Physiological Effects of Nicotine and Ethanol Rebecca B R Milholland.
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Transcript of Physiological Effects of Nicotine and Ethanol Rebecca B R Milholland.
Physiological Effects of Nicotine and Ethanol
Rebecca B R Milholland
Tobacco Plant• Grown for its
nicotine containing leaves which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed
Nicotiana tobacum
Nicotine
• Nicotine is an alkaloid found naturally in tobacco plants, tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant and green peppers
Nicotine
• Nicotine is an alkaloid found naturally in tobacco plants, tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant and green peppers
Motorneuron
Muscle Fiber
Neuromuscular Junction
Neuromuscular System
Motorneuron
Muscle Fiber
Signal fromthe Brain
Nerve Terminal
Neuromuscular System
Neuromuscular System
Motorneuron
Muscle Fiber
Signal fromthe Brain
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Neuromuscular System
Motorneuron
Muscle Fiber
Signal fromthe Brain
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Neuromuscular System
Motorneuron
Muscle Fiber
Signal fromthe Brain
Nicotine
Nicotinic Syndrome
•Nicotine produces tachycardiaand blood pressurethrough its action in the sympatheticnervous system or the “Fight or Flight” system.
Nicotine decreases appetite.
Nicotine’s action on skeletal muscles and the diaphragm to produce paralysis and asphyxiation
Chronic Effects of Nicotine
•Chronic administrationleads to coronary artery disease and hypertension
Nicotine produces peptic ulcer disease,and esophageal reflux through its influences on the Gastrointestinal tract.
•Nicotine enhanceslearning and memory
•Nicotine’s influences in the brain also produces its addictive properties
•Nicotine enhanceslearning and memory
Most Likely Avenues for Exposure
• Tobacco Products
• Insecticides– Anti-AChE (Acetylcholine Esterase)
– nAChR activators (like nicotine)
Alcohol
C C
H
H H
H
HOH
Factors which Influence Ethanol Movement Though the Body
• Absorption
Factors which Influence Ethanol Movement Though the Body
• Absorption
• Distribution and Solubility– Body Fat Percentage
Dose-Response Curve for Acute CNS Response to Ethanol
Dose
Response
Giddy
Labored breathingUnconscious
Sleep
Deep sleep
Death
No effect
Chronic CNS Effects of Ethanol
• Korsacoff’s Syndrome– Loss of short term memory
– Due to a Thyamine Defficiency
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
NAD
NADHAlcohol Dehydrogenase
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
Acetate
NAD
NADH
NAD
NADH
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
Acetate
Citric Acid Cycle
NAD
NADH
NAD
NADH
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Energy
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
Acetate
Citric Acid Cycle
NAD
NADH
NAD
NADH
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Energy
Fatty Liver
Fibrosis
Cirrosis
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
Acetate
Citric Acid Cycle
NAD
NADH
NAD
NADH
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Energy
Fatty Liver
Fibrosis
Cirrosis
P450
Ethanol Interaction with P 450
• Acute Administration - P 450
• Chronic Administration - P 450
Acetominophen
SulfationGlucuronidation
Safe Excretionby Kidney and in Bile
Detoxication
Acetominophen
SulfationGlucuronidation
Safe Excretionby Kidney and in Bile
Detoxication
Quinoneimine Free Radical
Liver and Kidney Damage
Activation to a Toxic Metabolite
Acetominophen
SulfationGlucuronidation
Safe Excretionby Kidney and in Bile
Detoxication
Quinoneimine Free Radical
Liver and Kidney Damage
Activation to a Toxic Metabolite
P450
Acetominophen
SulfationGlucuronidation
Safe Excretionby Kidney and in Bile
Detoxication
Quinoneimine Free Radical
Liver and Kidney Damage
Activation to a Toxic Metabolite
P450
Ethanol InductionOf P450Expression
Other Alcohols
• Methanol
Other Alcohols
• Methanol– Induces blindness and death due to formic acid
production
Other Alcohols
• Methanol– Induces blindness and death due to formic acid
production
• Ethylene Glycol
Other Alcohols
• Methanol– Induces blindness and death due to formic acid
production
• Ethylene Glycol– Kidney damage due to oxalic acid production and
crystal formation in the renal tubules
Other Alcohols
• Methanol– Induces blindness and death due to formic acid
production
• Ethylene Glycol– Kidney damage due to oxalic acid production and
crystal formation in the renal tubules
Treat Exposures to Both Alcohols with Ethanol!!
Conclusions: Nicotine
• Acute
Conclusions: Nicotine
• Acute– Acts at acetylcholine receptor in muscle
– Produces asphyxiation and paralysis
Conclusions: Nicotine
• Acute– Acts at acetylcholine receptor in muscle
– Produces asphyxiation and paralysis
• Chronic
Conclusions: Nicotine
• Acute– Acts at acetylcholine receptor in muscle
– Produces asphyxiation and paralysis
• Chronic– Acts at acetylcholine receptors in the sympathetic
nervous system to coronaroy artery disease and high blood pressure
– Acts at acetylcholine receptors in the brain to induce physical addiction.
Conclusions: Ethanol
• Acute
Conclusions: Ethanol
• Acute– Fatty Liver
– CNS Depression
Conclusions: Ethanol
• Acute– Fatty Liver
– CNS Depression
• Chronic
Conclusions: Ethanol
• Acute– Fatty Liver
– CNS Depression
• Chronic– Korsacoff’s Syndrome
– Cirrosis of the Liver