Phytoremediation Along the Indiana Harbor Canal€¦ · Description of Study • Phytoremediation...
Transcript of Phytoremediation Along the Indiana Harbor Canal€¦ · Description of Study • Phytoremediation...
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Steve Rock and Ann Whelan Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5 Office of Research and Development
Phytoremediation Along the
Indiana Harbor Canal
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Canal system overview.
Lake George Branch
Lake Michigan
IHC
IHC
Columbus Avenue
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Sheen on Federal IHC facing east
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Oiled turtle
Oiled Turtle, IHC
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This is the second largest flyway in the continental U.S. Many migratory birds stop off at the tip of Lake Michigan and this is what they find.
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Great White Egret Pair on Bank of IHC
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There is still substantial contamination coming from ground water
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More Mousse
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There is also unaccounted for oil. • Sediments? • Re-oiling from the Shoreline? • Groundwater? • Illegal dumping?
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Dead Carp, Heavy Sheen on Oiled Canal Bank
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Overall Goals for the Canal
• Containment or stabilization of oil • Oil removal through many means
including degradation • Establishment or restoration of habitat
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Programs to Reach Goals • Enforcement (EPA R5) • Natural Resource Damage Assessment
(USF&WS and Indiana Dept. of Env. Management) • Clean-up of hot spots (EPA R5) • Bioremediation (EPA ORD) • Phytoremediation � Survivability (EPA ORD) � Field studies (Sand Creek Consultants, Inc.) � Green house studies (Purdue University)
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Planting History at IH
• Recon and sampling Dec. 2001 • Pot studies for plant selection and
planting strategy 1/02 • Initial field planting • Second field planting Spring 03
Spring 02
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Reconnaissance We found: Layers Bare stretches of beach Arrowhead, cattails, phragmites 15+% TPH
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Description of Study • Phytoremediation is being considered for full-scale
Indiana Harbor clean-up. • Field and greenhouse studies were funded for feasibility
investigation. • Target plants were switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.),
poplar (Populus sargentii), carex (Carex stricta), Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides), willow (Salix exigua), and arrowhead (Sagitaria latifolia).
• Plant growth, biomass, microbial populations, andcontaminant concentrations were monitored.
• Field plots were established in the June of 2002 andmonitored until September, 2003.
• The greenhouse study was conducted from September,2002 to October, 2003.
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Planting Plot REP
1
Pur
REP 3
REP 4
REP 2
Pur
Pur
Pur
Pur
MT
REP 6
REP 5
CA
NA
LIndustrial
Land Use
8’ fence (deer and beaver)
ROW 1 2 3 4 5
20 trees per row 100 trees per rep
W W P P P Species
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Planting: Cuttings
• 10” cuttings in 2002
• 36” cuttings in 2003
Poplar and Willow
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Oct 25, 2002 (21 weeks)
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Qualitative Root Evaluation
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Dense root mass concentrated in oily soil horizon
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Qualitative Root Evaluation
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Indiana Harbor Field Site - 2002
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2003 Planting 36” cuttings No mulch, No holes, No fence Slow release fertilizer ½ mile of canal bank
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Purdue University Plot Plan Gate
SCUE
CESU
ESUC
UECS
UECS
SCUE
CSEU
EUSC
Plot A Plot B Plot C Plot D
Canal
U = Unvegetated S = Switchgrass E = Eastern gamagrass C = Carex stricta
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Field Site – Initial Planting
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Indiana Harbor Greenhouse Design
P C U P S A A W
E W U C E S E C W E C P
A S W A U P S U
Rep 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 3 Rep. 4
U=Unvegetated Control S=Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) P=Poplar (Populus sargentii) C=Carex (Carex stricta) E=Eastern Gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) W=Willow (Salix exigua) A=Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
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Greenhouse Study – Eastern Gama Grass
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Greenhouse Study – TPH Analysis
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
0 3
Willow Switchgrass Poplar Arrowhead Carex Gamagrass Unvegetated
Months 1
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Greenhouse Study – PAH Analysis (Anthracene)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 13
Time (months)
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/kg
) Willow Switchgrass Poplar Arrowhead Carex Gamagrass Unvegetated
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Greenhouse Study – PAH Analysis (Pyrene)
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
0 13
Time (months)
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/kg
) Willow Switchgrass Poplar Arrowhead Carex Gamagrass Unvegetated
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Greenhouse Study – PAH Analysis (Chrysene)
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
0 13
Time (months)
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/kg
) Willow Switchgrass Poplar Arrowhead Carex Gamagrass Unvegetated
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Greenhouse Study – PAH Analysis (Benzo[a]pyrene)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
0 13
Time (months)
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/kg
) Willow Switchgrass Poplar Arrowhead Carex Gamagrass Unvegetated
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0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
PAH
-dag
rad e
r p o
pula
tions
plots
planted 31,690 29,741 19,670 22,148
non-planted 806 908 1,493 1,515
1-A -B 2-A -B
Field Site – PAH Degraders by MPN (August, 2002)
1 2
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Field Site – PAH degaders (MPN)
0.00E+00
2.00E+04
4.00E+04
6.00E+04
8.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.20E+05
1.40E+05
1.60E+05
Sample Identification
MPN
cel
ls p
er G
ram
of D
ry S
oil
MPN 1.11E+05 1.18E+05 2.79E+04 9.01E+04 1.89E+02
Arrowhead Rhizosphere-
affected
Arrowhead Rhizosphere
Carex Rhizosphere-
affected
CarexRhizosphere Non-vegetated
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Field Site – Average TPH Analysis
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 18
Time (months)
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/kg
)
Unvegetated Switchgrass Gamagrass Carex
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Conclusions • The PAH-degraders are approximately 2–5 orders
of magnitude greater in the rhizosphere and rhizosphere-influenced soil compared to non-vegetated soil.
• Molecular microbiological techniques indicate thatorganisms present in the arrowhead rhizospherehave significant PAH degradation ability.
• In the greenhouse, the plant root interaction withthe soil resulted the following trend:switchgrass>Carex>gama>grass>poplar> willow.
• Arrowhead was difficult to grow in thegreenhouse due to water requirements, limiting theassessment time after establishment.
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Conclusions • In the field, Eastern gama grass had the highest
overall shoot biomass of the three plant treatments.
• Switchgrass had the highest percent coverage inthe plots further away from the canal and Carexhad the highest percent coverage in the plotscloser to the canal.
• In the field study, Carex and switchgrass were the best performers in terms of TPHdegradation, and were effective for severalPAHs.
• In the greenhouse study, switchgrass,arrowhead, Carex, and gamagrass were the best performers in terms of TPH degradation, andwere effective for several PAHs.
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Conclusions
• Each type of plant works in a different micro environment
• Trees surrounded by grass limit beaver predation, increase hydrologic control, work on oiled ground water
• Grasses work in top 2-3 feet • Arrowhead works at waters edge • Varied planting may work best
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Conclusions • Possible to
revegetate areas, will decrease sheen, re-oiling canal
• Beavers will slow tree growth (40% in ‘03)
• Restoration will work slowly but cheaply July 2003