Physiology FinalA

PHYSIOLOGY 1. Partial contraction following low rate of nerve impulses

a. twitch b. tetanus c. treppe d. tone

Answer: D (pp 81 82)

2. The mechanism for the perception of sound localization is

a. higher frequency sound waves are heard louder in the ear .near the source of sound

b. lower frequency sound waves are heard are heard farther equally by both ears

c. higher amplitude sound waves arrive in the ear near the source of sound

d. faster time of arrival at the ear farther from the source of sound

Answer: C (pp 656 657) 3. The flow of endolymph postrotatory from a counterclockwise direction is

a. stopped immediately as one stops rotating b. in opposite direction of rotation in both ears c. continuous in the same direction of rotation d. to the right in right ear but to the left in left ear

Answer: C (p 695)

4. Which of the following is true of the conducting system?

a. it contains 550 ml of air b. it actively participates with gas exchange c. It is also known as the anatomic dead space d. it is the area of the respiratory system which is perfused but not

ventilated Answer: C (pp 477-478) 5. Which is true about intraalveolar pressure?

a. it is higher than atmospheric pressure during expiration b. it is the same as atmospheric pressure during inspiration c. it is the same as intrathoracic pressure during inspiration d. does not change during inspiration and expiration

Answer: A (pp 478 479)

6. Which of the following is true of SURFACTANT?

a. its presence decreases the work of breathing b. it is a secretion of the Clara cells of the alveoli c. it is responsible for the elasticity of the respiratory system d. synthesis is only observed perinatally within 48-72 hrs.

Answer: A (pp 479-480)

7. The process of gas exchange in the lungs is by

a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. endocytosis d. filtration

Answer: A (pp 506-507)

8. The following have direct effects on the respiratory center in the medulla

a. Carbon Dioxide b. Oxygen c. Hydrogen ions d. A and C

Answer: D (p 516)

9. True about the Frank-Starling mechanism

a. once the heart rate increases above a critical level, heart strength decreases

b. strong vagal stimulation decreases heart contraction by 20 to 30% c. cardiac output can be increased by sympathetic stimulation d. greater muscle stretch will result to greater force of

contraction

Answer: D (p 111-112) 10. What does NOT INCREASE gastric acid secretion?

a. High protein meals b. Histamine secretion c. Cholinergic stimulation d. Starchy food Answer: D (pp. 797-798)

11. What increases the absorptive surface of the small intestines by 20X

compared to the surface of a smooth tube?

a. Plicae circulares b. Brush borders c. Villi d. Valvulae conniventes

Answer: B (pp. 812-813)

12. What is TRUE regarding the defecation reflex?

a. It is normally initiated by chemical irritation of the rectal mucosa b. The enteric nervous system in the rectum mediates intrinsic

defecation reflexes c. This reflex is permanently inhibited by keeping the external

sphincter contracted d. Distension of the anus initiates contractions of the rectum

Answer: B (pp. 789-790)

13. A patient with impaired cardiac function with ejection fraction 40% is

expected to have

a. normal renal blood flow b. increased effective renal blood flow c. increased renal plasma flow d. decreased GFR


14. How does the kidney handle bicarbonate?

a. the titrable acidity is equal to the total amount of HCO-3 that is

reabsorbed b. most of filtered HCO-3 is reabsorbed through Na+H+ exchanger in

the proximal convoluted tubule c. reabsorption of filtered HCO-3 in the proximal convoluted tubule

contributes to net secreted H+

d. formation of urinary NH+4 from glutamine leads to conservation of filtered HCO-3


15. Tubular fluid is isosmotic in which segment of the tubule?

a. distal convoluted tubule b. descending limb of Henles loop c. proximal convoluted tubule d. ascending Henles loop

Answer: C (pp 332 338; 349)

16. The amount of total body water depends on

a. total amount of albumin b. total reabsorbed sodium c. total amount of extracellular protein d. total reabsorbed potassium


17. When a patient suffers from metabolic acidosis, which of the following will

happen in the kidneys

a. the GFR is increased b. increased HCO3- excretion c. renin is secreted d. increased new HCO3 production


18. A patient with bronchial asthma in acute exacerbation will have which of

the following acid base problems

a. increased respiratory rate leading to decreased pCO2 b. increased respiratory rate leading to increased pO2 arterial c. relatively decreased renal excretion of [H+] d. relatively increased renal excretion of [HCO3]


19. A transport system that is carrier-mediated, energy requiring

a. Falicitated diffusion b. Active transport c. Endocytasis d. Simple diffusion

Chapter 4 page 52

20. During the start of skeletal muscle contraction, energy source for ATP

production comes from which of the following?

a. Muscle glycogen b. Liver glycogen c. Free fatty acids d. Creatine phosphate

Chapter 6 page 72

21. In skeletal muscle contraction, one of the following shortens

a. Actin b. Myosin c. Sarcomere d. tubule

Chapter 6 page 72

22. In a skelatel muscle contraction and relaxation, the only event that is non-

energy requiring is a. Generation of muscle action potential b. Release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum c. Shortening of sarcometric length d. Relaxation of the muscle

Chapter 6 page 80

23. The amount of blood leaving the ventricles is 80 ml, cardiac rate is 80/ min

arterial pressure is 100 mmHg. The cardiac output is

a. 6.4 L b. 0.80 L c. 8.0 L d. 0.64 L

Chapter 36 page 457

24. How long can a sperm survive in the female genital tract?

a. 1-2 hours b. 24-48 hours c. 12-24 hours d. 48-72 hours

Chapter page

25. Which of the following terms best describe the interaction of insulin and

glucagons?

a. Synergistic b. Permissive c. Antogonistic d. Cooperative

Chapter 78 page 961

26. The increased intestinal absorption of a Ca is stimulated directly by:

a. Parathormone b. 1.25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 c. Calcitonin d. T3

Chapter 79 page 978 27. Ketoacidosis in untreated diabetes mellitus is due to:

a. Excessive fluid loss b. Hypoventilation c. Excessive eating and obesity d. Excessive fat catabolism

Chapter 78 page 972 28. Which of the following statements regarding distribution of ventilation in an

upright (standing) position is CORRECT?

a. It is greater in the lung apices than in the base b. It is greater in the base than in the apices c. It is equal in the apices and the bases d. Its rate of increase towards the best is faster than that of perfusion

Chapter 37 page 471

29. The factor that will shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left:

a. Increased pH b. Increased PCO2 c. Increased 2,3-DPG d. Increased temperature

Chapter 40 page 502

30. The most potent stimulus to the central chemorespiratory center is:

a. Hypixia b. Hypercapnea c. Acidosis d. Hypoventilation

Chapter 41 page 518

31. What is the hallmark of a restrictive ventilatory impairment?

a. VC

b. RV

c. TLC

d. ERV

Chapter 37 page 471 32. Which of the following is NOT true regarding an individual with

emphysema?

a. Decreased pulmonary compliance b. Increased airway resistance c. Hyperinflation d. Decreased elastanse

Chapter 42 page 526

33. The amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end-expiratory level is

called the

a. ERV b. FRC c. RV d. Vt

Chapter 42 page 526

34. Muscle of inspiration do not include the following

a. Diaphragm b. External intercostal muscle c. Sternocleidomastoid muscle d. Abdominal muscle

Chapter 9 page 103

35. Given this data, what is the net filtration pressure at the glomerulus?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure = 44 mmHg Bowmans space hydrostatic pressure = 9 mmHg Osmotic / Oncotic pressure of glomerular capillary = 28 mmHg Osmotic/ Oncotic pressure of tubular fluid or Bowmans space = 0

a. 5mmHg b. 7mmHg c. 25mmHg d. 62mmHg

Chapter 26 page 307

36. Which of the following solutions, will most likely yeild the highest amount

of urine volume?

a. Isotonic b. Hypotonic c. Hypertonic d. Osmotic diuretic

Chapter 25 page 299

37. Which of the following circumtance would lead to an increase in GFR?

a. colloid osmotic pressure

b. ultrafiltration coefficient

c. bowmans capsular pressure

d. sympathetic tone

Chapter 26 page 307 38. About 65% of the filtered load of sodium and water is reabsorbed by the

a. Proximal tubule b. Thin descending limb of the Loop of Henle

c. Thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle d. Distal tubule

Chapter 31 page 402

39. Because of the decreased renal blood flow resulting from decreased

cardiac output, which one of the following hormone will the kidneys release?

a. Angiotensin b. Bradykinin c. Renin d. Aldosterone

Chapter 26 page 307

40. Which of the following factors will NOT AFFECT sodium regulation by the

kidneys?

a. ADH b. Aldosterone c. ANF d. GFR Chapter 29 page 377

41. The following statement is true of defecation:

a. Immediate relaxation of the external anal sphincter b. Relaxation of the rectum c. Initiated by sudden distention of rectal walls d. The sigmoid colon becomes quiescent

Chapter 63 page 789

42. Because of the overproduction of ketone bodies (-hydroxybutrate & acetoacetate) blood gases is consistent with

a. Respiratory Acidosis b. Repiratory Alkalosis c. Metabolic Acidosis d. Metabolic Alkalodis

Chapter 42 page 524

43. The main stimulus for aldosterone secretion is:

a. increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system b. hyponatremia c. hypokalemia d. ACTH

Page: 950

44. Rate of diffusion is NOT determined by:

a. amount of substance b. velocity of kinetic motion c. number and sizes of openings in cell membrane d. energy availability

page: 57-58

45. This adaptation will NOT occur in trained athletes:

a. hypertrophy of skeletal muscles b. enlargement of heart chambers c. increase in heart mass d. increase in resting cardiac output

page: 1063

46. NOT TRUE about the respiratory system in exercise:

a. perfusion of all pulmonary capillaries occur b. pulmonary ventilation increases c. respiratory system is normally the most limiting factor d. blood gases remain nearly normal

page: 1061

47. This is NOT normally found in the urine:

a. urea b. sodium c. glucose d. potassium

page: 334

48. This factor decreases potassium excretion:

a. aldosterone secretion b. decreased extracellular fluid potassium concentration c. slow tubular flow rate d. increased hydrogen ion concentration

pages: 336-337

49. The inherent rhythm for respiration appears to be located within the:

a. upper pons b. lower pons c. apneustic center d. medulla

pages: 514-514

50. When the ventilation-perfusion ratio of a lung unit decreases, the alveoli in

that unit develop a:

a. lower pO2 and higher pCO2 b. higher pO2 and lower pCO2 c. lower pN2 d. higher pN2 and higher pO2

pages: 500-501

51. Electrolyte ion responsible for depolarizing the hair cells in the organ of

Corti:

a. calcium b. sodium c. potassium d. chloride

Textbook of Medical Physiology by Guyton, 11th ed., p. 656

52. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation is observed in the following conditions,

EXCEPT

a. acidosis b. excess carbon dioxide c. decreased body temperature d. hypoxemia

Ref: Guyton p 98

53. In which of the following type of training should the goal is to increase the glycolytic activity of the motor units

a. typing b. marathon running c. weight lifting d. 100-meter breaststroke

Ref: Guyton, p 79

54. Addition of hypertonic solution to the ECF causes the following except:

a. increased plasma osmolality b. increased intracellular volume c. increased extracellular volume d. Diffusion of fluid from the cells to the extracellular space

Ref: Guyton 10th edition page 299

55. A state of alkalosis will lead to:

a. increased renal excretion of ammonium b. increased renal raebsorption of bicarbonate c. increased renal excretion of titratable acid d. decreased rate of ventilation

Ref: Guyton 10th edition page 397

56. Exercise prolongs life because it

a. Reduces HDL b. Increase LDL c. Increases the cardiac reserve d. Decrease the pulmonary reserve Ref: Guyton 10th Edition page 977

57. This is a form of blood flow that flows in a steady state wherein the central

portionof blood stays at the center of the blood vessel

a. laminar flow b. turbulent flow c. straight flow d. curvilinear flow

Ref: Guyton page 165 58. The most important means by which substances are transferred between

plasma and interstitial fluid is

a. diffusion b. osmosis c. active transport d. exchange transport

Ref: Guyton page 183 59. The blood viscosity of a chronic pulmonary patient with a hematocrit level

of 70 vol%

a. Will remain normal b. Will be higher than normal c. Will be lower than normal d. Will be lower than normal in circulatory segments with slow blood

flow rates but higher than normal in segments with fast blood flow rates

Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by

Guyton and Hall p.169 60. The following pulmonary function test are decreased in COPD, EXCEPT:

a. timed expiratory volume, FEV1 b. maximum expiratory flow rate c. FEV1/FVC d. FVC


Guyton and Hall p. 526 61. Which of the following phases of swallowing is voluntary:

a. oral phase b. pharyngeal phase c. esophageal phase d. All of the above

Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by Guyton and Hall p. 782

62. The function of the gastric mucosal mucosal barrier is to:

a. It prevents absorption to occur in the stomach b. It protects autodigestion of the gastric mucosa c. It retards desquamation of gastric epithelium d. It ensures integrity of absorption of Vitamin B12


Guyton and Hall pp. 820-21 63. Gastric contents are propelled up to the esophagus during vomiting by:

a. Forceful contraction of abdominal muscles b. Sucked up by deep inspiratory movement c. Spastic contraction of gastric walls d. Forceful expansion of the thorax

Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by Guyton and Hall p. 824 64. In paraplegics, defecation is mediated by centers located in the:

a. Enteric walls b. Sacral spinal cord c. Medulla and pons d. Cerebral cortex

Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by Guyton and Hall p. 790 65. In endocrine systems, the specificity of communication is determined by:

a. hormone chemical structure b. distance between endocrine gland and target cell c. presence of receptors in target cells d. anatomic connections between endocrine gland and target cells

Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by Guyton and Hall p. 910 66. The kidney enzyme 1-hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of

a. cholecalciferol to dehydrocholesterol b. Vitamin D3 to Vitamin D2 c. 25-(OH) vitamin D to 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D

d. calcium to hydroxyapatite Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by Guyton and Hall p. 984 67. An inhibitor of vasopressin secretion:

a. decreased extracellular fluid volume, ECF b. decreased plasma oncotic pressure c. exercise d. stress

Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by Guyton and Hall p. 928 68. Which of the following is true of diabetes insipidus:

a. Can only be treated by surgical removal of the tumor b. Urine of patients with low osmolality and high specific gravity c. Cardinal symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia d. Associated with excessive oxytocin secretion


Guyton and Hall pp. 928-29 69. The following hormones are hyperglycemic, EXCEPT:

a. Insulin b. Glucagon c. Cortisol d. Epinephrine


Guyton and Hall pp. 971-72 70. The enlargement of the thyroid gland in iodine-deficiency goiter is due to:

a. Thyroid Releasing Hormone, TRH b. Thryroid Stimulating Hormone, TSH c. Thryoxine d. Thyronine


71. The following effects of hypothyroidism in infants and children are reversible, EXCEPT:

a. mental retardation b. stunting of growth c. failure of endochondral ossification d. sluggish metabolism

Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by Guyton and Hall p. 942 72. If a substance has a urinary excretion rate that is less than its filtration

rate, that means that

a. There was net reabsorprtion b. There was net secretion c. The amount filtered equaled the amount reabsorbed d. The amount filtered equaled the amount secreted


Guyton and Hall p.314 73. The rise in body temperature during the secretory phase of the menstrual

cycle is caused by the effect of

a. Estrogen on the anterior pituitary b. Follicle stimulating hormone on the ovary c. Luteinizing hormone on the anterior pituitary d. Progesterone on the hypothalamus


Guyton and Hall p. 1025 74. Post-menopausal women are prone to develop bone fractures because

lack of estrogen increases

a. osteoclastic activity in bone b. bone matrix c. parathyroid homone synthesis d. calcitonin synthesis


Guyton and Hall p. 1017

75. Which of the following laboratory findings on analysis of semen is the most probably cause of a patients infertility?

Sperm count of 120 million per ml pH of 7.35 4 ml of ejaculate per emission Only three-fourths of the sperms are morphologically normal


Guyton and Hall p. 1001 76. The appropriate stimulus for erythropoiesis is:

a. Increased population of old red cells in circulation b. Tissue hypoxia c. Infection d. Stress

Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by Guyton and Hall p. 922 77. The clinical problem posed by polycythemia is:

a. Decreased oxygenation of peripheral tissues b. Increased viscosity of blood c. Immaturity of red cells in the circulation d. Shortened lifespan of red cells

Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11e (Int'l Ed) by Guyton and Hall p. 428 78. In ABO blood group, the agglutinins are present in the

a. serum b. red blood cells c. pluripotent stem cells d. interstitial fluid


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