Questions for oral part of final examination of physiology(Dentistry)

BLOOD + IMMUNOLOGY1. Body fluid compartments – volume, composition, measuring2. Functions of the blood and its basic parameters (volume, hematocrit, density, viscosity)3. Red blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate4. Hemoglobin, catabolism of hemoglobin, reactions of hemoglobin5. Red blood cell formation, regulation of erythropoiesis6. White blood cells7. Platelets and its role in hemostasis8. Plasma electrolytes and plasma proteins9. Acid-base balance, buffering power or blood components10. Hemostasis, clotting mechanism11. Anticlotting mechanisms, anticoagulants, fibrinolysis12. Blood groups, transfusion, Rh factor13. Nonspecific imunity 14. Specific immunity15. Ontogenesis of immunity16. Active and passive immunity, allergy

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM17. Properties of cardiac muscle, the Frank-Starling mechanism18. Contraction of cardiac muscle, excitation – contraction coupling, metabolism of myocardium19. Origin and spread of cardiac excitation20. Electrocardiogram, ECG – leads, electrical axis of heart21. Cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, heart sounds22. Stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output and its measuring23. Cardiac work and power, O2 consumption and efficiency24. Physical principles of blood flow, Poiseuille-Hagen formula, laminar flow, turbulent flow25. Blood flow and pressure, peripheral resistance. Critical closing pressure26. Arterial pressure, methods of measuring blood pressure27. Lymphatic circulation, formation and composition of lymph28. Microcirculation, capillary fluid exchange, interstitial fluid29. Local and systemic regulatory mechanisms of blood flow30. Innervation of blood vessels, central control of circulation31. Functional organization of vascular system32. Neural and humoral control of the heart 33. Coronary circulation, pulmonary circulation34. Cerebral circulation, circulation in skeletal muscle35. Splanchnic circulation, circulation of the skin36. Fetal circulation37. Cardiovascular system in exercise

RESPIRATION38. Respiratory mechanics (intraalveolar pressure, inspiration and expiration, intrapleural pressure,

dead space)39. Pulmonary ventilation (surface tension in alveoli, resistance to airflow, effects of gravity, work

of breathing)

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40. Spirometry (the pulmonary volumes and capacities, forced expiratory vital capacity)41. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues, dissociation curve42. Transport of carbon dioxide, dissociation curve of carbon dioxide43. Gas exchange in the lungs, composition of atmospheric air44. Pulmonary circulation45. Control of pulmonary ventilation46. Hypoxia, hypercapnia and hypocapnia, oxygen therapy, effect of increased barometric pressure,

artificial ventilation

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT47. Physiology of the teeth48. Ingestion of food, mastication, saliva, deglutition, esophagus49. Gastric secretion (production, composition, regulation of gastric secretion)50. Motor functions of stomach, emptying of the stomach, vomiting51. Exocrine portion of pancreas (composition, regulation of pancreatic secretion, function)52. Composition of bile, regulation of biliary secretion. Function of gallbladder53. Small intestine – motility and secretion of intestinal digestive juice54. Absorption of water and ions in gastrointestinal tract55. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates56. Digestion and absorption of proteins57. Digestion and absorption of lipids58. Colon – motility and secretion. Absorption of the colon. Intestinal bacteria. Dietary fibre,

defecation.59. Liver – circulation, morphology, functions and liver regeneration

METABOLISM60. The basal metabolic rate61. The measurement of the metabolic rate, the energy equivalent of oxygen62. Free energy of the food, respiratory quotient, thermogenic effect of food63. Metabolism of carbohydrates64. Lipid metabolism65. Protein metabolism and nitrogen balance66. Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins67. Minerals in the food68. Obesity, malnutrition, starvation69. Regulation of body temperature, fever

ENDOCRINOLOGY70. Mechanisms of hormonal action, second messenger mechanisms for mediating hormonal

functions71. Feedback regulation of hormone secretion72. Insulin and its metabolic effects, diabetes mellitus73. Glucagon and its functions74. Glucocorticoids and its effects75. Functions of mineralocorticoids, regulation of its secretion76. Adrenal medulla, structure and function of medullary hormones77. Thyroid hormones (formation, secretion, functions and regulation of thyroid secretion),

Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism.78. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, hormonal control of calcium metabolism79. Pituitary gland – overview

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80. Growth hormone81. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin82. Menstrual cycle, ovarian hormones, hormonal contraception83. Pregnancy and lactation84. Secretion, metabolism, and functions of the male sex hormones85. Hormones of kidneys, GIT and other organs

KIDNEY86. Glomerular filtration87. Proximal tubule function88. Distal tubule and collecting ducts89. Mechanisms for excreting dilute or concentrated urine90. Renal regulation of hydrogen ion concentration91. Regulation of Na+, K+, Ca++ excretion92. Tests of renal function, clearance93. Control of extracellular fluid volume

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM94. Cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barriers, brain metabolism95. Proprioceptive and exteroceptive reflexes96. Muscle spindle, gamma system, muscle tone97. Reciprocal innervation, Golgi tendon organ, inverse stretch reflex98. Postural and righting reflexes (function of reticular formation)99. Cerebellum and basal ganglia - their importance for control of somatic functions100. Control of somatic motor functions by the cerebral cortex – motor areas, pyramidal and

extrapyramidal pathways101. Autonomic nervous system – division, basic properties, transmitters, receptors102. Control of vegetative functions by the spinal cord and the brain stem103. Control of vegetative functions by the hypothalamus – regulation of cardiovascular system,

body temperature, receipt of food and fluid104. The limbic system 105. Spontaneous and evoked electric activity of the brain (EEG and evoked potentials)106. Sleep – types, EEG picture, physiological basis of sleep and wakefulness107. Inborn forms of behaviour – unconditioned reflexes, motivations, emotions, instincts108. Learning, conditioned reflexes, memory109. Characteristics of higher nervous activity in humans – I. and II. signal systems, types of higher

nervous activity110. Speech – the motor and sensory speech centres in the brain cortex

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