Physiological Behavior

8/12/2019 Physiological Behavior

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PHYSIOLOGICALBASES

OF BEHAVIOR


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Receptors(sense organs) helps us to be awarein our environment

Effectors(muscles and glands) respond to theenvironment

Connectors(nervous system) integrate the

functions of receptors and effectors.

In studying behavior, it isessential for us to knowsomething about thephysiological structures whichenable us to respond to andinteract with our environment;namely, our receptors,connectors, and effectors.


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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

TWO INTERRELATED DIVISIONS:

1.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

it is made up of the brain and thespinal cord.

2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM connects the brain and the spinal cord

to everything else in the body such asthe sense organs, muscles, and glands.

The peripheral nervous system alsoconsist of all ganglia(group of cellbodies) and nerve fibers outside of thebrain and the spinal cord.


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The entire nervous system is made up ofstructural units of nerves cells averagingaround one hundred billion which is morethan twenty times the number of people living

on the earth.


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THE NEURON

also known as a neurone or nervecell) is an electrically excitable cell thatprocesses and transmits information byelectrical and chemical signaling.

The neuron has fiber appendagescalled AXONS AND DENDRITES.

AXONS are long, slim, and tubelike fiberswhich carry messages or impulses away from

the cell toward other neurons. It is surrounded

by fatty and protein material coverings called

MYELIN SHEATH.


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DENDRITES are short fibers branching out from

the cells which receive impulses and carry them

toward their own cellbodies.

3 KINDS OF NEURON S ACCORDING

TO ITS FUNCTION:

SENSORY NEURONS

MOTOR NEURONS

CONNECTOR NEURONS


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SENSORY NEURONS

Collect impulses from sense organ

and direct these impulses to the

spinal cord or to the brain.

MOTOR NEURONS

Carry impulses from sense organs and

direct tese impulss to the spinal cord or

to the brain.


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CONNECTOR NEURONS

It is distinguish in 3 kinds:

Neurons which receive impulses

from the spinal cord and carry them

up to the brain

Neurons which transmit impulses

from one area of the brain to

another area on the same

hemisphere.

Neurons which transmit impulses

from one hemisphere of the brain to

another.


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NERVE IMPULSE

Messages are transmitted by the neurons inthe form of NERVE IMPULSES.

POLARIZATION IS THE STATE OF NEURONWHEN RESTING.

PROCESS

After it has transmitted the impulse, the neuron is

said to be in its ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD.The time when it cannot be charged even by the

strongest stimulus. After a few moments it will

gradually undergo recovery and a stimulus stronger

than usual can make react. This state is known as the

PARTIAL REFRACTORY PHASE.


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SYNAPSE

Nerve impulses pass through the nerve fibers

with great speed. To reach its destination, a

nerve impulse may have to pass through a

number of nerve junctures known as SYNAPSES.

Two neural functions may occur at these synapses:

a nerve impulse may be slowed down, inhibited,

and not allowed to go any further.

a nerve impulse entering a synaptic junction may

activate many other connecting fibers.

SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS ENABLE US TO RESPOND

IN A VARIETY OF WAYS, INVOLVING MANY OR

FEW BODY PARTS.


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REFLEXES

The simplest synaptic arrangementsare the REFLEXES. Reflexes are simple,inborn, automatic responses of some

parts of the body.

In such responses, messages aretransmitted directly from sensory tomotor neurons forming what is called a

SENSORY-MOTOR arc which causes theperson to react even before suchmessages reach the cerebral cortex.


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NUEROTRANSMITTERS

These are chemical substances that connect

the nervous system and behavior. They carry

impulses across the synapse to the dendrite

an in some cases to the cell body of areceiving neuron. They are important because

they help in monitoring the vital functions of

the brain and the body.


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THERE ARE SOME FIFTY KNOWN CHEMICALNEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THESE ARE THE

MOST POPULAR:

ACETYLCHOLINEIS INVOLVED IN CARRYING IMPULSES TO

THE SKELETAL MUSCLES.SINCE IT HAS BEEN NOTED THAT AchIS ASSOCIATED WITH MEMORY CAPABILITIES, THE DEFICIENCYIN THE PRODUCTION OF THIS CHEMICAL MAY RESULT TOLOSS OF MEMORY, CONFUSION AND DEGENERATIVE

DISORDER.


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GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC

ACID(GABA)

IS CONSIDERED AS AN INHIBITORYTRANSMITTER TENDS TO CONTROL A VARIETY OFBEHAVIORS, RANGING FROM EATING TO

AGGRESSION.

DOPAMINE (D.A.)

AFFECTS A WIDE VARIETY OF OURPHYSICAL AND MENTAL AILMENTS.ITSDEFICIENCY CAN CAUSE PARKINSONS

DISEASE.MEDICAL RESEARCHERS HAVE ALSOHYPOTHESIZED THAT SCHIZOPHRENIA ANDOTHER FORMS OF MENTAL DISTURBANCES MAYBE ATTRIBUTTED TO THE PRESENCE OF

UNUSSUALLY HIGH LEVELS OF DOPAMINE.


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ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

HELPS IN ENLARGING THE CELLS OF THE

HUMAN BODY ALSO ESSENTIAL IN THEFORMATION OF SYNAPSES VITAL TO MEMORY

FUNCTIONS.

ENDORPHINSHELP THE BRAIN TO CONTROL PAIN.


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THE CENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM

SERVES TO CONNECT THESENSORY AND THE MOTORFIBERS WITHIN THE NERVOUSSYSTEM.

IT IS THE INTEGRATING

CENTER FOR ALL BEHAVIORAND BODILY FUNCTIONS.


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SPINAL CORD

The spinal cord is a large rope-

like segment of nerve tissue

extending down the vertebral

column.

It serves as the connector

mechanism for spinal reflexes

and the connecting link between

the peripheral system and thebrain.


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SPINAL NERVES

carries motor, sensory,

and autonomic signalsbetween the spinal cord andthe body.

Division of spinalnerves into 2 roots:

DORSAL ROOT VENTRAL ROOT

CARRIES SENSORYNERVE FIBERS

CARRIES MOTORNERVE FIBERS


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Cross-section of the spinal cord

WHITE MATTER( AXONS)

GRAY MATTER(CELL BODIES)


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THE BRAIN

3 MAJOR PARTS:

1.HINDBRAINIT IS CLOSE TO THE SPINAL CORD

WHICH IS COMPOSED OF MEDULAOBLONGATA SERVES AS THE CONNECTINGLINK BETWEEN THE SPINAL CORD BRAINPROPER.

PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SUCHAUTOMATIC ACTIVITIES ASHEARTBEAT,BREATHING, AND BLOODCIRCULATION.


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PONSLIES IN THE BRAIN STEM JUST

ABOVE THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA IS

MADE UP LARGELY OF NERVE FIBERSTHAT CONNECT HIGHER AND LOWERNERVOUS SYSTEM.

CEREBELLUMLOCATED DIRECTLY ABOVE THEPONS. IT MAINTAIN POSTURE AND TOSMOOTH OUT WALKING,WRITINGAND DANCING.


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2.MIDBRAINSERVES AS THE CONNECTING LINK

BETWEEN THE HINDBRAIN AND THE

FOREBRAIN.IT CONNECTS THE SENSORY AND THEMOTOR PATHWAYS BETWEEN THE LOWER ANDUPPER PORTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

SPECIAL ROLE IN VISUAL AND AUDITORYACTIVITIES.

3.FOREBRAINIT IS COMPOSED OF 2 LARGE CEREBRAL

HEMISPHERES, AND A NUMBER OF IMPORTANTSTRUCTURES WITHIN THE CENTRAL REGIONSOF THE HEMISPHERES.

PARTS OF THE FOREBRAIN:


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PARTS OF THE FOREBRAIN:

oTHALAMUS

LOCATED JUST ABOVE THE MIDBRAIN.IT IS A LARGE

GROUP OF NUCLEI WHICH SERVES AS A RELAY STATION

FOR SENSORY IMPULSES TO THE APPROPRIATE AREAS OFTHE BRAIN.

oHYPOTHALAMUS

CONSISTING OF SMALL GROUP OF NUCLEI, PLAYS AN

IMPORTANT ROLE IN PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES SUCH

AS SEXUAL BEHAVIOR,TEMPERATUREREGULATION,SLEEPING, EATING,URINE VOLUME AND

CONCENTRATION,ALSO BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL

RESPOSES.

o CEREBRUM

REPRESENTS THE MOST IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT OFBRAIN IN MAN.IT IS THE SEAT OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND

THE HIGHER MENTAL PROCESS, SUCH AS LANGUAGE AND

ABSTRACT THINKING.


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THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES CONSIST OF AN OUTER GRAY

CORTEX, COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF NEURON CELL BODIES

AND DENDRITES AND AN INTERNAL WHITE CORE COMPOSED

OF AXONS THAT CONNECT AREAS OF THE HEMISPHERES WITH

EACH OTHER AND WITH OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN.

CONVOLUTIONS

THE SERIES OF DEPRESSIONS AND RIDGES OF

CEREBRAL CORTEX.

4 LOBES OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE:

FRONTAL LOBE

PARIETAL LOBE

TEMPORAL LOBE

OCCIPITAL LOBE

THESE LOBES HOLD SOME

OF THE IMPORTANT AREAS

OF THE BRAIN RESPOSIBLE

FOR LOCALIZING

PATICULAR SENSORY

MOTOR AND

ASSOCIATION

FUNCTIONS


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THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

THIS OTHER MAJOR DIVISION OF THE CENTRALNERVOUS SYSTEM BRANCHES OUT FROM THE SPINALCORD AND THE BRAIN, AND REACHES THE EXTRIMITIESOF THE HUMAN BODY. ITS MAIN FUNCTION IS TO

CONDUCT IMPULSES TO AND FROM THE CENTRALNERVOUS SYSTEM.

2 MAJOR DIVISIONS:

SOMATIC

AUTONOMIC


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SOMATIC SYSTEM

INCLUDES THE SENSORY SYSTEM AND THEMOTOR NERVES THAT ACTIVATE

SKELETAL

(VOLUNTARY)MUSCLES RESPONSIBLE FOR

MOVEMENTS.

There are forty-three major pairs ofnerves that compose the somaticsystem. These are the twelve pairs ofcranial nerves and the thirty-onepairs of spinal nerves.


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CR NI L NERVESSERVE THE RECEPTORS AND

EFFECTORS OF THE HEAD.THEY HAVE

SENSORY NERVES SEEING,HEARING,SMELLAND TASTE AND MOTOR NERVES FORMOVEMENT OF THE EYES,TOUNGE,JAW AND

PARTS OF THE NECK.

SPIN L NERVESERVE THE CHEST, TRUNK, AND

EXTREMITIES. THEY HAVE SENSORY NERVESTHAT GIVE RISE TO SKIN SENSATION AND

MOTOR NERVES INVOLVED IN THEMOVEMENT OF ARMS, LEGS, AND PORTIONS

OF THE TRUNK.


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THE UTONOMICNERVOUS SYSTEM


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THE AUTONOMIC SYSTEM

IS ALSO CALLED THE VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM,IT IS CONSERNED WITH THE ACTIVITIES OF THEBODY THAT MAKE US ALIVE- THE GLANDS, THEINTERNAL ORGANS, AND OTHER ORGANS THATFUNCTION INVOLUNTARILY WITHOUT THEAWARENESS AND CONTROL OUR EMOTIONALBEHAVIOR.

TWO PARTS:

SYMPATHETIC

PARASYMPHATETIC


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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE AND DUCTLESS GLANDWORKING IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE

NERVOUS SYSTEM TO CONTROL BODILY FUNCTION ANDBEHAVIOR.

HOMEOSTASIS

THE MAINTENANCE OF BIOCHEMICAL

BALANCE IN THE BODY.

HORMONES

VARIOUS CHEMICAL REACTION WHICH IS

DIRECTLY SECRETED BY THESE GLANDS

INTO THE BLOOD STREAM.


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PITUITARY GLAND

ALSO CALLED HYPOPHYSIS IS A SMALL GLANDSUSPENDED DIRECTLY UNDER THE OPTIC CHIASMA ATTHE BASE OF THE BRAIN.

IT IS CALLED THE MAJOR GLAND OF THE BODYBECAUSE IT SECRETES HORMONES THAT CONTROL THEACTIVITIES OF THE OTHER GLANDS.

2 PARTS:

ANTERIOR LOBE

POSTERIOR LOBE


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ANTERIOR LOBE

SECRETES SEVERAL IMPORTANT HORMONES

WHICH HAVE TO DO WITH GROWTH, THE FORMATION OF

MILK, AND THE FUNCTIONING OF OTHER ENDOCRINE

GLANDS.

POSTERIOR LOBE

SECRETE TWO IMPORTANT TYPES OF HORMONES: AN

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE CALLED VASOPRESSIN

WHICH CONTROLS EXCRETION OF WATER THROUGH

KIDNEYS AND OXYTOCIN WHICH STIMULATES THE

BREAST TO PRODUCE MILK AND STIMULATES THECONTRACTIONS OF THE UTERUS DURING LABOR.


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MAJOR ENDOCTRINE GLANDS


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THYROID GLAND

IS LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE THROAT.IT IS A FLAT

GLAND LIKE A BUTTERFLY AND SECRETES TWO

KNOWN HORMONES:

THYROXINEAND IDOTHYROXINE.

DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND MAY DUE TO

OVERSECRETION OF THESE HORMONES WHICH LEADSTO HYPERTHYROIDISM, OR UNDERSECRETION WHICHLEADS TO HYPOTHYROIDISM.

HYPOTHYROIDISMthere is augmented

metabolism and, conquently, rapid

physiological process like acceleratedheartbeat. It may result to cretinismif

occurs in childhood and myxedemaif

occurs in adulthood.

Cretinis characterized by

arrested physical and

mental development.

Myxedemaischaracterized by slowing of

motor activity, increase of

weight,slowing of

speech,yellowing of skin

and thickening lips


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ADRENAL GLANDS

LOCATED ON TOP OF EACH KIDNEY

TWO PARTS:MEDULLA-

SECRETES TWO HORMONES KNOWNADRENALIN OR EPINEPHERINE ANDNORADRENALIN WHICH SERVE TO GIVE USEXTRA ENERGY.

ADRENAL CORTEX-

SECRETES A NUMBER OF HORMONESTHAT CONTROL MANY BASIC CHEMICALMECHANISM WITHIN THE BODY,INCLUDINGMETABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES ANDFUNCTIONING OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.


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ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

PANCREAS WHICH CONTAINS THE ISLETS OFLANGERHANS IS LOCATED JUST POSTERIOR TOTHE STOMACH AND ATTACHED BY A DUCT TO

THE INTESTINAL TRACT.

IT PRODUCE THE HORMONES INSULIN AND

GLUCAGON WHICH INCREASE THEPERMEABILITY OF CELLS TO SUGAR (GLUCOSE) IN

THE BLOOD.


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GONADS

TESTESthe male sex glands. They secrete ahormone known as TESTOSTERONE whichpromotes male secondary sex characteristics thatmake the male look typically masculine

OVARIESthe female sex glands they secrete

ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE. Estrogen is

responsible for the appearance of the secondary sexcharacteristics which make a girl look typicallyfeminine. Progesterone stimulate the thickening ofthe urine lining in preparation for pregnancy.


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PARATHYROID GLANDS

SECRETES THE HORMONE

PARATHRORMONE WHICH CONTROLS

THE BALANCE OF VARIOUS MINERALS IN

THE BLOOD STREAM, PARTICULARLY

CALCUIM.

DEFICIENCY OF THIS HORMONE LEADS TO LOW CALCUIM

CONTENT OF THE BLOOD RESULTING IN TETANY.IT IS

CHARACTERIZED BY STIFFENING OF HANDS AND FINGERS,MUSCLE CRAMPS, AND IRRITABILITY.

Physiological Behavior

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