Physiology Lecture 50
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Transcript of Physiology Lecture 50
Tanveer Raza MD MS [email protected]
ESOPHAGUS-STOMACH JUNCTIONLongitudinal section
Tanveer Raza MD MS [email protected]
Gastric Secretion
Tubular Glands Pyloric glands
Secretes Mucus Gastrin
Oxyntic Glands
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Gastric Secretion Tubular Glands
Pyloric glands
Oxyntic Glands Type of cells
Mucous neck cells Mucus
Peptic or Chief Cells Pepsinogen
Parietal (or Oxyntic) cells Hydrochloric acid Intrinsic factorSTOMACH
Fundus
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Gastric Secretion: Mechanism of HCL secretion
pH=0.8 (H+ concentration is 3 million times of
arterial blood) Concentration of 150-160 mEq/L
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Gastric Secretion: Mechanism of HCL secretion
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Gastric secretion: Postprandial Alkaline Tide
Postprandial alkaline tide Postprandial increased gastric acid
secretion results in more H+ being secreted
Raises pH of systemic blood
Urine becomes alkaline (Postprandial alkaline tide)
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Gastric Secretion: HCl secretion
3 stimulators of acid secretion in Parietal cells Acetylcholine
via M3 muscarinic receptors, Increases intracellular free Ca++
Gastrin Increases intracellular free Ca++
Histamine via H2 receptors, Increases intracellular cAMP
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Gastric Secretion: HCl secretion
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Gastric Secretion: HCl secretion
Prostaglandin inhibits acid secretion by activating Gi
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Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
Neuroendocrine cells Found in gastric mucosa Synthesize and secrete
Histamine Other peptide hormones
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Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
ECL secrete histamine in response toGastrinVagal stimulation
Acetylcholine Other hormonal substance
Histamine secretion is inhibited by somatostatin
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Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cellsHCl secretion by parietal cells is directly related to the amount of histamine secreted by ECL cells
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Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cellsFood stimulates release of gastrin from antral G cells (G). Gastrin stimulates ECL cells to release histamine, which stimulates parietal cells (P) in the gastric corpus to secrete HCl. HCl stimulates release of somatostatin from somatostatin cells (S) in the antrum, inhibiting further gastrin release
BMJ. 2001 October 27; 323(7319): 980–982
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Gastric Secretion: Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen PepsinProteolytic enzyme
HCl
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Gastric Secretion: Intrinsic Factor
Intrinsic factor Essential for Vitamin B12 absorption in ileum Secreted by parietal cells If parietal cells are destroyed (Chronic
gastritis) achlorhydria and pernicious anemia will develop
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Hormonal Control of GI motility
Gastrin
Cholecystokinin
Secretin
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Motilin
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Hormonal Control of GI motility Gastrin
Secreted by "G" cells of antrum of stomach Cause of secretion
Presence of food in stomach Distention of the stomach Products of proteins digestion Gastrin releasing peptide
Function Stimulation of gastric acid and pepsin secretion Stimulation of growth of gastric mucosa
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Hormonal Control of GI motility Cholecystokinin
Secreted by "I" cells in the mucosa of duodenum and jejunum
Cause of secretion Mainly in response to digestive products of fat,
fatty acids, and monoglycerides in intestinal contents
Function Strongly contracts gallbladder Inhibits stomach contraction moderately
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Hormonal Control of GI motility
Secretin Secreted by the "S" cells in the mucosa of
the duodenum Cause of secretion
Acidic gastric juice emptying into duodenum from stomach
Function Mild effect on GIT motility Promotes pancreatic secretion of HCO3
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Hormonal Control of GI motility
Gastric inhibitory peptide Secreted by the mucosa of the upper small
intestine Cause of secretion
Fatty acids and amino acids but to a lesser extent in response to carbohydrate
Function Mild effect in decreasing motor activity of the
stomach
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Hormonal Control of GI motility
Motilin Secreted by the upper duodenum during
fasting Function
Increase GI motility
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GI Blood Flow: Splanchnic Circulation
Blood from GIT, spleen and pancreas flow into liver by portal vein. After passing liver sinusoids, through hepatic veins drains into inferior vena cava
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GI Blood Flow: Splanchnic Circulation Reticuloendothelial (RE) cells lining liver
sinusoids remove potentially harmful agents Nonfat, water-soluble nutrients absorbed from
GIT (such as carbohydrates & proteins) are absorbed and stored temporarily by RE cells and hepatic cells
Fat is absorbed by intestinal lymphatics, then to systemic circulation by thoracic duct, bypassing liver
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GI Blood Flow:"Countercurrent" Blood Flow in Villi
Similar to vasa recta in renal medulla
Arterial & venous flow in opposite directions
Vessels lie in close apposition
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GI Blood Flow:"Countercurrent" Blood Flow in Villi
Much of O2 diffuses out of arterioles directly into venules without being carried to the tips of the villi Normal conditions: not harmful
Disease conditions when blood flow reduced: O2 deficiency can cause ischemia to the villus tip or the whole villus
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GI Blood Flow: Nervous Control
Parasympathetic supply: Increases local blood flow to stomach and
lower colon
Sympathetic supply: Intense vasoconstriction of GIT arterioles
with greatly decreased blood flow
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GI Blood Flow: Nervous Control Parasympathetic supply
Sympathetic supply: Importance
During heavy exercise, more flow to skeletal muscle & heart
In circulatory shock to body's vital tissues In hemorrhagic shock to general
circulation
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GI Blood Flow: Autoregulatory Escape
After few minutes of vasoconstriction, flow often returns almost to normal by "autoregulatory escape"
Sympathetic vasoconstriction
Ischemia
Local metabolic vasodilator
Redilate the arterioles
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Phases of Gastric Secretion 3 "phases"
Cephalic Gastric Intestinal
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Phases of Gastric Secretion Cephalic Phase
Before food enters the stomach, especially while being eaten
20% of the secretion
Gastric Phase Intestinal Phase
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Phases of Gastric Secretion Cephalic Phase
Gastric Phase Once food enters the stomach, Due to
long vagovagal reflexes local enteric reflexesGastrin
About 70% of total secretion
Intestinal Phase
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Phases of Gastric Secretion Cephalic Phase Gastric Phase
Intestinal Phase Food in upper portion of small intestine
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