs. European Socialism (U.S. Social Democratic Party)
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Unification of the North Atlantic- 1930s-1970s- The Primacy of Keynesianism
1. Monetary Policy
2. Fiscal Policy
3. Wage and Price controls
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“We’re All Keynesians Now”Friday, Dec. 31, 1965
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The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control
1. Traditional- police and law and order
2. National Defense
3. Social Services- Education and Health and Welfare
4. Resource Mobilization
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The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control- Continued6. Economic Growth generation: From
Roosevelt and the New Deal to Kennedy and Johnson, The Great Society
6. LDCs and Modernization Theory: Agraria vs. Industria (Turner and Holm)
7.The challenge of Public Choice, rationalism and the University of Chicago School: Neo-Orthodoxy- less influence outside of the Anglo-Saxon world
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Summary: Debate over the Economy
1. The International Contemporary State: Continental Europe vs. the U.S. or the U.K.
2. Adam Smith, "the hidden hand" and Classical Economics- An Anglo-Saxon View esp. USA
3. Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union: Command Economy (whole or part): Images of
the Cold War- A Propaganda Film- VIDEOEastern Europe Was Not Social Democratic
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Breaktime
Ten Minute Break
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The Development Model
Modernization Theory
State as Development Manager
Industrialization vs. Rural Development
The Take Off Point: Capital Accumulation
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Conceptual: Agraria vs. Industria
Development
Agraria
Attitudes: parochial – fixed rulesCustoms: particularistic / inheritedStatus: ascriptiveFunctionally: diffuseHolistic ChangeLack of Specialized Roles
Result
Agricultural, rural, poorOral / illiterateAuthoritarian instabilitySubsistence – non-monetaryRevolution and violenceOccupation fixed
Industria
UniversalisticLegal / RationalAchievement OrientedRoles Functionally SpecificHigh Degree of TechnologyManufacturing and Production
Oriented
Result
CommercialDemocratic / PeacefulOccupational mobilityLiterateUrban, RichIncrementalism, Stability and Gradual
Change
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Japan and Economic DevelopmentChalmers Johnson
Author of the Week
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Japan and Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
Asian Model
Corporatist- Inter-meshing of state and Private Sector
Management (not Political) Focus
Growth and Export
Model for Asian Tigers
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Legacy: Ministry of International Trade and Industry (in Asia)
Block 10, Government Offices Complex, Jalan Duta,50622 KL, MalaysiaTel no: 603-6203 3022Fax no: 603-6201 2337Email:[email protected]
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4. Neo-Orthodoxy. Rejection of Keynes
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Prologue: Two Views of Government: "There are several ways in which the government
has influenced the structure of Japan's special institutions."[1]
"What is lawful and therefore is unlawful, depends on the culture and the country in question."[2]
[1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14.
[2] Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 3.
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It Starts with Adam SmithJune 5, 1723 – July 17, 1790
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Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006)
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The Debates Over Development: Africa, Asia and Latin America
Colonial Heritage
Political Nationalization
Adapted Keynesianism
Anti-Private Sector:
Pariah Groups, White Settlers, Chinese, Indians, Lebanese-Arabs (The Jews in Europe Debates)
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2011- Debates About “Obamacare?”
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Uganda Asians Expelled 1972
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Asian Tigers Under Attack, 1997-98
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5. Comparison
Now for a little bit of theory….
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Comparative Methodology Issues Impact of the “Asian Model” and international
experience
Debates about Soft State Problem
Weak Private Sector Problem
Debates about Governance and Authoritarianism
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Development Administration: C.A.G.- Focus on comparative and development administration.
Foundations and CAG- chalets in Italy to discuss administrative and political development
USAID and Universities- 3 out of every 4 dollars never left the U.S. Now .93 never leaves.
Post-Vietnam and Iran: BadReputation
Ferrel Heady, Founder of SICA, 1916-2006 Spent muchLife in Aisa
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CAG Contined
NIPAs, staff colleges and IDMs spring up all over Africa and Asia
After 1975/80- Foundations pulled the plug
CAG End of Ford grant, 1974
Post-Vietnam syndrome: Withdrawals, Ayatollas, now nine-one-one
End of Development as a consensus Northern Tier goal
Development Management Flounders after 1983?
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Fred Warren Riggs, 90, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa,Professor emeritus of political science, passed away on February 9, 2008 “Father” of Comparative Approach to Public Affairs
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Riggs Life
Professor Riggs was born in Kuling, China on July 3, 1917, the son of agricultural missionary parents Charles H. and Grace (Frederick) Riggs. He attended Nanking University, 1934-35. Research in Thailand and Philippines.
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Missionary Life
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Comparative Methods
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Comparative Public Administration Issues
a. The politics-administration dichotomy
b. Environmental and cultural factors are important. Ecology as an issue
c. Bureaucracy as a Negative? Keep government out of people's lives
d. Search for a “non-Western Model”
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ISSUES, Continued
e. Comparative as a method- structural-functionalist
f. Systemic influence on the individual- role definition, socialization and development of organizations vs. institutions
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Gabriel A. Almond (12 January 1911 – 25 December 2002)
Family of Russian
Immigrants
Inputs- Interest Articulation
Interest Aggregation
Socialization
“Conversion- The Black Box”
Outputs- Laws, Regulations
And Policies
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Systemic Approach to Governance and Development
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End of Macro-Approach
1.The Macro Approach: No Longer In Vogue (except with Ferrel Heady)
a. Systems building from Almond to Riggs
b. Almond's functions and Easton's black boxes
c. Theme- Look at common functions- focus on INSIDE processes of executive government
2. Governance- Basis for Comparison
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THEORY: Civil Society vs. State
DEBATES
John D. Montgomery vs. Milton Esman
(Experience Japan and Vietnam)
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End of Macro-Approach
2. Things often done by different structures and processes
Key:- Who makes rules- who carries out,
implements
3. Critics: Lack of systems level theory
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Middle Range Theory:
a. Role Theory, Exchange Theory
b. Focus on specific relationships: eg. bureaucracy and political and moral variables within a country
c. Mostly case studies- Egypt, Botswana, the U.S. All the same method. "The Case Study"
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The Situation in 1983:Modified "traditional Approach"- A Micro and Meso level approach
a. Most like an "orthodoxy" of public administration
b. Comparative Study of:
1. Parts of the System- budgeting, personnel, inter-governmental relations, policy process- Focus on Relationships
2. Or whole systems- Britain vs. France, U.S. vs. Russia, Botswana vs. Tanzania-
Not Comparative
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Governance: Who Gets
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Focus on Relationships
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Robert King Merton July 4, 1910 - February 23, 2003
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Role Theory
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And then there was….
Another Theory of Governance
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Discussion Possibilities
James Thurber, “The Greatest Man in the World
Franz Kafka, “The Bureaucracy”
Nadine Gordimer, “Africa Immigrants”
Robert Penn Warren, All The King’s Men
Anything Else?
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Authors of the Week
Franz Kafka, 1883-1924
Robert Penn Warren, 1905-1989
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Authors of the Day
Nadine Gordimer, Born, 1923
James Thurber, 1894-1961
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Comments and Discussion