Physiology 2-Cortex
Transcript of Physiology 2-Cortex
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Total surfacesquare
Thick-ness
Total volume
Neurons number
Glyal cells
2200 сm2 1,3 to 4,5 mm
600сm3 109 - 1010 Total number unknown
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6 LAYERS OF CORTEX
I - Molecular(плексиформный) II – External stellatum III – External pyramidal IV - Internal stellatum V –Internal pyramidal VI – Layer of physiformic cells
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METHODS OF CEREBRUM FUNCTIONS STUDIES
A. StimulationB. ExstirpationC. Electrophysiological proseduresD. Method of conditioned reflexesE. Method of clinical observation
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Electrophysiological methods Registration of electrical activity of a
group of neurons (macroelectrodes) Registration of electrical activity of
single neurons (microelectrodes) EEG, electrocorticograme Caused potentials (stimulated by light or
sound cortex response)
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Registration of single neurons activity
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Registration of caused potentials
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Electroencephalography
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Electroencephalography Method of registration ofvelectrical
potential from the skin of the head Hanse Berger proposed this in 1929 -
1938.
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EEG origin Sum of EPSPs & IPSPs Duration of EPSPs & IPSPs is from 30 tо 150
msec Amplitude depends on the frequency &
synchronisation of EPSPs & IPSPs Frequency is formed by rhythmic activity of
cortex neurons. Rhythmicity is due to the influence of RF of
midbrain & thalamic nuclei.
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EEG rhythms
Аlfa – α-rhythm - 8-13 Hz - 50-100 mcV Rhythm of synchronization. Registered at the state of peaceful awakefulness at closed eyes mainly in occipital & parieto-temporal zonez.
Betha – β- rhythm - 14-30 Hz - 10-30 mcV. Rhythm of desynchronization. Registered at the state of active rest with opened eyes
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I - α - waves
II - β - waves
III - θ (theta) - waves
IV - Δ (delta) - waves
V - epileptic dischanges
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EEG rhythms Тhеtа- θ-rhythm - 4-7 Hz - 100-150mcV
Rhythm of synchronization. Registered at the state of peaceful awakefulness at closed eyes mainly in children, during sleep in adults, may be a sign of brain hypoxia.
Deltа – Δ- rhythm - 0,5-4,5 Hz 150-200 mcV Rhythm of synchronization. Registered at the state of deep sleep, narcosis, at pathological states.
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Synchronization - occurs at anonimous impulsation to the cortex, at closed eyes.
Desynchronization – occurs at different multiply active impulsation to the cortex, at opened eyes
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CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF EEG Epilepsy diagnostics (caused potentials are
preferable nowadays). Tumors localization. Cranium traumas & chronic meningitis &
encephalitis Evaluation of narcosis depth (Δ rhythm at
deep narcosis). To determine the state of death in some
cases ( «flat» EEG).
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Modern view on function localization in the cortex.
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MOTOR AREA Heterotypical agranular zonesМоtоr zone - precentral gyrus(pyramidal tract, voluntarily movements) HomotypicalAssociative areas – parietal & temporal
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Сенсорно- специфические области
Гетеротипические гранулярные зоны коры Зрительные – затылочная область,
шпорная борозда Слуховые – височная область, извилина
Гешле Соматосенсорная – постцентральная
извилина - кожная чувствительность, проприоцептивная, висцеральная, чувство равновесия, вкус
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Sensory specific zones of cortex
AII AI
nucleus
Nucleus – monomodal neurons
A I & A II– associative zones – polymodal neurons
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Sensory zones are topically organized – receptive fields are represented in proportion to the number of afferent neurons, which form these fields, not to the square taken by the receptive field.
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INFLUENCE OF RETICULAR FORMATION ON CEREBRUM
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Sleep centers.Suprachyasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus
Nuclei rhaffe in brain stem (Hess center)
Serotonin
Slow sleep Inhibition of painIn spinal cord
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Stages of sleep Stage 0 (awake) – from lying down to
falling asleep, 1-2% of sleep time, α – waves at closed eyes, β – waves at opened
Stage 1 (dozing) - θ (theta) – waves on to[p of α, eye movements reduced, neck muscles relaxed, 3-6%
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Stages of sleep Stage 2 (unequivocal sleep) - θ
(theta) – waves with spindles, K complexes can be evoked on sensory stimulation, little eye movements , easily arrosable, 40-50% of sleep time
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Stages of sleep Stage 3 (deep sleep transition)- θ
(theta) – waves, Δ (delta) – waves and spindle activity, K complexes can be evoked on strong stimulation, few eye movements , not easily arrousable, 5-8% of sleep time
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Stages of sleep Stage 4 (cerebral sleep)- Δ (delta) –
waves predominate, K complexes can’t be evoked, fixed eyes , difficult to arrouse, 10-20% of sleep time. Night terror may occur at this time
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During stages 2,3,4 heart rate and respiration are steady and muscles are relaxed
Stages 3 and 4 are called slow wave sleep (SWS)
REM-sleep (paradoxical)- EEG waves of all frequency, K complexes can’t be evoked, dreams and nightmares, HR and BP fluctuate, respiration is irregular, muscles are relaxed, but irregular body movements can occur occasionally
Normally stages 0 to 4 and REM occur in succession over a period of 80-100 min, they are repeated cyclically
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