BS Level

1Physiology of Coordination, Dr

Saba Butt

2Physiology of Coordination, Dr

Saba Butt

Structure – Function relationship Adaptations, acclimatization and acclimation Homeostasis Conformity and regulation Feedback control systems

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Saba Butt

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STRUCTURE – FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP

Function is based on structure at all levels of organization

Physiology of Coordination, Dr Saba Butt

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN FUNCTION

Molecules

Cells Tissues Organs Organ-systems

OrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystem

Atoms and subatomic particles

Physiology of Coordination, Dr Saba Butt

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Hierarchy of Life

Physiology of Coordination, Dr Saba Butt

-Life starts from an atom that makes molecules and macromolecules.- Macromolecules makes organelles, cells and tissues.- Tissues makes organs and systems.- Systems makes organisms.- Organisms makes populations, communities, ecosystems.- Ecosystems makes the planet Earth and who knows more planets.

The figure is showing action of muscles from organism to molecular level

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Saba Butt

URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skeletal_muscle.jpg

Frog catches a passing fly by a leap (skeletal muscle)

After eating fly, frog’s stomach mixes and massages the contents (smooth muscles)

The nutrients absorbed into the blood are propelled by the beating of heart to the body (cardiac muscle)

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Saba Butt

Movement (leap) of a frog from organism to molecular level

Reflex arc Nutrition and digestion

9Physiology of Coordination, Dr

Saba Butt

Adaptation is a physiological, biochemical or anatomic change that typically occurs in a gradual manner over generation. Generally it is not reversible.

Physiology of an animal is usually well matched with the environment. Evolution by natural selection is the explanation of the process called adaptation.

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Saba Butt

Acclimatization is a physiological, biochemical or anatomic change within and individual animal during its life that results from the animals chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental conditions.

Acclimation is same process but when the same changes are induced experimentally in laboratory or in wild habitat by researcher.

11Physiology of Coordination, Dr

Saba Butt

Adaptation is a change in genotype that result in a change in phenotype

Migration of a bear from low-lying valley to high mountain ◦ increased ventilation ◦ RBC’s increase in ◦ This is called Acclimatization.

12Physiology of Coordination, Dr

Saba Butt

If the conditions of mountain (hypobaric) are developed in laboratory for any animal, same response could be seen, but it is called Acclimation.

Bar-headed goose fly up to the peaks of Himalayas, which if other animals do, they die. This is adaptation of the goose selected via process of natural selection to survive in this extreme environment.

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Saba Butt

It could be difficult to know that whether a physiological characteristic is of adaptive value or not.

A physiological process is adaptive if it is present at high frequency in a population.

The reason is that it results in a higher probability

of survival and reproduction.

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Saba Butt

How to prove certain character is adaptive? Comparative approach tells us how is it possible.

Llama and camel’ blood have same affinity for oxygen (which is very high).

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Hilly & cold area

Low lands

Llama

Camel

Physiology of Coordination, Dr Saba Butt

Adaptation is produced by mutation that is spontaneous.

Adaptation is transferred to the next generation.

Adaptation is produced in the germline DNA.

16Physiology of Coordination, Dr

Saba Butt

Genetic material (DNA) is passed from parents to offspring's

Germ line is derived from the parents germ line, to continue the germ line DNA.

Evolution is centered on the survival of DNA, since information it have defines a species.

Failure to reproduce its DNA leads to extinction of a species.

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Saba Butt

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Homeostasis is defined as “consistency of internal environment”. This is a concept first recognized by a French pioneer of modern Physiology, Claude Bernard.

Animals live in quite hostile environments◦ Aquatic animals face more dilute (fresh water) or more

salty (sea water) than their body.◦ Terrestrial animals face too hot or too cold temperature◦ Aerial mode of life have resistance to flight etc

Physiology of Coordination, Dr Saba Butt

Also most environments have fluctuations, i.e. changes over time and in seasonal changes.

To survive animals have to cope with these changes.

Homeostasis is the mechanism for dealing with the hostile environment.

Various physiological processes and anatomic structures are adapted to maintain homeostasis.

19Physiology of Coordination, Dr

Saba Butt

For example:

◦ pH in human blood (around 7)◦ Temperature of the human body (37°C)◦ Hormone and blood levels of glucose

◦ Search for examples of homeostasis, yourself.

20Physiology of Coordination, Dr

Saba Butt

Homeostasis is maintained by the feedback control systems:

◦ Negative feedback: a hormone after produced in a specific amount decrease its own production.

◦ Positive feedback: Oxytocin when produced in a specific amount enhance its own production.

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Conformors are the organisms that change their internal environment when the external environment change, e.g., oxyconformers worms.

Regulators on the other hand maintain their internal environment despite changes in external environment, e.g., human body maintain a specific pH in blood.

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