Phytoremediation of Salt (& PHC) Impacted Soils Using Biochar … · 2016-05-20 ·...
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Phytoremediation of Salt (& PHC) Impacted Soils Using Biochar Augmentation; Implications of Salt Tolerance Mechanisms Dr. Barbara A. Zeeb Canada Research Chair – Biotechnologies & Environment Dept. Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Royal Military College of Canada Kingston, ON CANADA
RPIC Federal Contaminated Sites National Workshop Stream C - Remediation 26 April, 2016; 10:30-11 am
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Salinization
Causes︎• Natural processes︎
• Landfilling of high salt content wastes︎
Consequences︎• Land degradation • Reduction in plant
growth & yield • Reduction water
quality • Toxic to aquatic,
microbial, veg communities
︎
︎
Weathering
Agricultural Practices
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Landfilling Waste
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http://blogs.oregonstate.edu
Currently estimated that Canada has >7.2 million ha of salinized soils
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Phytotechnologies
the application of plants to engineering and science problems
• remediating environmental contaminants (phytoremediation)
• ecorestoration & habitat creation • carbon sequestration
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Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
1. Accumulate 2. Excrete
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Biochar carbon rich by-product of pyrolysis
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Phytotechnologies
6
Phytoextraction ! Use vegetation to
mobilize salts into above ground tissues
Biochar︎! Improve soil structure ︎! Improve seed germination︎! Improve plant growth︎
︎
Uptake ︎
Accumulation︎
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Halophytes
vv
2. Accumulation
1. Exclusion
3. Excretion
Na+ Cl -‐
h"p://imgkid.com/plant-‐roots-‐vector.shtml
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Adapted from Yensen & Biel 2006
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Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) Landfill ! Operating Cement Plant in Bath, ON
! 30 min west of Kingston
! CKD landfilled from 1973 – 2009 ! Saline sodic material, slightly alkaline, low TOC
! Project Objectives: i) improve aesthetics & ii) reduce [salt]︎
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CKD Site Characterization Electrical
Conductivity (dS/m)
Sodium Absorption
Ratio
Chloride (µg/g)
MOE Guideline <0.7 5 -- Soil Characterization
Saline: >4 Sodic: >13 Average: ~100
CKD Site 11-20 15.4 5800-13500
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Objectives
1. Compare the phytoextraction efficiency of 3 halophytes – P. australis – P. nuttalliana – S. pectinata
2. Investigate different salt tolerance mechanisms & their ability to remove salt from soil
3. Role of biochar augmentation
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12
Phytoextraction of Chloride with Phragmites australis
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Phytoextraction Phragmites australis = accumulator species︎• large, perennial grass︎• growth prolifically︎• effectively extracts Cl- from soils︎
July 2013︎Oct 2013︎
July 2014︎
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Temporal Study
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3 - 9 years︎
• Total chloride in top 10 cm of soil:︎• 464 ± 193 kg︎
• Based on yearly extractions of 72-82 kg︎
Remediation Timeframe
McSorley, K., Rutter, A. Cumming, R., and Zeeb, B.A. 2015. Phytoextraction of chloride from a cement kiln dust (CKD) contaminated landfill with Phragmites australis. J. Waste Management (accepted Oct 2015).
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Addition of 60 lbs of biochar (5% w/w)︎
Planted 36 seedlings per plot︎
Field Trial
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S. pectinata︎
A. elongatum︎
P. nuttalliana ︎
A. elongatum & ︎P. nuttalliana
seeds︎
5% Biochar︎ Buffer Zone︎ Control︎
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5% Biochar︎ Control︎
Biochar Effects ︎
• Significant ↓ in uptake of Na+ in P. nuttalliana & K+ and Cl- in S. pectinata︎• No ↓uptake of divalent cations︎• Improved germination of P. nuttalliana by 67%︎
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Accumulation
20
• Conventional phytoextraction calculation ︎
i.e. [shoot ion] x biomass at harvest︎
P. australis has highest phytoextraction potential︎
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S. pectinata growing in RMC lab
Implications of Salt Tolerance Mechanisms on Extraction Efficiency
82X mag
2200X mag
excreted salts
salt glands
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! EDS for identification of salts excreted on stem & leaf surfaces of S. pectinata ! Cl- and K+ main ions excreted
! Mean weekly excretion ! Cl- 8500 ± 1200 µg/g ! K+ 5800 ± 940 µg/g
Characterization of Excreted Salts
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When considering excretion in lieu of accumulation: • Cl- removal increased 160% • K+ removal increased 30%
Salt Excretion
S. pectinata ︎• highest salt phytoextraction potential︎• native to Ontario︎
McSorley, K., Rutter, A. Cumming, R., and Zeeb, B.A. Chloride Accumulation vs Excretion: Variations in phytoextraction potential of three halophytic grass species growing in a salinized landfill. J. Waste Management (submitted April 2016).
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! Potential for wind dispersion and dilution ! haloconduction theory ! micro (Cl-) and macro (K+) nutrients released by
S. pectinata & wind dispersed ! potential beneficial effects
! Further research needed to determine extent of redistribution
Fate of Salts
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Summary • P. australis can extract 65 ± 4 kg/km2 Cl-/season
! remediate site in 3-9 years
• Biochar can be used for assisted re-vegetation at the CKD landfill – ↑ germination of P. nuttalliana by 67%
• Salt tolerance mechanisms affect phytoextraction efficiency – Salt excretion with S. pectinata most efficient
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Acknowledgements Co-Authors: • Dr. Allison Rutter, Queen’s University • Kaitlin McSorley, Pinchin Envt. • Rob Cumming, Lafarge, Canada