PHYSIO2_female physio
Transcript of PHYSIO2_female physio
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Female Physiology
Organ System Cluster
Prepared by Austine Mae Evangelista, PTRP
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Puberty
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First sign appears between 11
an d 13 years of age in girls andthe process is largely completed
by age 16
MENARCHE: First episode of
menstrual bleeding
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Vagina, uterus, uterine tube
and external genitalia begin toenlarge
Increase rate of estrogen andprogesterone secretion of theovaries
After the onset of puberty, the
hypothalamus and the anteriorpituitary secretes a large amount ofGnRH, LH and FSH.
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Menstrual Cycle
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Phases
Menses
Proliferative PhaseOvulation
Secretory Phase
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Menses
A period ofmild hemorrhage during
which part of the endometrium is
sloughed and expelled from theuterus.
Typically last for 4 or 5 days
Pituitary: FSH and LH secretion islow but will (FSH) as
progesterone levels
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Menses
Ovarian Follicles: The rate of
estrogen and progesterone
secretion is low after degenerationof the corpus luteum produced
during the previous menstrual
cycle
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Menses
Endometrium: In response to the
declining progesterone levels, the
endometrial lining of the uterussloughs off, resulting in menses
followed by repair of the
endometrium
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Proliferative Phase
The time between the ending of
menses and ovulation
Refers to the proliferation of theendometrium
From day 4 or 5 to day 14
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Proliferative Phase
Pituitary: FSH & LH are only slightly
elevated during most of the phase
but near the end of theproliferative phase in response to
the increasing estrogen and
progesterone
Developing follicles & Ovaries:
increasing amount ofestrogen &
progesterone
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Proliferative Phase
Endometrium: Estrogen causes
endometrial cells of the uterus to
divide thickening w/ tube-likeglands
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Ovulation
About the 14th day
Pituitary: The FSH and LH secretion
rapidly just before ovulation inresponse to estrogen levels
estrogen secretion, resulting in a
positive feedback cycle
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Ovulation
Ovarian follicle: LH causes final
maturation of a mature follicle;
and causes enlargement ofimmature follicles
Endometrium: continues to
divide in response to estrogen
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Secretory Phase
Time between ovulation and the next
menses
About day 14 to day 28
Pituitary: high estrogen &
progesterone levels exert negative
feedback on FSH & LH production
Ovarian follicle: conversion to the
corpus luteum progesterone but
estrogen
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Secretory Phase
If fertilization does not occur, the
corpus luteum degenerates about
day 25, and the rate ofprogesterone rapidly declines to
low levels
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Secretory Phase
Endometrium: In response to
progesterone, the endometrial cells
enlarge & reach their great degreeof development
After progesterone level declines,
the endometrium begins todegenerate
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Pregnancy
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After the sexual act
Sperm cells are released into the
vagina cervix uterus oviducts
Propelled by movement of thetail or contractions by uterine
wall (: oxytocin,:
prostaglandin)
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After the sexual act
Sperm cells undergo capacitation
To allow penetration
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Pregnancy or gestation
The importance of the reproductive
system is the nurturing of an offspring,
which is fulfilled by pregnancy
During this time, many changes happenin the body because the systems are
being readjusted to accommodate the
physical growth of the body and thehormonal changes.
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COMMON
CHANGES
CAUSES
Morning sickness Hormonal changesBreast changes
(increase in size; (+)
tenderness; areolas andnipples darken; (+)
colostrum)
Hormonal changes
Frequent urination Pressure of uterus on
the bladder
Vaginal discharge Increased blood supply
to the skin and muscles
around the vagina
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COMMON
CHANGES
CAUSES
Constipation Hormonal changes thatslow down the digestion
of food
Indigestion/heartburn Slowing of digestion and
relaxation of muscles
that keeps digested foods
and acids in the stomach
Lower abdominal or groinpain
Stretching of theligaments and muscles
that support the uterus
Skin and hair changes Hormonal changes
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COMMON
CHANGES
CAUSES
Numbness and tingling Compression of nerves in thelegs
Varicose veins Generalized swelling, weight of
uterus
Hemorrhoids Weight of uterus pressing on theveins
LBP Change in posture
Breathing problems Pregnant uterus presses on the
diaphragm; lungs dont haveenough space to expand
Stretch marks Stretching of the skin as you
grow bigger
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Menopause
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Menopause
Cessation of the menstrual cycle
In women 40 or 50 years old, the
menstrual cycle becomes lessregular, and ovulation does not
consistently occur during each
cycle
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Menopause
Female Climacteric
Period from irregular menses to
complete cessation
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What are the possible changesin postmenopausal women?
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Changes
Menstrualcycle
becomes irregular incidence of ovulation &
maturation ofThe number of
cycles in which ovulation does not
occur and which corpora luteadoes not mature
Uterus
Endometrium atrophies, and theuterus becomes smaller
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Changes
Vagina andexternal
genitalia
External genitalia becomes
thinner and less elastic
Labia majora becomes smaller
Pubic hair decreases
Reduces secretion leads to
dryness
Vagina is more easily inflamed
and infected
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Changes
Skin Epidermis becomes thinner
Cardio-
vascular
System
Hypertension and
atherosclerosis occur more
frequentlyVasomotor
Instability
hot flashes and increased
sweating are correlated with
vasodilation of cunateousblood vessel
Hot flashes are related to
decreases estrogen levels
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Changes
Libido Temporary changes, usually adecrease in libido
Fertility Begins to decline about 10
years before the onset of
menopause
By age 50 almost all oocytes
and follicles have degenerated
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Changes
Pituitary
Function
Lower levels of estrogen &
progesterone produced by the
ovaries cause the pituitaryglands to secrete larger
amounts of FSH and LH
These hormones have littleeffect on the post-menopausal
ovaries
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Thank You for Listening