1) Internal environment of human body is:

a. Intracellular fluid compartment. b. Extracellular fluid compartment. c. Interstitial fluid compartment. d. Trans-cellular fluid compartment. e. Total body fluid compartment.

2) Negative feedback nature is a: a. Harmony between systems. b. Series of changes that return the factor toward certain mean value. c. Characteristic of genetic control. d. Positive feedback. e. Vicious circles.

3) Degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions is called:

a. Gain of a control system. b. Homeostasis. c. Instinct. d. Internal environment. e. Negative feedback.

4) If the normal CO2 level in venous plasma 45 mm hg, after exercising 5 min. the CO2 level became 55 mm hg because of the homeostatic system, if the homeostasis is absent the CO2, level would be 65 mm hg. Regarding gain theory:

a. The gain in this case is 1:1 b. The gain in this case is 11:9 c. The gain in this case is 13:11 d. The data above is not enough to do any conclusion e. The gain in this case is 13:9

5) Which of the following is an example of positive feedback control mechanism? a. Increased arterial blood pressure causes a series of reactions that lead to lower

blood pressure. b. Decreased arterial blood pressure causes a series of reactions that lead to increase

blood pressure. c. During labor, uterine contractions lead to cervical stretch which causes series of

reactions that further increase in uterine contractions. d. High concentration of arterial CO2 increases pulmonary ventilation which lowers

CO2 concentration. 6) A decrease in body temperature triggers (initiates) responses that increase body

temperature, WHICH of the following statements, regarding cell membrane, is TRUE? a. Membrane proteins from the barrier that prevents most electrolytes and molecules

from crossing the membrane by diffusion. b. Lipid soluble molecules like CO2 and O2 need specific carriers to cross the cell

membrane. c. Urea can cross cell membrane by simple diffusion. d. The cell membrane contains carbohydrates which act as carriers for transportation

of molecules across cell membrane.

e. The average cell membrane thickness is about 7.5-10 micrometers. 7) Homeostasis is maintenance of:

a. Intracellular fluid. b. Internal environment. c. Plasma of blood only. d. Interstitial fluid only. e. All of the above.

8) When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of:

a. Negative feedback. b. Positive feedback. c. Non homeostatic regulation d. Diagnostic regulation. e. Disease.

9) 30 years male 70 Kg had bleeding due to car accident his normal blood pressure is 110 mmHg after bleeding his blood pressure became 95 mmHg if you know that his blood pressure without control is 80 mmHg what is the gain:

a. +1 b. -2 c. -1 d. 0

10) The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of: a. Receptor activation. b. Effector shutdown. c. Negative feedback d. Positive feedback e. None of the above.

11) When there is quick loss of three liters of blood, the heart pumping ability is greatly reduced leading to hypotension which reduces blood flow to heart decreasing heart ability to pump blood further. This is an example of:

a. Auto regulation b. Negative feedback. c. Positive feedback. d. Non homeostatic regulation. e. All of the above.

12) Which of the following about positive feedback is correct? a. Regulation body temperature. b. O2 level returned to normal by positive feedback. c. The action which cause it increased. d. Response happen without the need for control center.

13) Which of the following is a positive feedback system? a. CO2 removal. b. Cooling of the body in hot places. c. Stopping the bleeding of the blood vessel d. Returning the blood pressure to normal after bleeding.

14) Which of the following is a feature of delayed negative feedback? a. Original stimulus intensified. b. Original stimulus reversed.

c. In it the brain cause further correction to the feed forward. d. The control center not involved in the response.

15) Two persons work in a hot place temperature 45 C, we calculate the gain for both of them it's found the first person: -2 the second -8 which is false:

a. The temperature of the first elevated more than the second. b. The gain of the first is better than the second. c. If both exposed to temperature 32 the gain of the second will be positive. d. The correction of temperature happen without the use of control centers.

16) All of the following are characteristics of facilitated diffusion EXCEPT: a. Carrier-mediated. b. Selective. c. It has a Vmax d. Lipid soluble more permeate than lipid insoluble substances. e. Passive type.

17) A 1.0 mole glucose solution plus a 2.0 mole NaCl solution has total osmolality of: a. 2.0 osmole b. 3.0 osmole c. 4.0 osmole d. 5.0 osmole e. Cannot be calculated.

18) Protein channels that allow transport of Na+ through the cell membrane: a. Are positively charged. b. Have gates found at extra cellular end of the channel. c. Allow passage of K+ too. d. Are smaller than K+ protein channels. e. Need ATP hydrolysis to transport Na+

19) Which of the following transport systems can at the same time move ions up a concentration gradient while moving another down its concentration gradient?

a. Simple diffusion. b. Co-transport and counter-transport. c. Active transport d. facilitated diffusion e. None of the above.

20) The sodium/potassium pump present in the cell membrane: a. Concentrates Na+ inside the cell. b. Requires ATP as an energy source. c. Pumps K+ out of the cell down its concentration gradient. d. Maintains the low intracellular concentration of K+ e. Is ana example of secondary active transport.

21) Glucose transport across cell membrane is: a. By both facilitated diffusion and co-transport with Na+ b. By only facilitated diffusion c. By both facilitated diffusion and counter-transport with Na+ d. Inhibited by insulin. e. Only from high glucose concentration area to low glucose concentration area.

22) Which one of the following is CORRECT statement? a. Sodium usually moves into cells against its concentration gradient.

b. Inhibition f Na+ - K+ pupms in a cell membrane would increase the volume of the cell osmotic pressure is a very weak force in the human body.

c. Membrane transport through facilitated diffusion does not stature at high concentration.

d. The rate of diffusion across a cell membrane could be increased by increasing the thickness of the membrane.

23) Which of the following is transported by facilitated diffusion? a. Na b. K c. Glucose. d. Water. e. All of the above.

24) Which of the following substances present with same concentration in plasma, interstitial and intracellular (mOsm/L H2O) :

a. Glucose b. Protein c. Urea d. Amino acid e. Ca

25) If a hypertonic solution is infused to normal person, which of the following will decrease: a. Extracellular fluid volume. b. Intracellular fluid volume. c. Osmolarity of extracellular fluid. d. Osmolarity of intracellular fluid. e. Osmolarity of both intra and extracellular fluid volume.

26) Ion channels of the cell membrane: a. Are selective to the ions which cross the channel. b. Contain pores filled with water. c. Can be closed and opened by gates. d. Allow transport by diffusion method. e. All of the above.

27) All of the following can be transported through cell membrane easily EXCEPT: a. O2 b. CO2 c. Alcohol d. Water e. Glucose

28) The Na-k pump which present in the cell membrane: a. Concentrate Na ion inside the cell. b. Pump K ions out of the cell down it's concentration gradient. c. Maintain the low intracellular concentration of K ions. d. Are also called electrogenic. e. Cause cell swelling.

29) Facilitated diffusion: a. Is a carrier mediated transport b. Needs ATP hydrolysis c. Transports ions and molecules against their concentration gradient. d. Of glucose is decreased by insulin.

e. Is important for transport of O2 and CO2 through cell membrane. 30) Lipid soluble substances cross the cell membrane by:

a. Diffusion. b. Facilitated transport. c. Active transport. d. Osmosis.

31) Water soluble substances cross cell membrane by: a. Diffusion through protein channels. b. Diffusion through carrier proteins. c. Diffusion through active transport. d. Diffusion according to concentration gradient.

32) Major ions inside and outside the cell are: a. Na and Cl found mainly in ECF. b. K found mainly in ICF. c. Mg found mainly in ECF d. Proteins found mainly in ECF.

33) Sodium channels all true EXCEPT: a. They are selective. b. Size larger than K channels c. Gates found in the intracellular site of the membrane. d. Na forced to move without its water.

34) Facilitated diffusion: a. Need protein channel. b. Transport rate proportional to concentration difference. c. Transport increased by hormones. d. Differ from active transport by the need for energy.

35) Osmosis all true EXCEPT: a. Provide particles with larger velocity had larger osmotic effect. b. Osmolality measured using the volume of solute. c. Corrected osmolarity happen due to failure of particles to separate in solution. d. Osmotic pressure proportional to concentration of particles larger than semi-

permeable membrane pores. 36) Osmotic pressure:

a. Equal to the pressure needed to prevent water movement. b. Excreted on both sides of the membrane if both sides contain impermeant solutes. c. Equal to 19.3 mmHg for each mOsmole/L d. Higher for dissociated substances if the same molarity of them used.

37) Active transport: a. Substances transported by the active transport could be transported by other

ways. b. Transport not affected by hormones. c. Primary and secondary needs ATP. d. Na+/K pump use the energy of Na+ not ATP. e. In secondary active both substances used transported against concentration.

38) Na/K pump all true EXCEPT: a. create the potential difference around the cell membrane. b. Prevent the increase in ICF osmolality. c. Consume most of the cell energy in some cell.

d. Transport of Na and K in opposite direction as secondary active transport. 39) Compared with intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid has:

a. A greater osmolarity. b. A higher protein concentration. c. A lower chloride ion concentration. d. A lower potassium ion concentration.

40) Facilitated diffusion and active transport share the following: a. Occur down concentration gradient. b. Needs energy. c. Need channel protein can be saturated. d. Non of the above.

41) Which of the following characteristics is shared by simple and facilitated diffusion of glucose?

a. Occurs down an electrochemical gradient is saturateable . b. Requires metabolic energy. c. In inhibited by presence of galactose. d. Requires a Na+ gradient.

42) A red blood cell will swell or burst when placed in a/ an: a. a. Saturated solution. b. Serum. c. Isotonic solution. d. Hypertonic solution. e. Hypotonic solution.

43) All the following body fluid compartments can be measured directly by dilution principle EXCEPT:

a. Total body water b. extracellular fluid c. intracellular fluid d. plasma e. blood To answer the following 4 questions use the information provided in the following case: body weight = 70 Kg, total body water = 60% of the total body weight, ECP = 20% of total body weight, initial plasma osmolarity = 310 mOsm/L, initial serum sodium concentration 142 mEq/L. Questions are given to find out what happens if this subject drinks 3.0 L of pure water.

44) What is the new plasma osmolarity after water addition? a. 310 mOsm/L b. 255 mOsm/L c. 356 mOsm/L d. 394 mOsm/L e. 419 mOsm/L

45) What is the final plasma osmolarity after equilibrium? a. 289 mOsm/L b. 334 mOsm/L c. 349 mOsm/L d. 362 mOsm/L e. 410 mOsm/L

46) ICF volume after equilibrium is: a. 26 liters b. 28 liters c. 30 liters d. 32 liters e. 24 liters

47) ECF volume after equilibrium is: a. 17 liters b. 28 liters c. 15 liters d. 12 liters e. 14 liters

48) Movement of fluid from a capillary into tissue is increased by; a. A fall in arterial pressure. b. A rise in venous pressure. c. Arise in plasma oncotic pressure. d. Constriction of arterioles. e. An increase in interstitial pressure (more sub atmospheric)

49) Deuterium oxide (labeled water) and inulin (impermeable through cytoplasmic membrane) are injected into normal 30 years old male. The volume of the distribution of deuterium oxide is 42 L and that of inulin 14 L:

a. The ICF volume is about 14 L b. The ICF volume is about 28 L c. The plasma volume is about 7 L d. The interstitial volume is about 9 L e. The total body water cannot be calculated from these data.

50) In error. A patient is infused with large volumes of solution that causes lysis of his red blood cells (RBCs). The solution was most likely;

a. Isotonic NaCl. b. Isotonic mannitol. c. Hypertonic mannitol. d. Hypotonic urea e. 10% glucose solution.

51) Which of the following ions has a higher concentration in intracellular fluid (ICF) than extracellular fluid?

a. Na + b. K+ c. H+ d. HCO3 e. Ca +2

52) A man runs a marathon in 37 C weather and replaces all volume lost in sweat by drinking distilled water. After the marathon, he will have:

a. Decreased total body water (TBW). b. Decreased hematocrit. c. Decreased intracellular fluid ICF volume. d. Decreased plasma osmolarity. e. Increased intracellular osmolarity.

53) One gram of mannitol was injected into a man. After equilibrium, a plasma sample had a mannitol concentration of 0.08g/L. during the equilibrium period, 20% of the injected mannitol was excreted in the urine. The man's:

a. ECF volume is 5 L b. ICF volume is 30 L c. ECF volume is 10 L d. ICF volume is 10 L e. Interstitial volume is 12.5 L

54) Which of the following substances or combination of substances could be used to measure interstitial fluid volume?

a. Mannitol. b. D2O c. Evans blue dye d. Inulin and D2O e. Inulin and radioactive albumin.

55) Rapid infusion of 2 liter of normal saline causes: a. Increased ECF volume, increased ICF volume, decreased Na+ concentration. b. Increased ECF volume, unchanged ICF volume, increased Na+ concentration. c. unchanged ECF volume, increased ICF volume, increased Na+ concentration. d. Increased ECF volume, unchanged ICF volume, unchanged Na+ concentration. e. Increased ECF volume, increased ICF volume, increased Na+ concentration.

56) The ion with lowest intracellular concentration is: a. Na+ b. HCO3 c. Ca+2 d. Mg +2 e. K+

57) Concerning the body fluids, which of the following is FALSE? a. In a standard 70 kg man the total body water in liters represents approximately

60% of the body weight. b. 2/3rd of the TBW is located in the extracellular fluid and 1/3rd in the

intracellular. c. The normal range for the plasma sodium concentration is 135 145 mmol/L d. The major ion determining the osmolarity of the ECF is sodium. e. Oncotic pressure is the osmotic pressure created by proteins.

58) Edema can develop with all the following EXCEPT: a. High venous pressure. b. Liver cirrhosis. c. Bacterial infection d. Increased capillary pressure. e. Increased plasma protein.

59) Which of the following is isotonic solution? a. 1.9% NaCl. b. 5% glucose solution. c. 7% glucose solution. d. 0.5% of NaCl e. All of the above.

60) Which of the following is not trans-cellular fluid?

a. Peritoneal fluid. b. Pericardial. c. Cerebrospinal. d. Plasma. e. Synovial.

61) ICF: a. Can be measured directly and easy by radioactive substance. b. Can be measured by taking too much NaCl. c. Increased by infusion of hypotonic solution. d. Osmotic pressure higher than osmotic pressure of ECF in normal person. e. Constitutes easily permeate through cell membrane.

62) Which of the following statements regarding body fluid is CORRECT? a. ECF compartment in the body contains the majority of the total body fluid. b. ICF compartment can be easily measured directly by dilution method. c. Plasma is part of extracellular fluid compartment. d. Sodium ions are the major cation in ICF. e. The osmolarity of ICF is greatly more than that ofECF.

63) A 200 millimolar solution of NaCl: a. Is iso-osmotic for the cell. b. Is hypo-osmotic for the cell. c. Is hypertonic for the cell. d. Has osmotic concentration of 200 milliosmole/liter e. None of the above is correct.

64) Regarding measurement of different body fluid compartment by indicator method, which of the following are NOT CORRECT:

a. ICF Radioactive. b. Total body fluid Deuterium. c. ECF Inulin. d. ECF Labeled sodium. e. Plasma Evans blue.

65) A patient weights 60 kg and has a fluid distribution and osmolarity that are normal (i.e. total body fluid is 60% of body weight 40% of body weight intracellular. Osmolarity of body fluid is 300 mOsmole/liter). This individual's total osmotic content would be:

a. 8.600 mOsmole b. 10.800 mOsmole c. 12.000 mOsmole d. 13.200 mOsmole e. 200 mOsmole

66) The above patient is given 3 liters of isotonic saline, which has the sufficient time to equilibrium around the body. The intracellular volume would be closed to:

a. 20 L b. 24 L c. 26 L d. 27 L e. 30 L

67) Cells which had been equilibrated in solution A, when placed in solution B, lost 20 % of their water volume:

a. Solution B is hypertonic in comparison to solution A

b. Solution B is composed of 20 % more permanent solute than A c. Solution B is isotonic in comparison to solution A d. Solution B is hypotonic in comparison to solution A e. Two of the above are correct.

68) A substance which freely permeates cell membranes could be used to determine: a. ICF volume b. ECF volume c. Interstitial volume. d. Blood volume e. None of the above.

69) Initial status of subject: a. Body weight = 70 kg b. Total body water = 60 % total body weight. c. ECF = 33% total body weight d. Plasma osmolarity = 300 mOsml/L e. Plasma Na = 145 mEq/L Subject drinks 1 liter of pure water and none of this water is lost from route. (answer the following two questions)

70) What is the new plasma osmolarity after water has reached equilibrium? a. 273 mOsml/L b. 280 mOsml/L c. 293 mOsml/L d. 300 mOsml/L e. 307 mOsml/L

71) What is the new plasma Na + concentration after the water has reached equilibrium? a. 135.3 mEq/L b. 139.7 mEq/L c. 140.2 mEq/L d. 141.6 mEq/L e. 145.8 mEq/L

72) In 70 kg man all true EXCEPT: a. ECF volume is 20% of body weight. b. ICF volume is 40% of body weight. c. Interstitial fluid volume is 20% of body weight. d. Plasma volume is 1/4 of ECF.

73) Body fluids all true EXCEPT: a. Interstitial fluid contains similar components like plasma. b. Trans-cellular fluids separated by epithelial cells. c. Donnan effect means that more cations found in the plasma. d. Intrapleural fluid is part of the potential spaces.

74) Insensible water loss all true EXCEPT: a. In the skin it's decreased by cornified skin layer. b. In the lung it increased in hot weather. c. In burns it's increased. d. In exercise total insensible water loss increased.

75) Blood volume calculation: a. Blood volume is 7% of body weight.

b. Hct need to be corrected to give the accurate PCV. c. Anemia means increase in Hct. d. Hct could be used to calculate blood volume.

76) Im measurement of body fluids all true EXCEPT: a. Indicator used for ECF must have equal concentration in both plasma and

interstitial fluid. b. ICF can be measured directly using special indicators. c. Blood volume can be measured using Hct and plasma volume. d. Evans blue useful in ECF measurement because it distribute in ECF evenly.

77) All the following are safety factors for the edema EXCEPT: a. Increase lymphatic flow. b. Increase capacity of interstitial fluid at positive pressure. c. Increase protein wash down. d. Opposite net pressure between start and the end capillaries.

78) Edema: a. Effusion is edema of pleural cavity. b. Edema due to lymphatic block happens due to increase interstitial oncotic

pressure. c. Heart failure causes edema by increasing hydrostatic pressure. d. Inflammation causes edema by increasing ICF osmolarity.

79) Transport across the renal tubule cell sheets which is TRUE: a. Substance transported by active transport in both sides of the cell. b. Passive diffusion found always in the internal side of the cell. c. Transport on the sides of the cell could happen by simple diffusion or facilitated

transport. d. Similar way of transport happens in the gastrointestinal tract.

80) All of the following are essential requirements for the production of highly concentrated urine EXCEPT:

a. Long loop of nephron running deep into the medulla. b. The presence of ADH c. Adrenaline. d. Gradually increased concentration gradient in the medulla interstitial space. e. Changing permeability of the collecting duct to water.