PHYSIOLOGY AND WORK MEASUREMENT tutorial 11labdske-uii.com/halo/downloadfile/modul/LKF_2_IP.pdfProdi...

tutorial 11

Prodi Teknik IndustriFakultas Teknologi IndustriUniversitas Islam IndonesiaTahun Ajaran2016/2017

physical work environment 2

PHYSIOLOGY AND WORK MEASUREMENT

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PHYSICAL WORK ENVIRONMENT 2 2016

Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 1

Physical Work Environment II

Physical work environment is everything that exists around the workers which influential in

running the duties imposed, for example lighting, temperature, space, security or music

(Nawawi, 2001). In this tutorial, students will observe the influence of temperature and noise

to output of the workers.

A. Objectives

1. Students able to know the influence of temperature to the output of work and the

optimum level temperature to work.

2. Students able to know the influence of temperature with the output result.

3. Students able to know and understand the influence of noise level in work

environment of the task.

4. Students able to know how to measure temperature and noise level using

thermometer and sound level meter.

5. Students able to analyze the optimum design of physical work environment.

B. Input and Output

Input:

a) Subject Description

b) Output Data Summary

Output:

Comparative analysis of productivity by treatment with different physical working

environment.



C. Tutorial Tools and Producedure

a) Climate Room

Climate Room at Work Systems Design and Ergonomics UII is the laboratory facility

that used to simulate various states of physical work environment, such as simulated

lighting, temperature, noise, and vibration.

Figure 1. Climate Room at WSD&E Laboratory UII

b) Air Conditioner (AC)

AC is used to perform simulations related to temperature with the temperature set

according to the scenario.

c) Speaker

Speakers are used to give effect of noise for the operator to complete the work.

Figure 2. Speaker

d) Thermohygrometer

Thermohygrometer is a tool that designed for measure the temperature of a physical

environment labor.

Figure 3. Thermohygrometer



Here is how to use the temperature measurement using Thermohygrometer:

1) Place the sensor Thermohygrometer on where you want to measure.

2) Waiting for output until 5 minutes.

3) Observe the scale on the digital Thermohygrometer.

e) Sound Level Meter

Sound Level Meter is a tool that designed to measure the noise of an object.

Figure 4. Sound Level Meter

Here is the step of measuring noise using sound level meter:

1) Select the right SLM position selector with the type of noise.

2) Choose the range of noise intensity selector.

3) Determine the measurement area.

4) Measure dB sound pressure level for 10 minutes for each measurement interval

with readings were taken every 5 seconds

5) Write down the measurement result and calculate the average noise (Leq)

f) Laptop

Laptop used to run software Design Tool and also for data processing lab.

Figure 5. Laptop or Computer



g) Design Tool Software

Design Tool Software used as an application for helping activities to measure short-

term memory. Results (outputs) of the activity will be data to be analyzed.

Figure 6. Design Tool Software

h) Observation Sheet and Stationary

Observation Sheet is a sheet in which the practitioner writes the data obtained during

the tutorial.



D. Theoretical Review

1) Temperature

Temperature is physics quantity which is a measure of the heat or the coldness of

a˚condition. According to Sutalaksana (1979), to review different level of temperature will

give a different affect, is as follows:

1. 49˚C, the temperature can be detained for about an hour. However, it is above

the physical and mental abilities.

2. 30˚C, mental activity and comperehension decreasing slowly and tend to make

mistakes in work also arising fatigue.

3. 24˚C, optimum working condition.

4. 10˚C, extreme physical behavior began to emerge.

Based on an investigation has obtained that the productivity of human labor will reach the

highest level at a temperature of 24 to 27 degrees Celsius (Sutalaksana. 1979)

1.1 Health Problems Caused by Exposure of Temperature

According Tarwaka (2004) health problems caused by exposure of high temperature can be

explained as follows:

a. Behavioral disorders and work performance such as fatigue, doing break stolen, etc.

b. Dehydration

Dehydration is the excessive loss of body fluids caused by fluid replacement is not

enough or because of health problems. In the body fluid loss <1,5% there is no visible

symptom, fatigue appears earlier and dry mouth.

c. Heat Rash

Circumstances such as prickly heat or prickly heat, skin itching due to skin continuously

wet conditions. In this condition, the workers need to rest in a cooler and use powder

busting a sweat.

d. Heat Cramps

Is body muscle spasms (hands and feet) due to perspiration, which causes the loss of

sodium from the body that is most likely caused by drinking too much with little sodium.

e. Heat Syncope or Fainting



This situation is caused by blood flow to the brain is not enough because most of the

flow of blood under the skin or peripheral surface caused by exposure to high

temperatures.

f. Heat Exhaustion

This situation occurs when the body loses too much fluid or ion loss. Symptoms of dry

mouth, very thirsty, weak, and very tired. This disorder usually experienced by workers

who have not adapted to hot temperatures.

g. Heat Stroke

This situation occurs when the body becomes very hot where sweat glands and other

organs do not function normally. This situation is most dangerous.

2) Noise

Noise is a pressure which can be detected by ears or longitudinal wave that propegate

through media such as liquid, solid and gas. According to Decree of The Ministry of

Environment No.Kep.Men-48/MEN.LH/11/1996 noise is unwanted noise from operations

and activities to the level of a certain time that can cause human health problems and

environmental discomfort. According to Firdaus, et al. (2009) had explained there are three

aspects that determine the quality of noise which give affect to human, i.e:

a. The length of time the sound is heard.

b. The intensity is usually measured in decibels (dB), which shows the amount of

energy flow per unit area.

c. Frequency sound indicates the number of sound waves through the human ear in a

second (the number of vibrations per second or hertz)

2.2 Noise Limit

Delivering an information or a simple news will be understood if it levels as high as 10 dB

or higher than the noise threshold. However, for more complex information consisting of

words less known, the level of the conversation should be 20 dB or higher than the threshold

noise. The level talks are categorized as follows:

1. Daily Talk : 60-65 dB

2. Talk in a seminar : 65-75 dB

3. Screaming : 80-85 dB



Those values are applied at a distance of 1 meter from the speaker. Moreover, can be

concluded that communication would be very difficult to on the limit of noise above 80 dB.

This distance can be reduced until the speaker had to shout in the ear of a listener (Nurmianto,

1996).

The limit of noise exposure time per working day based on the intensity of noise

received by workers is as follows:

Table 1. NAB Classification

Prolonged expossure per day (hour) Level of noise (dB)

24 80

16 82

8 85

4 88

2 91

1 94

½ 97

¼ 100

Note: It’s prohibited to be exposed to more than 140 dB although momentarily

Source: Kepmennaker No 51 Tahun 1999



2.3 Noise Calculation

From the noise measurement, the obeserver has obtained this following data:

Table 2. Noise Measurement Recapitulation

Based on the table above, there are 120 datas that has collected from the physical work

environment observation with exposure to certain sound in 10 minutes. Level of noise

measurement inflicted by using sound level meter in every five seconds. To get the

recapitulation data listed on table 3, the calculation based on The Ministry of Environmental

of Indonesia Nomor: KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996 as follows must be done:

1. Calculate the range (r)

𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

Then the range of recapitulation data above is:

𝑟 = 75,2 − 47,5 = 22,7 𝑑𝐵

2. Calculate the number of the class (k)

𝑘 = 1 + 3,3 log 𝑛

Then the number of the class based on the recapitulation data is:

𝑘 = 1 + 3,3 log 120 = 7,9 = 8

3. Calculate the interval of the class (i)

𝑖 =𝑟

𝑘

Then the interval on the data recapitulation is:



𝑖 =47,5

7,9= 6,04

4. Create The Frequency Distribution

The following table is based on the frequency distribution.

Tabel 3. Frequency Distribution

No Interval Median Frequency

1 32,8 - 38,84 35,82 11

2 38,94 - 44,98 41,96 22

3 45,08 - 51,12 48,1 15

4 51,22 - 57,26 54,24 17

5 57,36 - 63,4 60,38 13

6 63,5 - 69,54 66,52 18

7 69,64 - 75,68 72,66 14

8 75,78 - 81,82 78,8 10

5. LTM5 Calculation

LTM5 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1

𝑛𝑇𝑛. 100,1𝐿𝑛

Then the LTM5 calculation based on the data recapitulation mentioned in table 3 is as

follows:



E. Tutorial Procedure

Below is the tutorial Physical Work Environment 2 procedure:

Figure 8. Tutorial Procedure

Start

Theory & Posttest

Determine the

operator

PRETEST

Normal

temperature

PRETEST

Normal noise

POSTTEST

Cold temperaturePOSTTEST

High noise

Data Processing

Data input

Result Analysis

Qualified Report

ACC Assistant

Upload report to

the website

Finish

No

Yes



Figure 8 above shows the tutorial flowchart of Physical Work Environment 2. In

processing the data, observers will process the data to know whether there is a significant

difference between two correlated samples (pre test and post test). Therefore, Paired

Sample T-test will be used to processing the data.

Paired Sample T-Test is a part of parametric statistics, therefore the data should be

normal distributed first before it can be continued to the T-tes.Thus, normality test is

needed.



REFERENCES

Dewi, M. P. (2009 ). Analisis Pemaparan Intensitas Kebisingan di Unit Compressor

dan Unit Cooling Tower PT. Indo Acidatama Tbk, Kemiri, Kebakkramat,

Karanganyer.

Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor: KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996.

(1996). Jakarta: Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup.

Nurmianto, E. (1996). Ergonomi: Konsep Dasar dan Aplikasinya. Surabaya: Guna

Widya.

Oktri Mohammad Firdaus, N. J. (2009). Analisis Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja terhadap

Aktivitas Pekerja. 5th National Industrial Engineering Conference, 484-491.

Sutalaksana, I.Z., Anggawisastra, R. & Tjakraatmadja, J.H. (1979). Teknik Tata Cara

Kerja. ITB, Bandung.

Tarwaka, Bakri, Sudiajeng. (2004). Ergonomi Untuk Keselamatan, Kesehatan Kerja

dan Produktivitas. UNIBA Press. Surakarta

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