OBJECTIVES Use the following slides to revise all you have learnt this half term.
Physiology of Normal Labour and Childbirth For you assessment you are required to revise those...
Transcript of Physiology of Normal Labour and Childbirth For you assessment you are required to revise those...
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Physiology of Normal Labour and Childbirth
For you assessment you are required to revise those slides with white background. Slides with black ground would give you an idea about few
practical aspects of childbirth and care of a woman in labour.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duPxBXN4qMg
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Parturition
• Estrogen in late pregnancy:– Stimulates production of oxytocin receptors in
myometrium.– Produces receptors for prostaglandins.– Produces gap junctions between myometrium
cells in uterus.
• Factors responsible for initiation of labor are incompletely understood.
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Parturition
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Parturition
• Fetal adrenal cortex:– Chain of events may be set in motion through CRH
production.– Fetal adrenal zone secretes DHEAS, which travel
from fetus and placenta.
• Uterine contractions:– Oxytocin.– Prostaglandins.
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Labour Pain
• Variation in pain perception between individuals
• Why do these different perceptions of pain exist
• How do midwives respond to different expression of pain
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Pain in Labour
C-fibres• Uterine smooth muscle
• A-delta• traction and pressure on the peritoneum,
uterine ligaments, urethra, bladder, rectum, lumbosacral plexus, fascia and muscles of the pelvic floor
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Label with patient identifying information
Note fetal heart rate, color of amniotic fluid, presence of moulding, contraction pattern, medications given
Plot cervical dilation Alert line starts at 4
cm--from here, expect to dilate at rate of 1 cm/hour
Action line: If patient does not progress as above, action is required
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Infection accounts for 14.9% of all maternal deaths
These deaths can be avoided with infection prevention practices
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Use disposable materials once and decontaminate reusable materials throughout labor and childbirth
Wear gloves during vaginal examination, during birth of newborn and when handling placenta
Wear protective clothing (shoes, apron, glasses) Wash hands Wash woman’s perineum with soap and water
and keep it clean Ensure that surface on which newborn is
delivered is kept clean High-level disinfect instruments, gauze and ties
for cutting cord
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Give woman as much information and explanation as she desires
Provide care in labor and childbirth at a level where woman feels safe and confident
Provide empathic support during labor and childbirth
Facilitate good communication between caregivers, the woman and her companions
Continuous empathetic and physical support is associated with shorter labor, less medication and epidural analgesia and fewer operative deliveries
16WHO 1999.
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Active management of third stage for ALL women: Oxytocin administration Controlled cord traction Uterine massage after delivery of the placenta
to keep the uterus contracted Routine examination of the placenta and
membranes 22% of maternal deaths caused by retained
placenta Routine examination of vagina and
perineum for lacerations and injury17
WHO 1999.
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Close monitoring and surveillance during first 6 hours postpartum Parameters:
Blood pressure, pulse, vaginal bleeding, uterine hardness
Timing: Every 15 minutes for 2 hours Every 30 minutes for 1 hour Every hour for 3 hours
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Bladder catheterization Operative delivery Oxytocin augmentation Pain control with systemic agents Pain control with epidural analgesia Continuous electronic fetal monitoring
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Use non-invasive, non-pharmacological methods of pain relief during labor (massage, relaxation techniques, etc.): Less use of analgesia OR 0.68 (CI 0.58–0.79) Fewer operative vaginal deliveries OR 0.73
(95% CI 0.62–0.88) Less postpartum depression at 6 weeks OR
0.12 (CI 0.04–0.33) Offer oral fluids throughout labor and
childbirth
Neilson 1998.
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Lactation
• Hypothalamus releases PRH.• Anterior pituitary releases prolactin:
– Stimulates milk production.• Prolactin secretion primarily
controlled by PIH.• Oxytocin needed for “milk letdown.”
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Lactation • Mammary gland:– Lobules contain glandular alveoli
that secrete milk of the lactating female.
• Alveoli secrete milk into secondary tubule that converge to form mammary duct.
• Ampulla:– Where milk accumulates during
nursing.• Neuroendocrine reflex:
– Act of nursing maintains high levels of prolactin.
– Sucking may cause release of PRH.
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Insert fig. 20.55
Milk-Ejection Reflex
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A question which will be certainly in my list of questions this year or next year
• Write a short story about oxytocin.• This should include:• History of discovery of oxytocin• Its chemistry • Its physiological action in childbirth and its
other physiological functions• Its uses in clinical practice