Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 10(1): 79 – 85 (2014) © The Egyptian Society of Experimental Biology

ISSN: 1687-7497 On Line ISSN: 2090 - 0503 http://www.egyseb.org

R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E

Mona M. Gaballa

PHYTOPLANKTON AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AS W ATER QU ALITY INDIC ATORS FOR EL-TEMSAH LAKE, SUEZ CAN AL, EGYPT

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to determine the water quality of El -Temsah Lake by studying environmental variables, as well as phytoplankton abundance and community structure. Water samples were collected from three basins of the lake, namely Suez Canal pathway, the western lagoon (AL-Sayadin lagoon) and EL-Temsah Lake during August, October and December, 2012. A total of 118 taxa were identified belonging to seven classes Ochrophyta (66) (56%), Cyanophyceae (18) (15.2%), Dinophyceae (14) (12%), Chlorophyceae(11) (9.3%), Euglenophyceae (6) (5%), Cryptophyceae (2) (1.7%) and Silicoflagellates (1) (0.8%). The lake ecosystem is increasingly affected by various anthropogenic impacts, such as excess of nutrients, causing eutrophication, toxic contaminat ion of industrial, agricultural and domestic or igin which in turn induced two of phytoplankton blooms , the first occurred at the western lagoon (3.1 x106 cel ls /l) during August due to the concurrent growth of Cryptomonas ovata and the second (2x 106 cel ls/ l) occurred in October due to the predominance of potentially harmful diatom Pseudo nitzshia delicat iss isma at EL-Temsah Lake. The most frequently dominant species found were Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros spp., Pseudanabaena limnetica, Oscillator ia spp. , Pseudo nitzshia delicat iss isma, Asterionella formosa. The qualitative and quantitative results of phytoplankton, as well as chemical data lead us to conclude that, in general, the water of EL-Temsah Lake seem to be highly affected by eutrophication and can be considered as eutrophic.

KEY WORDS: Phytoplankton, water pollution, El-Temsah Lake

CORRESPONDENCE: Mona Moham ed Gabal la Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismai lia, Egypt E-mail: Gaballa.mona@gmail.com ARTICLE CODE: 09.02.14

INTRODUCTION: Phytoplanktons are of great importance

in biomonitoring of pollution (Shekhar et al. , 2008; Davies et al. , 2009). The distribution, abundance, species diversi ty, species composition of the phytoplankton is used to assess the biological integrity of the water body (Townsend et al. , 2000). Studies on the phytoplankton and physico-chemical factors of its habitat are urgently needed for the management of water resources and to predict the evaluation of the aquatic ecosystem. El-Temsah Lake lies adjacent to Ismail ia city near the middle of the Suez Canal at a point 50 Km South of Port Said. It covers about 16 Km 2 and is between 3 and 16 m in depth and containing about 34 mil lion cubic meters of water (ETPS, 1995). The lake can be distinctly divided into three basins; El-Temsah Lake, the western lagoon (Al Sayadin Lagoon), and the Suez Canal pathway (Fig. 1). The lake i s considered the most productive along the Suez Canal (Fouda, 1993; Ahmed, 2005) and recreational area.

Fig. 1. Map of El-Temsah Lake and location of sampling sites

The monitoring program of the Environmental Test ing of Pol lution Status in El-Temsah Lake (ETPS, 1995) has reported that the pol lution levels of El-Temsah Lake were relatively high in general when compared to the other lagoons on the Nile coast. Recently, numerous complaints have been made about the level of pollution in El-Temsah Lake (El-Moselhy et al. , 2005; Kaiser et al. , 2009, Donia, 2011; Hamed, 2012;

Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 10(1): 79 – 85 (2014)

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Mohamed, 2012). To some extent, this affects the ecological and biological condit ions of the lake. Such changes will be manifested in the flourishing or avoidance of some organisms including phytoplankton which is the base upon the aquatic food chain is culminating (Reynolds, 1984).

Many researchers handled the study of phytoplankton in the lake. Since the 1980s, Gaballa (1985) showed that the lake appears to have a typical mesotrophic character with slightly pol luted water and phytoplankton crop was mainly dependent on diatoms (85.3%) and most of diatoms are indicators of low nutrient were in common. Recently, in spite of many studies (Madkour et al., 2006; Nasser and Shams El-Din, 2006; Amin, 2007) were carried out on the phytoplankton, their seasonal variation, as well as its relation to the environmental factors and proved that the lake was eutrophic, more detailed information are sti ll required to establish its space-time variations, due to the geographical, economical position and the continuous change in this area.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study area and sampl ing collection:

Sampling periods were performed in August (summer), October (autumn), and December (winter) 2012. Three col lect ions of water samples from three representat ive si tes (SI, SII, and SII I ) along El - Temsah Lake (Fig. 1) were chosen. Site I represents the Suez canal pathway, SII located in the middle of the lake in front of the shorel ine shipyard workshops and si te SIII at the western lagoon(AL-Sayadin lagoon) . Physical and chemical parameters of water:

Surface water temperature was measured at the time of sampling using standard (0-100°C) thermometer. Hydrogen ion concentrat ion was measured at the t ime of sampling using a pocket pH meter (Orion 210). Salinity was determined using an induct ive sal inometer (S.C.T. meters). The methods described in APHA (1989) were adopted. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Phytoplankton:

Chlorophyl l a content in the water samples was determined according to the method described by Strickland and Parsons (1972). For phytoplankton determination, 1 L of water samples were f i xed in the f ield with acidif i ed Lugol 's solut ion. In the laboratory, samples were al lowed to settle for at least 36 h, after which t ime the supernatant was careful ly removed and the remaining volume adjusted to a f i xed volume. Phytoplankton counts were done using a phase contrast Car1 Zeiss (Jena Me microscope) at 100 and 40x magnificat ion, following the Ütermohl technique (Ütermohl, 1958) and

est imated as number of cel ls/ l. Diatoms were examined in permanent preparat ions af ter hydrogen peroxide to reveal frustules sculpture, which is essent ial for species level ident i ficat ion. The permanent sl ides used for diatom examination were prepared according to Barber and Haworth (1981) and est imated as number of cel ls/ l . The algal taxa were ident i fied according to standard references, including Smith (1950), Fott (1972), Bourrel ly (1981), Prescott (1978), Desikashary (1959), and Hendy (1964).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Chemical Parameters:

Data of physico chemical parameters of EL-Temsah Lake water are represented in table 1. It is well known that, the physical and chemical characters controlling l ife in aquatic habitat, ei ther saline or brackish water lead to the appearance of special types of biota (El-Ayouty et al., 1999; Gaballa, 2001; Fathi et al., 2009). The average water temperature of El-Temsah Lake was subjected to seasonal variations. It varied between 16°C and 30.5°C and no significant differences were found between si tes. pH values were always in alkaline side and ranged between 7and 8.7, this may be due to the increased photosynthetic activity of planktonic algae. Variation in salinity appeared to be the key factor to all changes in the lake water. The minimum mean concentration of salinity was 8‰ recorded in the western lagoon and increased gradually eastward and varied between 30 and 38‰. On the other hand the fluctuation of salinity of north Egyptian lakes from time to time could be explained by the differences of input amount of drainage water (Fathi et al., 2009). The conductivity and the total suspended sol ids (TSS) of water were found to be higher (210 ECmmhos/cm and 70 mg/l) in Al sayadin lagoon SIII than the other two sites. The highest value could be attributed to the high pollution level in water. DO tended to be lower in the western lagoon and recorded 6.3 mg/l and was relatively high in the other two sites .It is clear from the results of table 1 that the water of the western lagoon SIII contained high concentrations of Phosphorus and Nitrogen which are the key elements of eutrophication (Pérez-Ruzafa et al., 2002). The mean concentrations of phosphorus showed a higher content and varied between 0.15 and 11.3 mg/l, indicated a more prominent anthropogenic influence (Cetinić et al., 2006). NH4 - N varied between 10 and 124.1 mg/l. Silicate levels was 4.1 mg/l at site I and reached to 39 mg/l at SIII .COD value tended to be higher in the western lagoon (220 mg/l) and lowered to 5.5 and 11.5 mg/l in SI & SII, respectively. The increase in COD values could be attributed to the high content of waste water discharges (Gaballa, 1991). The nutrient salts were doubled as compared with the last recorded data by (Amine, 2007)

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On the other hand, Chl-a content was relatively high and ranged between 8.2 at (S1) and 130 µg/l in polluted water of the western side SIII. The higher Chl-a value suggests, there is a good availability of nutrients for growth and proliferation of phytoplankton .Based on Chl-a values, SI and SII lied between meso to eutrophic status, but SIII was mainly highly eutrophic (Wetzel , 2001). Table 1. Average values of physico chemical parameters of El-

Temsah Lake at sampling sites during the study period Parameters SI SII SIII

Water Temperature °C 22.1 18.1 22.5 pH 8 8.7 7 Salinity ‰ 38 30 8 Conductivity (µScm-1) 45 40 210 TSS mg/ l 10 40 70 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 9 8.5 6.3 NH4- N mg/l 10.3 20.3 124.1 SiO4 mg/l 4.1 22 39 PO4-P mg/l 0.15 0.8 11.3 COD mg/l 5.5 11.5 220 Zn mg/l 0.009 0.01 0.05 Co µg/l 0.01 2.6 20 Cd mg/l 0.0006 0.0008 0.01 Ni mg/l 0.002 0.18 0.489 Pb mg/l 0.0001 0.02 0.024 Chlorophyll a µg/l 8.2 15.3 130

Depending upon the nature of elements and local pollution source, the high concentration of Zn, Pb, and Ni are emitted by industrial wastewater f low (shoreline workshops),in front of SII, while sanitary and agricultural wastewater from El-Bahtini and El-Mahsama Drains emit CO in Al Sayadin Lagoon (SIII) , i n conformity of our result by Hamed (2012). On the other hand, there is a marked decrease in potentially toxic heavy metal concentrations at Suez Canal bay, probably due to the successive sediment dredging and improvements in water purif ication systems for navigat ion objective (Mohamed, 2012). The recorded concentration of heavy metals seem to be likely potentially toxic for the sensitive aquatic organisms (Mil ler et al. , 1987), this f inding may indicate that algal species identi fied in the western lagoon (Table 3) adapted or may be tolerant to the toxic effects of heavy metals e.g like Oscillator ia, Euglena, scenedesmus, Nitzschia, in contrast, l ow levels were recorded at SI and SII. Table 2. Number and percentage compositions of

phytoplankton classes in EL-Temsah Lake

Algal classes Taxa %

Bacillariophyceae 66 56 Cyanophyceae 18 15.2 Dinophyceae 14 12 Chlorophyceae 11 9.3 Euglenophyceae 6 5 Cryptophyceae 2 1.7 Silicoflagellates 1 0.8 Total no.of taxa 118 100%

Table 3. Relative occurrence of phytoplankton taxa of El-Temsah Lake during the study period (result from 3 samplings)

Classes/Sites SI SII SIII Cyanophyceae Anabaena laxa (Rabeh.)Born. ++ ++ +++ A. flos-aquae (Rabeh.) - - + Chroococcuslimneticus Limm. - +++++ - C. despersus Limm - ++ ++ Gloeocapsa sp. - - +++ Anobaenopsis. Circularis (W&G.S.West) V. Miller - - ++++ Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz. - - +++ Merismopedia tenussisma Lemm. - - ++ M. delicatissisma(Witt.)Kirch. - - +++ Oscillatoria tenuisAg. + ++++ + O. planktonicaWolosz. ++ ++++ ++- O. chalybea(Mert)Gom. - +++ +++ O.geminata(Men.)Gom. - ++ +++ Pesudoanabaena limnetica (Lemm.)Kom. ++ +++ ++ Phormidium mole Kutz - ++ ++ Ph. sp. + ++ + Spirulina jenneri var.platensisNor. - ++ +++ Sp.major Kutz - +++ +++ Bacillariophyceae Achnanthes brevipesAg. ++ +++ - Ac. catenata BilyetMarvan - ++ - Ac. exigua var. heterovalvata Krass. ++ - + Ac.hauckiana Grun. ++ - Amphipleura pellucida(Kütz.)Kutz. ++ - - Amphora coffeaeformis Ag. ++ - - Amph. rectaGrun. ++ - - Amph. ventricosaW.Greg. - ++ - Asterionella formosa Hass. ++ + - Bacillaria paradoxa Gmelin - - ++++ Campylodiscus clypusKutz. ++ - - Cerataulina pelagic (Cleve)Hendey +++ + - Chaetoceros affinisvar.willei(Grun).Hust. +++ +++ - Ch. curvisetus Cl +++ + - Ch. didymusEhr. + + - Ch. lauderi Ralfs +++ +++ - Ch. teres Celve ++ ++ - Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz. + +++ +++ Cyc.ocellata Pant. + ++ Cymbella affinis Kutz. - + - C. cistula (Hempre.) Grun. - + - C. ventricosaGrun. ++ + - Cocconeis placentula Her. + + C. pediculus Ehr. ++ ++ - Caloneis permagna (Bail.) Cl + + - Entomoneis alata Ehr + - - Epithemia sorex Kutz. + - - Diploneis constricta(Grun.) Cl. + +++ - Ditylum brightwellii(T.West) Grun. ++ - - Grammatophora marina(Lyngb.) Kutz. ++ - - Guinardia flaccida(Castre.) Perag. +++ + - Gomphonema parvulum (Kutz.) Grun. - + ++++ G. olivaceum (Lyngb.) Kutz. - + +++ Gyrosigma attenuatum(Kutz.) Rabh. ++ - - Hanzschia amphioxys (Her.) Grun. ++ +++ - Hemiaulus haucku Grun + - - Leptocylindrus danicus Cl. ++ - - Licmophora ehrenbergii (Kutz.) Grun. + ++ - Melosira granulata (Her.)Ralfs. + + + M. granulata var. angustissima (O.Mull) Hust. + - ++ Navicula hungarica Grun. + ++ - N. forcipata Greville + + - N. pupula var. pupula Kutz + - - N. pygmaea Kutz ++ - - N. cryptocephalaKutz. + + - N. viridula Kutz. + ++ - N. veneta (Kutz.)Grun ++ +++ - N. rhyncocephala Kutz ++ ++ - Nitzschia acicularis W. SM. ++ ++ +++ N. amphibia Grun. ++ - ++

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N. sigma W.SM. + ++ +++ N. sigmoeodea (Breb.) ++ +++ +++ N. palea Kutz. - +++ ++++ Pseudonitszchia delicatissisma Hasl. +++++ ++++ - Rhizosolenia alata Bright. +++ +++ - R. fragillissisma Bergon. +++ +++ - Skeletonema costatum (Greve.)Cl. +++++ ++++ - Stephanodiscus astrea (Kutz.)Grun. +++ +++ - S. hanzschii (Grun.) +++ ++ -- Surirella ovata Kutz. ++ - -- S. gemma Ehr. ++ +++ -- Syndera ulna var. ulna Her. ++ +++ ++++ Thallassionema nitzschoides Grun. ++++ +++ - Thalassiosira decepiens (Grun.) Jorg. +++ ++ - Th.excentrica (Her.)Cl. +++ ++ Chlorophyceae Ankistrodesmus falacatus Ralfs. - + +++ Ank.convoltus Corda - - ++ Closterium moniliferum (Bory) Her. - - ++ Chlorogonium sp. - - +++ Oedogonium sp. - - +++ Scenedesmus quadricauda Breb. - ++ ++++ S. acuminatus Chodat. - ++ ++++ S.bijugatus (Turp.)Long. - ++ ++ Stigeochlonium sp. - - +++ Spirogyra sp. - - +++ Zygnema sp. Dinophyceae Ceratium furca (Her.)Cl.&Lachm. ++ ++ - C. tripos (Muller) Nitzsh. + - - Dinophysis caudata Kent. ++ - - Diplosalis sp. + - - Exuviella compressa Ostef ++ + Gymnodinium catenatum H.W.Graham ++++ +++ - Prorocentrum micans Ehr + - - Perdinium cerasus Pauls. ++ +++ - P. brevipes Pauls. +++ - - P. vulgare (Stein) Loeblich + - - Scrippsiella spinifera G.Hons.et M.Cabrinii +++ + Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich +++ - - Scr. sweeneya Blech ex Lob. + - - Spirilaxjodlifei (Murray et Whitting) Kofoid ++ + - Cryptophyceae Cryptomonas ovata Her. - - ++++ Crypt. sp. - - +++ Euglenophyceae Euglena viridis Her. - + +++ E. acus Ehr + + ++ E. spirogyra Her. - - ++ E. ovum (Her.) Lemm. - ++ ++ E.oxyhrius Schm. + + ++ Trachelomonas. sp. - - +++ Sillicoflagellates (Dictyochophyceae) Distephanus octonarius (Her.) Defl + ++ - No. of taxa 77 66 46

Present : +, Co abundant: ++, Abundant: +++, Co dominant : ++++, Dominant and versati le: +++++, N ot detected: - Biological Parameters: Community structure of phytoplankton: In terms of phytoplankton species composition, a total of 118 taxa belonging to 7 algal groups were recorded, Ochrophyta (Bacillariophyceae) (66), Cyanophyceae (18), Dinophyceae (14), Chlorophyceae (11), Euglenophyceae (6), Cryptophyceae (2) and Si licof lagel lates (1). Their percentage species compositions are presented in table 2.

These taxonomic groups showed more or less similar composition of phytoplankton groups by previous researcher in the same area (Nasser and Shams El-Din, 2006; Amin, 2007). Figure 2 shows the average percentage of species composit ion, at the selected sites. The taxa belonging to Baci llariophyceae (71.4%) were dominant followed by Dinophyceae (18.2%), Cyanophyceae (6.5%), Euglenophyceae, (2.6%) and Silicoflagellates (1.3%) at SI. At SII also the Baci llariophyceae (65.1%) were dominant fol lowed by Cyanophyceae (18.1%), Dinophyceae (6.1%), Euglenophyceae (6.1%), (Chlorophyceae (3.1%) and Silicoflagellates (1.5%), Euglenophyceae (5. 01%) and Dinophyceae (2.99%). whereas at SIII, Cyanophyceae (35%), Euglenophyceae (13%), Chlorophyceae (24%), Bacil lariophyceae (24%), and Cryptophyceae (4%). Regarding of phytoplankton abundance, it is well known that the changes in physicochemical characteri stics of any water mass lead to concomitant qualitative and quantitative of the phytoplankton (Mohammed et al., 1989). Two blooms of the phytoplankton occurred during the study, the first (3.1x106 cell /l) recorded in August at SIII due to the concurrent growth of Cryptomonas spp, whereas, the second was (2 x 106 cell /l) due to the bloom of Pseudo nitzschia delecat iss isma i n October at SII. These blooms reflect a eutrophic nature (Schindler, 2006). The minimum abundance was recorded in December (2x103 cell /l) at SII. It was shown from figure 3 that Baci llariophyceae dominated the phytoplankton of the lake quantitatively with an average of (46.57%). Its relative abundance ranged between 5.11 at SIII and 70.4% at SII . Adesalu and Nwankwo (2005) reported that diatoms are favored in nutrients rich environment part icularly Ammonia, thi s in conformity with our results. Among the most dominant species (Table 4) were Pseudo nitzshia delecat iss isma, Skeletonema costatum, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Chaetoceros spp., Thalassisonema nitschioides observed frequently in S1 and S11 (Table 3).These species were recorded as an organic pollution indicators (Palmer ,1969; Gaballa, 2001). while Nitzshia sigmoeodea, Gomphonema parvulum and synedra ulna recorded with high abundance at SII I. These last organisms have been considered by (Cholonky, 1968) to be tolerant or st imulated by organic matter. Skeletonema costatum is considered as indicator of eutrophicat ion and pollution (Mihnea, 1985). Pseudo nitzshia delecatissisma, a species reported as a potential source of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) (Orsini et al., 2002). Cryptophyceae constituted about (19.1%) of the total number of cel ls and caused the bloom of Cryptomonas ovata (3.1 x 106 cell s /l) at SIII during August.

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Table 4. Seasonality of dominant and subdominant species of phytoplankton during the study period (August, October, and

December 2012)

August %

October %

December %

8 Skeletonema costatum 20 Pseudonitszchia delicat SI 23 Chaetoceros spp.

5.5 Thalassionema nitzshoides 7 Thallassionema nitzschoides 14 Asterionella formosa SI

6 Gymnodinium catenatum 3 Scrippsiella spp. 10 Ceratium furca

11 Skeletonema costatum 30 Pseudonitszchia delicat SII 20 Asterionella formosa

3 Pseudanabaena limnetica 8 Rhizosolenia alata 9 Bacillaria paradoxa SII

2 Oscillatoria planktonica 8 Pesudoanabaena limnetica 2 Scenedesmus spp.

55 Cryptomonas ovata 9 Chlorogonium sp. SIII 7 Nitzshia sigmeodeae

5 Nitzshia palea 4 Euglena 3 Chloro sp. SIII

1 Synedra ulna 3 Cyclotella meneghiniana 2 Synedra ulna

Fig. 2. Percentage (%) of species composition of the

phytoplankton classes at the selected sites of EL Temsah lake during the study period

Fig. 3. Relative abundance (%)of the phytoplankton classes

for the three sampling sites across EL-Temsah Lake during the sampling period 2012

Kondo et al. (1990) reported Cryptomonas spp. as a red-tide forming species in the polluted, brackish Lake Nakanoumis, as wel l as Cryptomonas spp. red tides were independent of season, and occurred only in the most polluted stations, this in agreement with our result. Cyanophyceae abundance ranked the third

position with an average of (11.01%) and varied between 7.03 at (SI) and 13.4% at SIII . It was represented mainly by Oscillator ia spp. Pesudoanabaena limnetica , Chroococcus limnet icus . The permanent dominance of Oscil latoriales (Table 4) during the study has often been reported for eutrophic lakes (Berger and Sweers, 1988). Palmer (1969) has shown that the genera like Oscillator ia, Euglena, scenedesmus, Nitzschia are the species found in organical ly polluted water. The same genera were recorded in the present study. Dinophyceae were the fourth group consti tuted about (10.5%) and dominated by Scrippsiella trochoidea, Scripps ie lla spinifera and Cerat ium furca. Dinoflagel lates were completely absent in station SIII, this might be attributed to their ineff iciency to compete for nutrients (Reynolds, 2006). Members of Euglenophyceae formed 7.32% of the relative abundance and had the least population at SI and SII but had the more one at SIII. Chlorophyceae formed about (4.27%) of the total crop and were dominanted in SIII due to the abundance of Ankistrodesmus. Sp., Chlorogonium sp., and Scenedesmus spp. Dominancy of green algae has been reported for other system that are either polluted by metals (Downes et al. , 2002). Members of Sil ico flagellates formed about (1.5%) of the total cells. They are not detected at SIII during the study period and occurred at SI and SII (2.41 & 2.1), respectively.

A maximum number of 77 and 66 taxa were observed at SI & SII, respecti vely (Table 3), and a minimum of 46 was observed at SIII. In general, the low number of taxa at SIII can be attributed to the continuous discharge of wastewater which lead to increasing nutrient concentrations and hence the dominance of just a few species, this was conf irmed by Ludsin et al. (2001) and Prepas and Charette (2003) who concluded that the biodiversity of most aquatic systems decrease with increasing nutrient load as result of increasing eutrophication.

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CONCLUSION: Algal community of EL-Temsah lake i s

dominated by diatoms, in contrast in the western lagoon is dominated by green algae and blue green algae. The dominated diatom species prefer high nutrient. The results show that the lake receives anthropogenic metals that risk provoking more or less disruptions, which have irreversible effect on the flora of this lake and on the whole exobiological equilibrium. An interesting observation was noticed at the western lagoon, the phytoplankton was dominated by Cryptomonas ovata. This species was completely absent in the other si tes and coincided with sharp increase of Cobalt level

Unfortunately, Al -Sayadin Lagoon is sti ll the main site of open fishing in Ismai lia cit y. This raises a quest ion about the quali ty of food fish supply from the lagoon with respect to trace metals that consequently r isk to the health of the human consumer. Pseudo-

nitzschia delicat iss isma toxin-producing abili ty was recorded with the potentially harmful Scrippsiella spp. may result in toxin accumulation throughout the food chain, and also impacts marine organisms, humans and ul timately the ecosystems and the economy. The Suez Canal bay and Lake El -Temsah were less polluted than the western side probably due to the successive sediment dredging and improvements in water purification systems for navigat ion objective

It could be concluded that implementation of the environmental management pract ices in Lake El -Timsah is st ill needed to protect these ecosystem from more pollutions which could affect human health.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The author is thankful to the Head, Department of Botany, Suez Canal University for providing necessary facili ties.

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