Physics - Zero Point Energy

8/4/2019 Physics - Zero Point Energy

1/28

Texte en Franais

INTRODUCTION

Quantum mechanics predicts the existence of what are usually called ''zero-point''

energies for the strong, the weak and the electromagnetic interactions, where''zero-point'' refers to the energy of the system at temperature T=0, or the lowest

quantized energy level of a quantum mechanical system. Although the term ''zero-point energy'' applies to all three of these interactions in nature, customarily (and

hereafter in this article) it is used in reference only to the electromagnetic case.

In conventional quantum physics, the origin of zero-point energy is the Heisenberguncertainty principle, which states that, for a moving particle such as an electron,

the more precisely one measures the position, the less exact the best possiblemeasurement of its momentum (mass times velocity), and vice versa. The least

possible uncertainty of position times momentum is specified by Planck's constant,h. A parallel uncertainty exists between measurements involving time and energy

(and other so-called conjugate variables in quantum mechanics). This minimumuncertainty is not due to any correctable flaws in measurement, but rather reflects

an intrinsic quantum fuzziness in the very nature of energy and matter springing

from the wave nature of the various quantum fields. This leads to the concept ofzero-point energy.

Zero-point energy is the energy that remains when all other energy is removedfrom a system. This behaviour is demonstrated by, for example, liquid helium. As

the temperature is lowered to absolute zero, helium remains a liquid, rather thanfreezing to a solid, owing to the irremovable zero-point energy of its atomic

motions. (Increasing the pressure to 25 atmospheres will cause helium to freeze.)

A harmonic oscillator is a useful conceptual tool in physics. Classically a harmonicoscillator, such as a mass on a spring, can always be brought to rest. However aquantum harmonic oscillator does not permit this. A residual motion will always

remain due to the requirements of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, resulting

in a zero-point energy, equal to 1/2 hf, where f is the oscillation frequency.

Electromagnetic radiation can be pictured as waves flowing through space at the

speed of light. The waves are not waves of anything substantive, but are ripples ina state of a theoretically defined field. However these waves do carry energy (and

momentum), and each wave has a specific direction, frequency and polarization

state. Each wave represents a ''propagating mode of the electromagnetic field.''

Each mode is equivalent to a harmonic oscillator and is thus subject to the

Heisenberg uncertainty principle. From this analogy, every mode of the field musthave 1/2 hf as its average minimum energy. That is a tiny amount of energy in

each mode, but the number of modes is enormous, and indeed increases per unit

frequency interval as the square of the frequency. The spectral energy density isdetermined by the density of modes times the energy per mode and thus increasesas the cube of the frequency per unit frequency per unit volume. The product of

the tiny energy per mode times the huge spatial density of modes yields a very

Zero Point Energy and Zero Point Field

Page 1 of 9Calphysics Institute: Introduction to Zero-Point Energy

8/19/2011mhtml:file://C:\Users\Makaliza\Desktop\free energy\Calphysics Institute_ Introduction to ...


2/28

high theoretical zero-point energy density per cubic centimeter.

From this line of reasoning, quantum physics predicts that all of space must befilled with electromagnetic zero-point fluctuations (also called the zero-point field)

creating a universal sea of zero-point energy. The density of this energy dependscritically on where in frequency the zero-point fluctuations cease. Since space

itself is thought to break up into a kind of quantum foam at a tiny distance scalecalled the Planck scale (10-33 cm), it is argued that the zero point fluctuations

must cease at a corresponding Planck frequency (1043 Hz). If that is the case, thezero-point energy density would be 110 orders of magnitude greater than the

radiant energy at the center of the Sun.

How could such an enormous energy not be wildly evident? There is one major

difference between zero-point electromagnetic radiation and ordinaryelectromagnetic radiation. Turning again to the Heisenberg uncertainty principleone finds that the lifetime of a given zero-point photon, viewed as a wave,

corresponds to an average distance traveled of only a fraction of its wavelength.

Such a wave ''fragment'' is somewhat different than an ordinary plane wave and it

is difficult to know how to interpret this.

On the other hand, zero-point energy appears to have been directly measured ascurrent noise in a resistively shunted Josephson junction by Koch, van Harlingen

and Clarke up to a frequency of about 0.6 Tz (see Abstract).

LORENTZ INVARIANCE OF THE SPECTRUM

That the spectrum of zero-point radiation has a frequency-cubed dependence is of

great significance. That is the only kind of spectrum that has the property of beingLorentz invariant. The effect of motion is to Doppler shift detected electromagnetic

radiation, but a frequency-cubed spectrum has the property that up- and down-

shifting of the radiation is exactly compensated, i.e. there is as much radiationDoppler shifted into a given frequency interval as there is shifted out by uniformmotion.

A remarkably different phenomenon occurs when accelerating through zero-point

radiation. The zero-point radiation acts upon an accelerating detector as if thedetector were immersed in a thermal spectrum, even though heat andtemperature are not involved. The perceived ''temperature'' is directly proportional

to the acceleration.

CASIMIR EFFECT

In 1947 Hendrik Casimir, once an assistant of Pauli, was working in appliedindustrial research at the Philips Laboratory in the Netherlands along with physicistJ. T. G. Overbeek. They were analyzing the theory of van der Waals forces when

Casimir had the opportunity to discuss ideas with Niels Bohr on a walk. According

to Casimir, Bohr ''mumbled something about zero-point energy'' being relevant.This led Casimir to an analysis of zero-point energy effects in the related problemof forces between perfectly conducting parallel plates.

The cavity between such plates cannot sustain all modes of the electromagneticfield. In particular wavelengths comparable to the plate separation and longer are




3/28

excluded from the region between the plates. This fact leads to the situation thatthere is a zero-point radiation overpressure outside the plates which acts to push

the plates together. This can be considered analogous to radiation pressure(radiation pressure from the Sun pushes comet tails away from the comet

nucleus), and the resulting effect is now called the Casimir force. It has the

property of increasing in strength with the inverse fourth power of the plate

separation. The force ceases when elements of the plates come into contact, thesurface smoothness of the plates being a limiting factor, or when the plates are soclose that the corresponding zero-point radiation wavelengths no longer ''see'' a

perfectly conducting surface. The actual noncontinuous nature of the plates, asopposed to the true surface and molecular nature of the materials, becomes an

important factor for very short distances.

The Casimir force was not measured to high precision until the mid 1990s, when

measurements by S. Lamoreux at the University of Washington verified Casimir's

predictions to within five percent in the size range of a few microns. It has sincebeen verified even more precisely, by U. Mohideen at the University of Californiaat Riverside, again in agreement with Casimir's formula. Moreover the Casimir

force (also called Casimir effect) has become relevant to micro-electro-mechanical

structures in which it is both a problem (termed ''stiction'') and a possiblemechanism for control.

The Casimir force is widely cited as evidence that underlying the universe theremust be a sea of real zero-point energy. This argument follows from Casimir's

analysis and prediction. It is not necessarily true, however. It is perfectly possible

to explain the Casimir effect by taking into account the quantum-induced motionsof atoms in each plate and examining the retarded potential interactions of atomsin one plate with those in the other.

FORWARD THOUGHT EXPERIMENT

There is growing interest concerning the possibility of tapping zero-point energyand many claims exist of ''over unity devices'' (gadgets yielding a greater outputthan the required input for operation) driven by zero-point energy. In spite of thedubious nature of these claims (to date no such device has passed a rigorous,

objective test), the concept of converting some amount of zero-point energy to

usable energy cannot be ruled out in principle. Zero-point energy is not a thermalreservoir, and therefore does not suffer from the thermodynamic injunction

against extracting energy from a lower temperature reservoir.

In 1993 Cole and Puthoff published a thermodynamic analysis, ''Extracting energy

and heat from the vacuum'' (see below), in which they concluded that ''extracting

energy and heat from electromagnetic zero-point radiation via the use of the

Casimir force'' is in principle possible without violating the laws ofthermodynamics.

A thought experiment for a device that readily demonstrates how the Casimir

force could be put to use in principle was proposed by physicist Robert Forward in

1984 (see below). A ''vacuum fluctuation battery'' could be constructed consistingof stacked conducting plates. Applying the same polarity charge to all the plateswould yield a repulsive force between plates, thereby opposing the Casimir force

which is acting to push the plates together. Adjusting the electrostatic force so as

to permit the Casimir force to dominate will result in adding energy to the electric




4/28

field between the plates, thereby converting zero-point energy to electric energy.

One can imagine an even simpler microdevice in which the Casimir force pushestwo plates together thereby engaging some kind of lever which does work.

There is no practical application in these examples since ideally it would take just

as much energy, and in practice somewhat more energy owing to frictional andother losses, to separate the plates for a second cycle. Nevertheless, this would

demonstrate the concept of conversion of zero-point energy in principle if theCasimir effect attribution to zero-point energy is correct (which is debatable).

DARK ENERGY

A major discovery in astrophysics in the late 1990s was the finding from type Ia

supernovae redshift-luminosity observations that the expansion of the universe isaccelerating. This led to the concept of dark energy, which is in effect a

resurrection of Einstein's cosmological constant. (The universe now appears to

consist of about 70 percent dark energy, 25 percent dark matter and five percent

ordinary matter.) Zero-point energy has the desired property of driving anaccelerated expansion, and thus having the requisite properties of dark energy,

but to an absurdly greater degree than required, i.e. 120 orders of magnitude.

According to relativity theory, energy is equivalent to mass as a source of gravity,thus zero-point energy should gravitate, which according to general relativity

means producing a positive curvature in space-time. At first glance one mightassume that if there is an enormous amount of zero-point energy underlying the

universe, its effect would be to dramatically curve the universe to a minute size.

Indeed, if the spectrum of zero-point energy extends to the Planck scale, its

energy density would be the mass equivalent of about 1093 grams per cubic

centimeter which would reduce the universe to a size smaller than an atomic

nucleus.

Zero-point energy behaves differently. For ordinary radiation, the ratio of pressure

to energy density is w=1/3c2, which is customarily expressed in units whereby

c=1, and thus the ratio is expressed as w=+1/3. But for zero-point energy the

ratio is w=-1. This is owing to the circumstance that the zero-point energy densityis assumed to be constant: no matter how much the universe expands it does notbecome diluted, but instead more zero-point energy is assumed to be created out

of nothing.

A further peculiarity is that a ratio of w=-1 implies that the zero-point energyexerts a negative pressure which, counter-intuitively, leads to an expansion of

space-time.

Thus zero-point energy would appear to be identical with the mysterious darkenergy, but unfortunately if the energy spectrum does continue up to the Planck

frequency, there may be 120 orders of magnitude more energy per cubiccentimeter than the observations of cosmic acceleration permit. Indeed, this

amount of zero-point energy, interpreted this way, would have accelerated theuniverse into oblivion in microseconds.

Recent work by Christian Beck at the University of London and Michael Mackey at




5/28

McGill University may have resolved the 120 order of magnitude problem. In thatcase dark energy is nothing other than zero-point energy. In Measureability of

vacuum fluctuations and dark energy and Electromagnetic dark energy theypropose that a phase transition occurs so that zero-point photons below a

frequency of about 1.7 THz are gravitationally active whereas above that they are

not. If this is the case, then the dark energy problem is solved: dark energy is the

low frequency gravitationally active component of zero-point energy.

Zero-point photons continue to exist above the 1.7 THz phase transition,consistent with measurable QED effects such as the Casimir effect, the Lamb shift,

etc. The proposed phase transition should be testable in the near future when the

Koch et al. experiment is extended from 0.6 Tz to the proposed cutoff.

STOCHASTIC ELECTRODYNAMICS THEORY

Although zero-point energy is usually regarded as a quantum phenomenon and aconsequence of the Heisenberg uncertainty relationship, the existence of zero-point energy was inferred by Einstein, Planck, Nernst and others in the context of

blackbody radiation prior to the discovery of quantum mechanics. Einstein andOtto Stern came close to deriving the blackbody function without assumingquantization but with the presence of zero-point energy. Nernst in particular

claimed in 1916 that the universe was filled with zero-point energy. This line of

investigation was abandoned with the advent of quantum mechanics, but theconcept of zero-point energy soon reemerged with a quantum interpretation.

In the 1960s British physicist Trevor Marshall and, separately, American TimothyBoyer were two of the principal investigators who essentially took up theabandoned approach and pushed it much farther by asking the question: which

quantum phenomena might be explained using solely classical physics plus anassumed classical representation of a zero-point field with zero-point energy? Forthe contribution of other researchers, see the book "The Quantum Dice" by de la

Pena and Cetto (below). This became the discipline known as stochasticelectrodynamics (SED, earlier sometimes referred to as random electrodynamics).In the SED representation the zero-point field is taken to be a given, and istreated as an ensemble of ordinary electromagnetic plane waves having an energy

1/2 hf in each and every mode. There is no quantum physics involved.

This theory has had some success, although it is far from explaining most

quantum effects. Apart from its ontological aspirations of possibly doing away withquantum physics in favor of solely classical physics, SED is useful as acomputational tool since it involves well-known classical electrodynamics in place

of more esoteric quantum laws and processes.

Two noteworthy successes of SED are its derivation of the Planck blackbodyfunction without assuming quantization and its suggestion that the Bohr orbit ofhydrogen could arise without a quantum law. In the latter case, the ground stateelectron is assumed to emit Larmor radiation which causes it to spiral inward, but

this does not lead to collapse of the orbit because the electron also absorbs zero-

point energy. The calculation of the absorption was done by Boyer and later byPuthoff by treating the electron as undergoing harmonic oscillation rather thantrue motion in a Coulomb potential. This is a weakness in the analysis but

nonetheless it is striking that the Larmor emission and harmonic-oscillator-type

absorption prove to be in balance exactly at the Bohr radius. The fact that the




6/28

orbital angular momentum is zero in the quantum ground state is mirrored in theSED orbiting-electron interpretation by random changes in the orbital plane (due

to the zero-point fluctuations) yielding a time averaged zero net angularmomentum.

Recent simulations by Cole have successfully modeled the electron motion in the

Coulomb potential of a hydrogen atom and have thereby replicated the electronprobability density predicted by the Schroedinger wave function. In the SED case,

the electron in a Coulomb field is jostled by its emission and absorption to a rangeof radial distances which reproduce the Schroedinger probability. This is an

intriguing extension of the earlier result, but problems still remain such as the

need to cut off the particle-field interactions to avoid autoionization, i.e. a singlevery high frequency, hence very energetic, zero-point fluctuation could free theelectron.

The representation of the zero-point field as an ensemble of plane waves each

with an energy of precisely 1/2 hf in all possible directions and random phaseswas modified in 1995 by Ibison and Haisch. They added a parameter having a

random distribution of energies with 1/2 hf as the mean, thereby yielding a closerformal correspondence with the quantum behaviour.

ZITTERBEWEGUNG

Schroedinger was apparently the first to note that solving the Dirac equation for

the motion of the electron resulted in a necessary component that could beinterpreted as random, speed-of-light fluctuations of a point-like particle. Hedubbed this motion ''zitterbewegung'' (German for ''jitter motion''). In SED theory,the phenomenon of zitterbewegung is caused by the electromagnetic zero-point

fluctuations.

Several things are interesting about zitterbewegung. First, since the fluctuations

occur at the speed of light, then at this level the electron would have to bemassless, mass arising at some higher level of motion. Secondly, the fluctuationssmear out the average position over a volume the Compton radius in size, which

suggests a physical interpretation of the wave function and the associatedprobability density. (Scattering experiments indicate that the electron is farsmaller than its Compton size, indeed point-like for all we know.) Thirdly,

simulations that have recently been done show that if such a massless, fluctuating

point particle is accelerated in an electric field, the zitterbewegung acquires ahelical motion suggestive of spin. The possible association of zitterbewegung withspin has been made by a number of authors over the years such as Barut and

Zanghi, Hestenes, Huang, Weisskopf, etc.

Zitterbewegung thus suggests possibly deep connections between zero-pointenergy and the mass-energy relationship of matter and with the quantumproperties of particles.

SPECULATIVE CONNECTION TO INERTIAL AND GRAVITATIONAL

MASSClick here for a new popular-level overview on this topic by Marcus Chown.

The connection in SED theory between zitterbewegung and the zero-point




7/28

fluctuations have led to speculative investigations of a possible mass-generatingrole as an alternative to the Higgs field. The Higgs field was first proposed in 1964

and is still a key element of the Standard Model of particle physics; it is needed toconfer the property of mass on the fundamental particles. In the theory, all

particles are intrinsically massless until acted upon by the Higgs field. The

quantum of the Higgs field is the Higgs boson. Attempts to detect the Higgs

boson, and therefore to verify the Higgs field as the mass-generating mechanismof the Standard Model, have been unsuccessful. The current best hope is on theforthcoming Large Hadron Collider at CERN scheduled to go on line in May 2008.

Even if the Higgs field is experimentally discovered, however, that will still not

explain the origin of inertial mass of ordinary matter. The Higgs field applies onlyto the electro-weak sector of the Standard Model. The mass of ordinary matter isoverwhelmingly due to the protons and neutrons in the nuclei of atoms. Protons

and neutrons are comprised of the two lightest quarks: the up and down quarks.

The masses of their constituent quarks (approx. 0.005 and 0.010 GeV/c2 for the

up and down quarks respectively) comprise only about one percent of the masses

of the protons and neutrons (0.938 and 0.940 GeV/c2 respectively). Theremainder of the mass would have to be due to the gluon fields and strong

interaction energies. The quark masses, the gluon fields and other stronginteraction energies would not be affected by a Higgs field. The origin of inertial

mass of ordinary matter is thus a wide open question.

SED studies published in the 1990s showed that a massless point-charge oscillatoraccelerating through the zero-point field will experience a Lorentz force (from the

magnetic components of the zero-point fluctuations) that turns out to be directlyproportional to acceleration, allowing the derivation of the fundamental F=ma

relationship of mechanics from electrodynamics. This points to the electromagneticquantum vacuum as the origin of forces which appear as inertial mass. The same

result can be derived by considering the transformation properties of the

electromagnetic field when experienced in an accelerating coordinate system, and

in that case the proper four-vector relativistic equation of motion can be derived.A recent study showed that such a zero-point field based mass-generating

approach would explain the origin of Einstein's principle of equivalence. These as

yet still speculative concepts suggest that zero-point energy may be involved insome of the most fundamental properties of matter. It should be noted that thisunorthodox approach to mass based upon electrodynamics is not taken very

seriously by the mainstream physics community, whose efforts remain focussedon superstring- and M-theory.

IS IT POSSIBLE TO TAP ZERO POINT ENERGY?

As to whether zero-point energy may become a source of usable energy, this is

considered extremely unlikely by most physicists, and none of the claimed devicesare taken seriously by the mainstream science community. Nevertheless, SEDinterpretation of the Bohr orbit (above) does suggest a way whereby energy mightbe extracted. Based upon this a patent has been issued and experiments have

been underway at the University of Colorado (U.S. Patent 7,379,286).

Primary Articles (See Scientific Articles for additional articles. Click here for new

popular-level overview by Marcus Chown.)

Assessment of proposed electromagnetic quantum vacuum energy extraction




8/28

methodsGarret Moddel, arXiv:0910.5893 (2009).

Gravity and the Quantum Vacuum Inertia Hypothesis

Alfonso Rueda & Bernard Haisch, Annalen der Physik, Vol. 14, No. 8, 479-498(2005).

Review of Experimental Concepts for Studying the Quantum Vacuum Fields

E. W. Davis, V. L. Teofilo, B. Haisch, H. E. Puthoff, L. J. Nickisch, A. Rueda and D.C. Cole, Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF 2006), p.1390 (2006).

Analysis of Orbital Decay Time for the Classical Hydrogen Atom Interacting with

Circularly Polarized Electromagnetic RadiationDaniel C. Cole & Yi Zou, Physical Review E, 69, 016601, (2004).

Inertial mass and the quantum vacuum fields

Bernard Haisch, Alfonso Rueda & York Dobyns, Annalen der Physik, Vol. 10, No. 5,

393-414 (2001).

Stochastic nonrelativistic approach to gravity as originating from vacuum zero-point field van der Waals forces

Daniel C. Cole, Alfonso Rueda, Konn Danley, Physical Review A, 63, 054101,

(2001).

The Case for Inertia as a Vacuum Effect: a Reply to Woodward & Mahood

Y. Dobyns, A. Rueda & B.Haisch, Foundations of Physics, Vol. 30, No. 1, 59(2000).

On the relation between a zero-point-field-induced inertial effect and the Einstein-

de Broglie formulaB. Haisch & A. Rueda, Physics Letters A, 268, 224, (2000).

Contribution to inertial mass by reaction of the vacuum to accelerated motion

A. Rueda & B. Haisch, Foundations of Physics, Vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 1057-1108

(1998).

Inertial mass as reaction of the vacuum to acccelerated motionA. Rueda & B. Haisch, Physics Letters A, vol. 240, No. 3, pp. 115-126, (1998).

Reply to Michel's "Comment on Zero-Point Fluctuations and the CosmologicalConstant"B. Haisch & A. Rueda, Astrophysical Journal, 488, 563, (1997).

Quantum and classical statistics of the electromagnetic zero-point-field

M. Ibison & B. Haisch, Physical Review A, 54, pp. 2737-2744, (1996).

Vacuum Zero-Point Field Pressure Instability in Astrophysical Plasmas and the

Formation of Cosmic VoidsA. Rueda, B. Haisch & D.C. Cole, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 445, pp. 7-16 (1995).

Inertia as a zero-point-field Lorentz force




9/28

B. Haisch, A. Rueda & H.E. Puthoff, Physical Review A, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 678-694(1994).




10/28

Understanding Zero Point Energy

1999 Thomas Valone, M.A., P.E.

Integrity Research Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Suite 100, Washington, DC 20005, 800-295-7674

Introduction

For the first time in history, a lot of media attention is being paid to the sea of energy thatpervades all of space. It just happens to be the biggest sea of energy that is known to exist andwere floating inside it. (Credit due to The Sea of Energyby T. Henry Moray for the idea.) Notonly is it big but its energy is estimated to exceed nuclear energy densities, so even a smallpiece of it is worth its weight in gold. What is it? Many people are not sure what "zero pointenergy" (ZPE) is. Most agree that virtual particle fluctuation contributes to it and van der Waalsforces dont explain everything. Does it offer a source of unlimited, free energy for homes, cars,and space travel? Depending on who we talk to, ZPE can do everything and ZPE can do

nothing useful. How can the energy be converted to a usable form? What are the basicexplanations of ZPE and the new discoveries, which have rocked the U.S. Patent Office,Physical Review Letters, Science, Scientific American, and the New York Times? Why is ZPEimplicated in the latest confirmation of cosmological antigravity? Can the Casimir effect be asource of energy? This article is intended to give a review of the latest developments (as well asan introduction to the topic for those who are non-specialists).

The Casimir Effect

Zero point energy has been called "the ultimate quantum free lunch" (Science, Vol. 275,1/10/97). During the early years of quantum mechanics, Paul Dirac theorized that the vacuum

was actually filled with particles in negative energy states (Proc. R. Soc. London A, 126, 360,1930) thus giving rise to the concept of the "physical vacuum" which is not empty at all.Quantum mechanics also predicted that invisible particles could become materialized for a shorttime and that these virtual particle appearances should exert a force that is measurable.Hendrik B. G. Casimir (Phys. Rev. 73, 360, 1948) not only predicted the presence of such aforce but also explained why van der Waals forces dropped off unexpectedly at long range

separation between atoms, predicting that force F=K/d4 where K= hc/480. Though the Casimireffect subsequently was verified using non-conductive plates, there was always a scientificneed for a verification of the Casimir force using conductive plates based on Casimir's 1948paper. For the first time, Dr. Lamoreaux, now at the Los Alamos Labs, performed theexperiment with less than one micrometer (micron) spacing between gold-plated parallel plates

attached to a torsion pendulum (Phys. Rev. Ltrs., 78, 1, 97). In retrospect, he found it to one ofthe most intellectually satisfying experiments that he ever performed since the results matchedthe theory so closely (within 5%).

The Casimir effect has been posited as a force produced solely by activity in the vacuum. TheCasimir force is also very powerful at small distances. Besides being independent oftemperature, it is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the distance between the plates!Therefore, as the plates are brought closer, the virtual particles outside the plates increasinglyoverpower the decreasing quantity of virtual particles appearing between the plates with anexponentially increasing force. (Also notable is the fact that its frequency dependence is a third

Page 1 of 10Zero Point Energy: Concept & Experiment

8/19/2011mhtml:file://C:\Users\Makaliza\Desktop\free energy\Zero Point Energy_ Concept & Exper...


11/28

power and the force can be altered with dielectrics or resonate with narrow-band mirrorsseePhys. Lett. A 225, 1997, 188-194.) Lamoreaux's results come as no surprise to anyone familiarwith quantum electrodynamics (QED), but they serve as a material confirmation of an unusualtheoretical prediction that QED predicts the all-pervading vacuum continuously spawns particlesand waves that spontaneously pop in and out of existence. Their time of existence is strictlylimited by the uncertainty principle but they create some havoc while they bounce around duringtheir brief lifespan. The churning quantum foam extends throughout the universe even filling the

empty space within the atoms. A diagram showing "The Shape of Nothing" (The New YorkTimes1/21/97) is pictured to be not only subatomic but subelementary particle in size. Physicaltheories predict that on an infinitesimally small scale, far, far smaller than the diameter of atomicnucleus, quantum fluctuations produce a foam of erupting and collapsing, virtual particles,visualized as a topographic distortion of the fabric of space time.

Another implication for free energy from ZPE comes from the fact that Casimir also mentioned athree-dimensional volumeeffect (Physica XIX, 1956, 846). This has recently been used with therelativistic stress-energy tensor to analyze the quantum electromagnetic field inside any givenvolume. With a "relatively" simple calculation it has been shown that as the electron densityincreases due to gravitational compression, there is an energy creation. "The energy output

produced by the Casimir effect during the creation of a neutron star turns out to be sufficient toexplain nova and supernova explosions" (Sokolov, Phys. Lett. A, 223, 1996, 163-166).

The New Scientist(July 1987, "Why Atoms Don't Collapse") gives an impressive endorsementof the importance of ZPE:

"There is a dynamic equilibrium in which the zero-point energy stabilises the electronin a set ground-state orbit. It seems that the very stability of matter itself appears todepend on an underlying sea of electromagnetic zero-point energy."

Lamb Shift

Another historically valid test in the verification of ZPE has been what's been called the "Lambshift." Measured by Dr. Willis Lamb in the 1940's, it actually showed the effect of zero pointfluctuations on atomic levels. The electrons are slightly shifted upwards in their atomic orbits.(The implications of the Lamb shift were never fully explained when I took quantum mechanicsexcept that the professor was forced mention God as he tried to explain the "all-pervadingelectromagnetic field" which caused the problem.) Physicist Margaret Hawton describes theLamb shift as "a kind of one atom Casimir Effect" (Phys. Rev. A 8/94) and predicts that thevacuum fluctuations of ZPE need only occur in the vicinity of atoms or atomic particles, whichseems to agree with Dr. Koltick's findings cited above.

The ZPE fluctuations are fundamentally based upon the uncertainty principle, which has beenpredicted to be "signed into law" someday soon, since no violations have so far been found.Furthermore, the majority of physicists today attribute spontaneous emissionand the Lamb shiftentirely to ZPE (as noted in Hawton's paper). This may lead everyone to believe that though it israndom, it can no longer be called "spontaneous emission" but instead should properly belabeled "stimulated emission" much like laser light is stimulated emission, even though there isa random quality to it. Textbooks on quantum theory already agree with this new interpretation:

"The smallest possible energy of the field corresponds to the presence of one-halfquantum per state. This suggests that we regard the spontaneous emission as beinginduced by the zero-point oscillations of the electromagnetic field; note, however, that




12/28

these oscillations are twice as effective in producing emissive transitions as are realphotons and are of course incapable of producing absorptive transitions." Schiff,

Quantum Mechanics, 3rd edition

The Classical Vacuum

One of the best educational viewpoints on ZPE has been given by Dr. Timothy Boyer, in anarticle entitled, "The Classical Vacuum" (Sci. Amer., 8/85, p. 70). Boyer, a well-published andhighly respected physicist, describes all of the features to be expected from ZPE including thefrequency spectrum, even in a moving reference frame, as well as the energy and force. Boyertraces the historical "creation of the vacuum" as proceeding in stages in parallel with thehistorical development of ideas about the vacuum. To paraphrase, he says that in the 17thcentury, it was thought that a totally empty volume of space could be created by simplyremoving all matter and, in particular, all gases. That was our first concept of the vacuum. Justget rid of all the gas. Late in the 19th century, it became apparent that the region still containedthermal radiation. But it seemed that the radiation might be eliminated by cooling. So thesecond concept of getting a real vacuum is to cool it down to zero temperature. Just go all theway to absolute zero. Then we've got a real vacuum. Right? Well, since then, both theory and

experiment have shown that there is a non-thermal radiation in the vacuum and that it persistseven if the temperature could be lowered to absolute zero. Therefore, it was simply called the"zero point" radiation. Further proof is evident, as Dr. Forward points out in his tutorial below,when physicists have cooled helium to within microdegrees of absolute zero and still it remainsa liquid! Only ZPE can account for the source of energy is keeping helium from freezing.

Another aspect of the vacuum is that the constant virtual particle flux of the vacuum ZPE canbecome less virtual (short-lived) near the boundaries of bigger particles, with atomic numberZ=137 or higher. This is because the intense electric field gradient causes a more prodigiousdecay of the vacuum when the binding energy equals or exceeds the rest mass of the electron.Furthermore, if superheavy atoms are created with Z=173, the binding energy then exceeds

twice the rest mass of the electron and pair production ensues with matter and anti-matterappearing out of the vacuum. The electron is driven into the nucleus and spontaneous positrons(anti-electrons) are produced constituting a true source of free energy.

"Paradoxically, the vacuum near an over-critical charge is a vacuum that cannot beemptied" (Sci. Amer. Dec. 1979, p. 150).

Such a physics discovery certainly vindicates the name of Infinite Energymagazine.

It is interesting to note that the above-mentioned phenomena was first labeled the "Kleinparadox" when the Klein-Gordon equation mysteriously predicted the "reflection" of an electron

with more energy than the incident with a simultaneous "transmission" of the particle into anegative kinetic energy state, only if the voltage barrier exceeded 2mc2 or twice the particlesrest mass (Klein, Z. Phys. 53, 157, 1929). In retrospect, this paradox helped physicists deciphera free energy source much as I hope the runaway solution of the Lorentz-Dirac equation will dosomeday.

Tutorial

For those who may want more scientific detail, a tutorial and derivation of ZPE follows. (Note:this section can be skipped with no loss of continuity.) Dr. Hal Puthoff, in his papers, discusses




13/28

the fact that the existence of the electromagnetic zero point fluctuations is a clear predictionfrom quantum theory resulting from quantization. Basically, quantum mechanics just simplydeals with compartmentalizing energy and compartmentalizing matter. So really what we'retalking about, is "quantization of matter and energy". That's all we need to presume in order toderive the existence of zero point energy! What Dr. Robert Forward does in his very interestingPhillips Laboratory Report entitled, "Mass Modification Experiment Definition Study" (#PLTR 96-3004), is to help us understand the simple harmonic oscillator basis of ZPE:

Quantum Lesson 101: we have two categories of phenomena that we're dealing with: 1) matterquantization, and therefore "matter zero point fluctuation" as well as 2) energy quantization, andtherefore energy or "radiation-type" of quantization. So that's the first lesson to keep in mind.

In regards to the material aspect, inside an atom, or inside matter (picture a crystal), we canactually use the equation applied to a spring, which is the standard force F equals the squareroot of k over the mass m. Now k normally designates the spring constant. In this case we'reusing it as the spring constant of the electron cloud, which is the electron cloud is acting as aspring in a crude terminology to react to the mass of the nucleus of the atom. And, of course,there is a little bit of give and take here. We have both attractive and repulsive forces that are at

play, and the natural frequency of vibration is going to be quantized only if we're looking at thematerial part of it. So, as we derive this in the quantum mechanical viewpoint as physicists say,"the formality", (the formal approach to translating into quantum mechanics), we get theEinsteinian equation, E = hf. This relates energy to frequency in terms of Planck's constant (h).

These are very simple equations, so far, and also the next one will be as well. But what they dois describe the vibrational quanta in matter and also the radiational portion, the photons, in thevacuum. As Dr. Forward mentions in his derivation, when equations of quantum mechanics areused to determine the average energy (with a bracket on both sides of the E) of the vibrations ofthe atoms, the answer is E = n(T) + hf/2. Therefore, when T goes to zero, then the number ofphonons or photons that are being created also goes to zero.

Thus, even at zero temperature quantum mechanics predicts that each of the atoms will stillhave an average residual energy, (as we can see if we let n go to zero) of hf/2. Physicists havebeen grappling with this for years because there appears to be an infinite amount of energyavailable if f is allowed to increase without limit. Ever since Casimir predicted it and variousother scientists have verified it, this simple equation is really all that is underlying the theory ofthe zero point field and zero point fluctuation. What's funny about it is that the one-half is there,which is a little bit deceiving. However, we have to keep in mind, as Dr. Forward points out too,that the real equation is E = hf. (Rigorously, quantum field theory performs an infinite sum overeigenvalues of zero point field modes to obtain the vacuum energysee "Absence of a zero-point ambiguity", Phys. Lett. B, 358, 1995, 56). So, we're dealing with an amount of energy onthe average that is available to only half the quanta. Another phrase called "partons" is used by

Puthoff to indicate the smallest quanta of vibration oscillators: Planck oscillators that areavailable in a vacuum or in matter. Therefore, instead of half photons or half particles existingeverywhere, we're looking at only half of the possible photons or particles really beingmaterialized at any one time.

More tutorial information on ZPE is also available in the two-hour video for which I was thetechnical consultant: "Free Energy: The Race to Zero Point" produced by Lightworks Audio andVideo also available from Integrity Research Institute.

Cosmological ZPE




14/28

Recently, ZPE was mentioned in Science(Vol. 282, Dec. 18, 1998, p. 2157) in an article calledthe "Breakthrough of the Year." Two teams of astronomers have confirmed that distant galaxiesare acceleratingapart. Furthermore, 2/3 of all astronomers now acknowledge the data as valid.Thus the cosmological constant envisioned by Einstein is being reconsidered and an antigravityforce being postulated. Physicists have also interpreted the force as "the evanescent particlesthat flicker in and out of existence in empty space that gives space its springiness, shoving itapart." Scientific Americanseems to agree ("Cosmological Antigravity", January, 1999, p. 53):

"The aggregate energy represented by these virtual particles, like other forms of energy, couldexert a gravitational force, which could be either attractive or repulsive depending on physicalprinciples that are not yet understood." The cosmological constant represents energy inherentin space itself and coincidentally is almost exactly equal to the average density of ordinary

matter in the universe (10-29 gm/cc), at this particular time in its evolution.

To help explain the concepts raised above, it is important to mention that a repulsive Casimirforce may be experimentally obtained in the lab by utilizing a cavity built with a dielectric and amagnetic plate (see Boyer, Phys. Rev. A, 9, 1974, 2078 or Kupiszewska, J. Mod. Opt. 40, 1993,517). Thus the cosmological effects may be easier to explain than the popular journals areindicating at this time.

Theoretical insights may also be gained from Subquantum Kineticsby Dr. Paul LaViolettewhose open system model of space permits localized ether concentration wave patterns(particles) to emerge in relation to the substrate field potential. This systems science approachto cosmological and microphysical phenomena regards space as a vast nonequilibriumreaction-diffusion medium, offering new insights.

Experimental ZPE

Since ZPE is due to virtual particle flux and high electric field gradients cause the flux toincrease, it is reasonable to assume that near the surface of an electron, the ZPE virtual particle

flux would be very high, like a bunch of flies buzzing around it.

Science Newsreports (2/8/97), "Since the 1930's, theorists have proposed that...virtual particlescloak the electron, in effect reducing the charge and electromagnetic force observed at adistance." Therefore, for the first time, Dr. Koltick (Phys. Rev. Ltrs. 1/20/97) performed anexperiment designed to penetrate the virtual particle cloud surrounding the electron with aparticle accelerator at energies of 58 gigaelectronvolts without creating other particles. From hisdata, the newly obtained value of the fine structure constant is 1/128.5 instead of the smaller1/137 that is traditionally observed for a fully screened electron. The fine structure constantequals the electron charge squared divided by Planck's constant and the speed of light.

As to the concept of free energy from ZPE, one of the first journal articles to investigate thepossibility is "The extracting of electrical energy from the vacuum by cohesion of charge foliatedconductors" (Phys. Rev. B30, 4, 84). Dr. Forward describes this "parking ramp" style corkscrewor spring as a ZPE battery that will tap electrical energy from the vacuum and allow charge tobe stored. The spring tends to be compressed from the Casimir force but the like charge fromthe electrons stored will cause a repulsion force to balance the spring separation distance. Ittends to compress upon dissipation and usage but expand physically with charge storage. It issimilar to the multilayer mirror in the article, "The Casimir force for passive mirrors" (Phys. Lett.A, 225, 1997, 188) or the "Casimir forces between beads on strings and membranes" (Phys.Lett. B, 347, 1995, 56) where virtual particle exchange between the beads is analyzed. It seems




15/28

that any closely spaced matter in the submicron range will invoke the Casimir force. The lastarticle could be useful for ZPE experimentalists since the Casimir force equations provided forthe N "beads" allow for them to be stuck on a membrane or freely placed, with a variable D forthe spatial dimension of interest.

Since the ground-breaking work on the "one-atom micromaser" (Phys. Lett. A, 217, 1996, 219),such concepts as "virtual photon tunnel effect" and "virtual photon quantum noise" are being

explored. Further work is also suggested by the finding that "pressing zero point energy out of aspatial region can be used to temporarily increase the Casimir force" (Weigert, Phys. Lett. A,214, 1996, 215). This article describes the process of squeezing energy states in quantizedelectromagnetic fields to distribute the uncertainty over position and momentum at will. In fact, afuture job market may be opening for the quantum mechanic or the vacuum engineer with suchprecision in ZPE emerging.

Dr. Forward subscribes to the classical notion that there is no known limit

to the electromagnetic wavelength or frequency in the vacuum. What we see from Dr. Puthoff'sapproach to this is that he supports the majority view of a cutoff, which is based on Sakharov's

work. The cutoff frequency (perhaps considering hf=mc2) is called the Planck frequency whichis around 1043 Hertz. This opposes what we see as far as Moray King (in the book, Tapping theZero Point Energy) and Dr. Forward saying that there is an infinite amount of energy available.In a later section we will see that Dr. Puthoff's theory derives gravity, inertia, heat, and alsoelectricity directly from ZPE considerations. In Dr. Forward's paper, he suggests using micro-fabricated sandwiches of ultrafine metal dielectric layers. He also points out that ZPE seems tohave a definite potential as an energy source.

Another possible experiment for ZPE is the "Casimir Effect at Macroscopic Distances" (Phys.Rev. A 48,1,93) which proposes observing the Casimir force at a distance of a few centimetersusing confocal optical resonators within the sensitivity of laboratory instruments.

To summarize, the experimental evidence for the existence of ZPE is:

1) the Casimir Effect, 2) the Lamb shift, 3) Van der Waal's forces, 4) diamagnetism, 5)spontaneous emission, 6) microdegree liquid Helium, 7) quantum noise and most recently, 8)cosmological antigravity. Awaiting experimental verification is that inertia and gravity are alsoproof of ZPE

The First ZPE Patent

History was made on 12-31-96 when for the first time ever, ZPE was the subject of a U. S.

patent (#5,590,031). Dr. Frank Mead, from Edwards AFB, has designed receivers to bespherical collectors of zero point radiation with hemisphere reflectors of beat frequencies. Hestates that

"zero point electromagnetic radiation energy which may potentially be used to powerinterplanetary craft as well as provide for societys other needs has remainedunharnessed."

Proposing to convert zero point electromagnetic radiation to electrical energy, Dr. Mead

grapples with the high frequencies that may extend up to around 1040 Hertz. (To gain a




16/28

perspective, gigahertz radar is only 1010 Hz or so. Visible light is about 1014 Hertz and gammarays reach into the 20th power, where the wavelength smaller than an atom) With slightlydifferent sized receivers, the system produces a beat frequency. A difference frequency isproduced with the rest of the circuitry amplifying that lower "step down frequency". For example,if 1 part in a million accuracy was achieved in making the microspheres, then the subtraction of

two 1020 Hz signals would yield a 1014 Hz beat frequency. However, I have recommended to

Dr. Mead a real step down frequency involving "frequency division" which would mean lessaccuracy is required in the machining of the hardware and a bigger difference in the frequencyoutput. The important part of his design is that the physical apparatus itself, whether aconductor or dielectric, is responding to the frequencies that it resonates with ZPE. Similar tothe passive mirror article cited above, Mead realizes that the physical design of the conductorwill determine resonant characteristics. If using large spheres, then it would resonate with verylong, low energy frequencies. However, he points out, if this is miniaturized (nano-lithography,

down to submicron levels), then as the frequency cubed (f3) dependence goes up very fast, theenergy density is much higher. The implications are that not only can it be made as a solid statedevice, but the smaller you make it, the better it is. In fact, Mead has confided that he isinterested in working with single particles like protons or neutrons that may be slightly differentby parts per trillion for example. This raises the question of what type of antenna would beappropriate for such an atomic resonator. So there's a lot of potential for this invention, and Ithink we're going to see other follow-up patents.

As to understanding and concepts behind ZPE, Frank Mead calls it "zero point electromagneticradiation energy." Dr. Lamoreaux wants to refer to it as "a flux of virtual particles", because theparticles that react and create some of this energy are popping out of the vacuum and goingback in. So, that's another viewpoint. And of course The New York Timessimply calls it"quantum foam". But the important part about it, from Dr. Robert Forward's excellent paper, isthat "the quantum mechanical zero point oscillations are real."

ZPE and Sonoluminescence

Does sonoluminescence tap ZPE? This question is based upon the experimental results ofultrasound cavitation in water which emit light and extreme heat. "The Chemical Effects ofUltrasound" (Sci. Amer., 2/89) explains how the bubbles 100 microns in diameter can implodeviolently creating temperatures of 5,500 degrees Celsius, or about the temperature of the sun'ssurface!

Physicist Seth Putterman from UCLA explains in "An Expanding Knowledge of a Tiny Bubble'sBurst" (Washington Post, 8/5/96) that there is enough energy in the 1 mile per second shockwave to tear electrons off of the vapor atoms in the water (ionizing them) and heat them to light-emitting levels. Apparently, the presence of argon dissolved in the water is a crucial ingredient

for the visible/ultraviolet light to glow brightly. Critical to the understanding of the nature of thislight spectrum however, is whether it matches the known spectra of ionized gases. Dr. ClaudiaEberlein in her pioneering paper "Sonoluminescence and QED" (Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 3, 842,10/96) describes her conclusion that onlythe ZPE spectrum matches the light emissionspectrum of sonoluminescence, which therefore must be a ZPE phenomena.

This helps explain products such as Grigg's Hydrosonic Pump, whose water glows blue when incavitation mode, that consistently has been measuring an over-unity performance of excessenergy output (Inter. Symp. on New Energy, Denver, 1996 & U.S. Patent #5,188,090).




17/28

The Postarticle, also discusses the possibility of the heat being sufficient for cold fusion as itreviews the movie "Chain Reaction" featuring Keanu Reeves. (This movie is highlyrecommended because it is the first movie ever made to actually mention the words "freeenergy.") The movie, which also was featured as a cover story of Infinite Energymagazine,shows the demonstration of a cold fusion cell and the concept behind the frequencies and thepower availability that makes it threatening. What I find memorable is Morgan Freeman whoacts as the banker's representative, a veritable archetype of J. P. Morgan resurrected. When he

talks about the concept of free energy, he says, "that's a noble concept, but it would cause thecollapse of the worlds economies..." This reminds us of how the utilities have a vested interestin energy consumption.

Sonoluminescence and cavitation create the necessary shock waves to access zero pointenergy but some scientists claim that 100 times more heat is needed to create fusion. However,some cold fusion scientists who use "high pressure" cold fusion say that they have achievedthat requirement. In fact, the January 1997 issue of IEEE Spectrumcites UCLA physicist RobertHiller's calculation that the black body equivalent of the sonoluminescence radiationcorresponds to a temperature of 100,000 degrees Kelvin. The Yam article from ScientificAmerican(12/97) continues the work of the late Noble prize winner Julian Schwinger and

states,

"Basically the surface of the bubble is supposed to act as the Casimir force plates; as thebubble shrinks, it starts to exclude the bigger modes of the vacuum energy, which isconverted to light."

Scientists at UCLA have recently measured the length of time that sonoluminescence flashespersist. Barber and Putterman discovered that they only exist for 50 picoseconds or shorter,which is too brief for the light to be produced by some atomic process ( IEEE Spectrum1/97).Atomic processes, in comparison, emit light for at least several tenths of a nanosecond whichleads many to appreciate Eberlein's proposal that ZPE is the source of the radiation.

Dr. Harold Puthoffs ZPE

Dr. Harold Puthoff is a physicist who has continued to develop Dr. Andrei Sakharov's theories ofgravity and inertia. What he has achieved, which is now causing shock waves even at NASA, isthat gravity has now been theoretically proven to relate directly to ZPE. Thus, a very fascinatingnew theoretical imagery is presented. For example, Dr. Puthoff, in his paper, "Gravity as a ZeroPoint Fluctuation Force", (Phys. Rev. 3/89) points out that gravitational mass and its associatedgravitational effects are shown to derive in a self-consistent way from electromagnetic zeropoint induced particle motion (in other words, ZPE). "Zitterbewegung" or particle jittering mayalso be the result of that zero point fluctuations. Puthoff believes that it constitutes an alreadyunified field. He refers to the Gravitationtext by Meisner, Thorne and Wheeler, often used ingraduate courses on general relativity. There are basically six approaches to gravitation that areoutlined in that book. The one that Dr. Puthoff emphasizes is specifically the one that Sakharovdeveloped. In the paper, "Gravity as a zero-point-fluctuation force" (Phys. Rev. A 39,5,1993), hepoints out that Dr. Sakharov regards gravitation as not a fundamental interaction at all, but aninduced effect that's brought about by changes in the vacuum when matter is present. Thefascinating part about this is that the mass is shown to correspond to the kinetic energy, thezero point induced internal particle jittering, while the force of gravity is a long range effect. Lowfrequency, long range forces are now associated with van der Waal's forces. (Van der Waal'sforces are seen in colloids and various other liquids weakly interacting.) In Puthoffs theory,gravity is related directly to zero point fields, by the low frequency end of the zero point radiation




18/28

spectrum.

When we consider ZPE as having a third order dependence on frequency, it reminds me of theHutchison effect, (see Intro. to Free Energy: The Race to Zero Point, report published by

Integrity Res. Inst.) which also has been shown to be a 3 rd derivative (3rd order) effect. TheHutchison effect is used to explain an object (conducting or non-conducting) which repelsgravity under the influence of high voltage AC-modulated DC fields, with the object continuallyand uniformly increasing its acceleration. Scientists have never seen that happen before exceptin the third order Lorentz-Dirac equation treating radiation reaction which may help explain theHutchison effect. Forces in nature tends to create a constant acceleration.(due to F=ma) Thethird order effect predicted by the equation of motion in Puthoff's paper is directly related to zeropoint energy and also yields an insight into the Hutchison effect. It is also worth noting that the"Free Energy: The Race to Zero Point" video shows the evaluation of the Hutchison effect bythe U. S. military, who promptly classified the report.

Inertia as a ZPE Effect

The Lorentz force is used to describe Faraday's law, for example, when we have a charged

particle moving in a perpendicular magnetic field and use the right hand rule to describe wherethe magnetic field is going to force that particle to go. In this example, the electric field,magnetic field, and the force are all perpendicular to each other. The Lorentz Force now hasbeen proven by Puthoff in his derivation in Physical Review A (49, 2, 94), to be directlyresponsible to what he calls the "electromagnetic resistance arising from the known spectraldistortion of the zero point field in an accelerated frame."

Physicists often hear that Einstein was very interested in Machs principle. Ernst Mach was aphilosopher more than a scientist and developed the concept that we could only understandinertia if we have some unmoving reference frame. He chose the distant stars as the referenceframe. This has been interpreted, not only by Einstein, but others since then to actually explain

the principle of inertia, since the distant stars can be regarded as a relatively stable referenceframe in the universe from our perspective. Puthoff states, "The ZPF could thus serve as theMachian cosmic reference frameand the interesting point is that the bulk of the contribution tothe effect, in this case the inertial mass, comes from the very-high-frequency components of theZPF." He then demonstrates a causal and quantifiable basis for Machs principle and explainsthat the magnetic component of the Lorentz force arises in ZPE and matter interactions.

Newton's Law as a ZPE Effect

Another theoretical breakthrough by Puthoff is the derivation of Newtons Law (F=ma) from ZPEelectrodynamics. It appears to be related to the known distortion of the zero point spectrum in

an accelerated reference frame. We therefore have an understanding as to why force andacceleration should be related, or even for that matter, what is mass. Puthoff explains that theresistance to acceleration defines the inertia of matter and it appears to be an electromagneticresistance. To summarize: the inertia effect is a distortion at high frequencies whereas, thegravity effect has been shown to be low frequency effect, according to the Puthoff theory.

The distortion of the ZPE field under acceleration is the cause of inertia that we feel from thebound electrons in our body reacting to the sudden change of direction, according to Puthoff.Perhaps there are ways to prevent that interaction. Maybe there are some ways that we canactually turn on a dime, accelerate really quickly and also take off on a space drive. This is what




19/28

Arthur C. Clarke believes constitutes a space drive in his new book, 3001, The Final Odyssey.He specifically cites Dr. Puthoff's theory with the idea that it is written in the 3001 era, lookingback 1000 years as to what was most breakthrough news in making the space drive possible.Arthur C. Clarke pointed out years ago that the earth is the cradle of civilization but mankindcannot live in the cradle forever!

ZPE Critical Acclaim

Certainly such an impressive theoretical achievement as Puthoff's cannot go unnoticed. PhilipYam, in "Exploiting Zero-Point Energy" (Scientific American, 12/97) addresses the issuecritically. He admits that, "Energy in the vacuum...is very much real." Yam also explains,"Specifically, zero-point energy emerges from Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which limitsthe accuracy of measurements... Residual energy must therefore exist in empty space... Andgiven the equivalence of mass and energy... the vacuum energy must be able to createparticles. They flash briefly into existence and expire within an interval dictated by theuncertainty principle." He then goes on to dryly summarize the Casimir effect and Puthoff'sresearch with a demand for proof of principle.

Dr. Marc Millis of NASA's new Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Research Program has alsoaddressed the above "emerging technology" in several articles in the past year, including his"Challenge to Create the Space Drive" (J. Prop. & Power, V. 13, No. 5, 1997, p.577). There hissearch for asymmetrical modifiers leads him to consider the "Remaining Research" of the ZPEfield (which he calls the ZPF) "because of its high-energy density". Dr. Millis states,"Electromagnetism is also suggested as a target phenomenon for space drive researchbecause of the ZPF. The ZPF is an electromagnetic phenomenon. Discovering any way to reactasymmetrically with the ZPF would likely create a space drive." Further on he concludes,"...these theories provide new, alternative approaches to search for breakthrough propulsionphysics." Perhaps we can start a new trend by blaming everything on ZPE! For an interestingtheoretical physics paper on zero point energy, download from Los Alamos National Lab

website.

Lastly, Dr. John Bahcall from the Inst. for Adv. Study at Princeton (where Einstein worked) says,"We are all quantum fluctuations. That's the origin of all of us and of everything in the universe."




20/28

Zero Point Energy - The Energy of the Vacuum and Space

Our modern economy is based on oil, and without it, every industrial country quickly reverts to athird world style economy. Even the oil companies admit that we have, at most, 35 years under our

current population. However, with the population explosion and economic growth of China and India,

we have about 20 years of oil remaining. There has not been a major oil field discovered since the

1920s.

The energy alternatives....hydrogen, solar, wind and nuclear, amongst others, are either too expensiveor environmentally destructive to our future. There is no plausible alternative to hydrocarbon

energy...Except now.

The ultimate energy source should be unlimited, non-polluting and inexpensive. This source is Zero

Point Energy. Zero Point Energy (ZPE) is unlimited, natural, everywhere and it's free.

As Nikola Tesla, the genius who gave birth to alternating current which we all use to power our

homes, said in a 1891 speech before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, said "Ere many

generations pass, our machinery will be driven by Power obtainable at any point in the Universe...

throughout space, there is energy...it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attachingtheir machinery to the very wheelwork of nature...electric Power is everywhere present in unlimited

quantities and can drive the world's machinery without the need for coal, oil or gas..." and We believethis time is now, and this energy source is ZPE.

The concept of Zero Point Energy is rooted in quantum theory, and is difficult for even thetechnically minded to grasp. But theories validated by meticulous experiments have confirmed that

so-called "empty space" or what scientists call the "quantum vacuum" actually is teeming with

activity. [Aviation Week & Space Technology, March 1, 2004]

ZPE is an energy source that surrounds everything on the planet, similar to invisible radio waves.

These energy waves are believed to eminate from the sun, which exist at extremely high frequencyfields which have been difficult to create a "radio" to tune into these energy fields. Most scientists

will acknowledge the existence of the ZPE field (that this energy source does exist), but many believe

that the energy fields are either impossible to "tap" into, or that the energy field is not strong enoughto say power your home.


21/28

Science Proves ZPE is Real

Science employs a variety of names to describe this "new" energy field: space energy, vacuum

energy, quantum vacuum, dark energy, and Zero Point Energy (ZPE).

To explain in further detail, ZPE is the conversion of electromagnetic radiation energy to electrical

energy, and more specifically the conversion of an extremely high frequency bandwidth of the

electromagnetic spectrum (beyond Gamma Rays) known as the zero point spectrum. Physicistsrecognize that we are immersed in an energetic field.

The existence of the zero point energy was discovered in 1958 by the Dutch physicist M. J.Sparnaay. Mr. Sparnaay continued the experiments carried out by Hendrick B. G. Casimir in 1948

which showed the existence of a force between two uncharged plates which arose from

electromagnetic energy surrounding the plates in a vacuum. Mr. Sparnaay discovered that the forcesacting on the plates arose from not only thermal energy (heat) but also from another type of

radiation now known as classical electromagnetic zero point energy. Mr. Sparnaay determined that

not only did the zero point electromagnetic energy exist in a vacuum but also that it persisted evenat a temperature of absolute zero. This term Zero Point Energy has been based on the concept that

even if matter were cooled down to absolute zero (minus 273oC), in terms of its temperature, this

energy field still remains.

Because it exists in a vacuum, ZPE is homogeneous (uniform) and isotropic (identical in all

directions) as well as ubiquitous (exists everywhere). The vacuum is now considered as filled with


22/28

randomly fluctuating fields having the ZPE spectrum.

Also, ZPE is quite intense. Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman and one of Einsteins protgs, JohnWheeler, calculated that there is more than enough energy (from ZPE) in a coffee cup to evaporate

all the worlds oceans. We fail to easily recognize this immense energy source, just as trying to

weigh a bucket of water while in the ocean is difficult. We are like fish, unaware of the ocean (Paul

Dirac).

Andre Sakharov, the Soviet Physicist, argued that we should regard all matter as floating in a sea ofenergy. Various researchers around the world have been discovering scientific anomalies which are

being attributed to the conversion of ZPE. It is also thought that discovering the secret of tapping

ZPE could be the key to opening the door to a unified theory of the Universe. In other words, ourcurrent understanding of science is like a puzzle with a large missing piece. ZPE would be the

missing piece which completes the picture, possibly ushering a "Second Coming" of science.

In essence, the implication of this energy field (ZPE) is that if we can tap into the sea of energy that

we are all floating in, that we could easily meet the worlds insatiable energy demand, and use our

remaining oil supplies for essentials such as pharmaceuticals and plastics.

Even data from the NASA Wilkinson Probe suggests that far more then 20 times the solar energy

available, at the peak of a sunny day, can be extracted from the Zero Point Energy field, availablearound the clock, seven days per week. [Tom Valone, Integrity Research Institute]

Two large U.S. aerospace companies, the U.S. Defense Department, the U.S. Military, and severalUSA national laboratories have or have had ZPE-related research underway. [Aviation Week &

Space Technology, March 1, 2004]

An Abundant Energy Source Ready for Commercialization

There is a small group of inventors and researchers who have been investigating new forms oftapping into the Zero Point Energy field for some years. It is clear that many different advanced

energy technologies are being developed simultaneously. Some have been more successful thanothers, and many claims of efficiencies greater than 100% abound. However, to date not one has

been commercialized.

ZPower was founded to become a global leader in providing Zero Point Energy sources...viable

fuel-less and pollution-free energy alternatives, to power your home, your office, your vehicle and

thousands of other energy dependent products.

ZPower has focused on building the infrastructure necessary to successfully commercialize these

technologies. ZPower envisions that through this pipeline we can deploy numerous energy andpropulsion innovations in a rapid manner, thereby supporting a multiple technology umbrella. In

doing so, ZPower has developed and attracted technologies for a range of revolutionarytechnologies, which include the production of energy in three main categories:

1. Electricity,2. Thermal (heating or cooling), and


23/28

3. Mechanical power.

Need for ZPower

The benefit of developing a technology research organization, allowing these creative scientists

and inventors to share ideas and invent their dreams, will be quite extraordinary.

Many inventors are wildly creative people who are often dedicated to a certain line of research,

which they may pursue for years. Not infrequently, an effect is discovered which, if reproducible

in meaningful amounts, could radically change current technology.

Further funding is needed to back the innovator's research, the support for which often comes fromfriends or family and is usually exhausted in a short period. Much of the innovator's time is spent

searching for funding, thereby substantially distracting him from any meaningful research efforts.

Instead, the pressure is on to produce quick and dramatic results so that any investment money isaccessible.

To fill these gaps, ZPower was founded to assist inventors and globally commercialize ZPEgenerators.


24/28

ZZPPOOWWEERRTTEECCHHNNOOLLOOGGIIEESSLLIIMMIITTEEDD((UUKK)) AANNDDZZPPOOWWEERRCCOORRPPOORRAATTIIOONN((UUSSAA))IINNTTEERRNNEETT:: WWWWWW..ZZPPOOWWEERR..CCOOMM EEMMAAIILL :: IINNFFOO@@ZZPPOOWWEERR..CCOOMM

UUKK RREEPPRREESSEENNTTAATTIIVVEEOOFFFFIICCEE NNEEVVAADDAAUUSSAA RREEPPRREESSEENNTTAATTIIVVEEOOFFFFIICCEE AARRIIZZOONNAAUUSSAA RREEPPRREESSEENNTTAATTIIVVEEOOFFFFIICCEE CCAALLIIFF..UUSSAA RREEPPRREESSEENNTTAATTIIVVEEOOFFFFIICCEESSUUIITTEE334433,,88SSHHEEPPHHEERRDDMMAARRKKEETT 33554400WWEESSTTSSAAHHAARRAAAAVVEENNUUEE##334400 55002255NNOORRTTHHCCEENNTTRRAALLAAVVEENNUUEE ##441144 11880044GGAARRNNEETTAAVVEENNUUEE##550000MMAAYYFFAAIIRR,,LLOONNDDOONNWW11JJ 77JJYY,,UU..KK.. LLAASSVVEEGGAASS,,NNVV8899110022--55881166,,UUSSAA PPHHOOEENNIIXX,,AARRIIZZOONNAA8855001122--11550055,,UUSSAA SSAANNDDIIEEGGOO,,CCAA 9922110099--33335522,,UUSSAAUUKK FFAACCSSIIMMIILLEE:: ++4444--887700--113388--33662288 TTEELL :: 11--880000--ZZPPOOWWRR0077((880000--997766--99770077)) TTEELL :: 11--880000--ZZPPOOWWRR0077((880000--997766--99770077))TTEELL :: 11--880000--ZZPPOOWWRR0077((880000--997766--99770077))

FFAAXX:: 11--880000--996622--00444488 FFAAXX:: ((++000011))660022--553322--77551177 FFAAXX:: 11--880000--996622--00444488

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Company Overview

Company Name: ZPower CorporationFull Address: AZ: 5025 North Central #414, Phoenix, AZ 85012-1505, USA

CA: 1804 Garnet Avenue #500, San Diego, CA 92109-3352, USANV: 3540 West Sahara #340, Las Vegas, NV 89102-5816, USAUK: Suite 343, 8 Shepherd Market, Mayfair, London W1J 7JY, UK

Telephone: 1-800-ZPOWR07 (800-976-9707)Facsimile: 1-800-962-0448 or (+001) 602-532-7517 or (+44) 870-138-3628Email Address: [email protected] Address: www.zpower.com

Major Industry Category: Energy (more specifically Alternative Clean Energy)

Business Goals & Objectives: To supply the World with clean, abundant and inexpensiveenergy.

Project Overview

Project Description: ZPower was founded 10-years ago to commercially develop and globallymarket a range of revolutionary energy technologies, which provide clean, abundant andinexpensive energy. Imagine a power system no larger than your home HVAC system, whichprovides all your home energy needs for 20 years without requiring any fuel or power bills, yetcosts just a few thousand dollars to install in your home.

The company is developing this technology it calls Z-Power. These technologies exist in theprototype stage, and products will be ready soon after funding is provided. Based on ourscientific discoveries, our energy generators operate continuously, without fuel, extracting

electricity by converting abundant, clean Zero Point Energy (ZPE), an energy source that existseverywhere in the universe. This process creates no pollution, and the cost of generatedelectricity is estimated to be less then 1 cent (>$0.01) per KwH. This will result in products


25/28

Page 2 of 5

which can provide clean, cheap, abundantenergy for buildings, vehicles and manyother applications.

There are literally thousands of bright andinnovative individuals, throughout the world,working diligently to develop these energy

generation technologies, which all tap intothis ubiquitous ZPE field. However, thesescientists and inventors lack the financial andtechnical support to bring forward theirtechnologies to the global marketplace. Themission of ZPower is to provide the financialand technical support, to proliferate theserevolutionary clean energy productsworldwide.

Summary History: Each of the associates of ZPower has been led on a synchronistic path to

the vision of clean, inexpensive and abundant energy for all mankind. The following is a briefsummary of this quest.

In 1993, Mike Fisher and Michael Robison formed the Space Power Corporation in Australia todevelop an electrical generator which appeared to have high efficiency output characteristics.During the development of this technology, Mike and Michael, each of whom has had businessdealings in Asia over the last 15 years, were able to develop relationships with a diversity ofvery senior government and industrial contacts throughout the region.

At the same time in the United States, Reed Huish was funding the development of a magneticgenerator in Phoenix, Arizona. While searching for other technologies to develop, Mike,Michael, and Reed met and structured a partnership. These key leaders comprise an initialleadership team, as Michaels strength is in global licensing and corporate structures; Mikestalents include his engineering background which enables him to understand and evaluate newtechnologies; and Reeds ability is in networking with dozens of inventors and new energycontacts throughout the world.

ZPower Corporation was incorporated in Arizona on 4 April 1995 as a chapter C corporation,and also ZPower Technologies Limited in England on 14 January 1999. ZPower, LLC was re-incorporated in January 1, 2005 in Nevada. With the right financial partner, a 501(c)3 Non-Profit Corporation will be formed for the objectives outlined herein.

Management & Employment

Some key ZPower people include:


26/28

Page 3 of 5

Reed N. Huish President - Reed has been involved in the energy field for several years. Hisextensive research and study of the energy industry led him to start The Energy Group, asuccessful multi-million dollar company that provides unique and effective energy managementand on-site power generation solutions for commercial and industrial customers in the U.S. andCanada. Reed has developed numerous contacts among new energy leaders and scientists.

Daniel J. Bronk VP Finance - Daniel received his undergraduate education in Investment and

Financial Analysis from George Washington University and a Masters of International Mgt.from Thunderbird Graduate School. Daniel has extensive experience with several banks,investment companies, and accounting firms. He has extensive career achievements in financialand strategic planning. Daniel received his undergraduate education in Investment and FinancialAnalysis from George Washington University and his Masters degree from ThunderbirdGraduate School.

Elmer (Al) G. Marchi Financial Assistant - Al received his education at the Illinois Institute ofTechnology, including undergraduate work in electronic and mechanical engineering. He is aseasoned business executive whose early career has included positions as a corporate marketingexecutive with IBM, vice-president of marketing for Greyhound Corporation, and vice-president

and founder of Government Services Division for Greyhound. Al received his education at theIllinois Institute of Technology, including undergraduate work in electronic and mechanicalengineering.

Mike R.V. Fisher VP Technology - Since 1991, Mike has been working on the globaltransition to ecologically sustainable energy solutions. As Technical Director of Global EnergyNetwork International (GENI), he represented GENI at the Earth Summit in Rio De Janeiro, theCigre Conference in Paris, The World Energy Congress in Madrid and the World RenewableEnergy Congress in the UK. Mike has a global perspective of energy issues and markets, as wellas a sound understanding of the technical, economic, social and political issues relating to energyinfrastructure and use. Mike graduated from Cambridge University in 1977 with an HonorsDegree in Engineering and won a nation-wide prize in designing and building an ultra economymotor vehicle.

Other Key Employees: Walter Rosenthal, Justin Bronk, Patrick Bailey, Alexander Peterson,Brian Grindrod, Wingate Lambertson, Bruce Perreault, Melvin Ernster, Mark Marchi and BobSt. Amand.

Market Analysis

The marketing potential is self-evident. The advent of a technology, which economicallyproduces energy with no fuel or pollution, will create a historic leap in economic development.The global implications are vast, encompassing economic, political, social, humanitarian,scientific and even philosophical issues. It is our intention to become a major source of energygeneration technology in the twenty-first century.


27/28

Page 4 of 5

The value and application of our technology can be illustrated through the example of a 20 kWpower system which allows the typical homeowner to disconnect from the utility grid. ZPower isdeveloping advanced energy technologies which would be the ideal building power source, i.e.solid-state, no fuel, and inexpensive to manufacture. Preliminary cost estimates of a 20 kWpower unit are $750 for manufacturing and $3,000 for retail sale. Assuming this $3,000 cost tothe homeowner with a 20 year estimated life, the resulting cost per kWh would be app. $0.001,which compares favorably to traditional energy sources.

Based on a typical monthly home usage of 1,250 kWh, with average residential power costs of$0.08 per kWh or a monthly bill of $100, the payback for our power system will be about 2.5years. Also, unique financing strategies could be offered for customers who are unable tointernally finance or pay cash for their system. The Z-Power System design is modular, soadditional units can be connected in parallel to power needs from 15 kW to several megawatts ifdesired.

Z-Power Generators will be scaled to a wide range of applications. They appear suitable for therelatively small power needs of consumer devices up through the massive needs of powergeneration plants. The following lists three (3) initial products planned.

Application Size Output Mfg. Cost

ZIPPE Portable Power Cube Shoebox 500 Watts $150

ZPower Home Power Generator

(this product to be manufactured and distrib

at no charge, for rural/poor areas within the

U.S.A., app. 3 million home generators)

Large PC Tower 20,000 Watts $750

ZMachine Automobile Power Generator Large MicrowaveOven

75,000 Watts $1,250

Marketing Strategy

Our marketing structure is based on a program of global licensing, which from the experience ofmany successful companies, has proved to be a very high leverage route involving thousandsof entrepreneurs around the world in the profitable deployment of new technology, therebycreating a high-growth phenomena similar to the personal computer or Internet industries.Approximately twelve (12) Territory Companies will be established throughout the world.These Territory Companies will be principally responsible for the licensing and implementationof our energy technologies within their territories, together with the oversight of manufacturing,

marketing, and engineering programs. The Territories may not directly manufacture and marketany products, but instead license, outsource, or authorize other companies and groups withintheir territory to perform these responsibilities. This structure will allow for the most rapidimplementation of multiple revolutionary energy technologies through the Territory Companiesinto nations and joint ventures with industries throughout the world. The enormous web of


28/28

Page 5 of 5

licensing and sub-licensingagreements will allow for a flow ofsubstantial revenues commensuratewith the significance of ourtechnologies.

Business Risks

The following list includes thepotential risks and our strategy tominimize those risks:

1. Difficulty in obtainingIntellectual Propertyprotection in the US: Severalinventors in the field ofalternative energy havedescribed difficulty in

obtaining patent coverage on their inventions. The US Patent Law allows for inventorsto file for foreign patents first, if there is a foreign co-inventor, which is ZPowersintention.

2. The government will not allow our Fuel-Less Energy Technology: Due to the tremendoustax revenue from existing energy sources, we will license the technology for proliferationin countries whereby the governments on dependent on outside oil and open to non-polluting energy sources, such as countries in Asia, i.e., Singapore, Malaysia, etc.

3. The Energy Industry not allow our Fuel-Less Energy Technology: Several industries(such as petroleum) would have significant impact on their bottom line income, whichwill be minimized by entering countries and industries where the potential industrialobstacles would be minimized, and by garnering the public support for our energytechnology.

Author / Contact for Further Information

For additional information, please contact:Reed N. Huish, PresidentZPower Corporation5025 North Central Avenue #414Phoenix, Arizona 85012, USA

Facsimile: (+001) 602-532-7517Email: [email protected]

SoutheastAsia

Territory

12 Territory Companies(only 4 shown)

Inventor

South AmericaTerritory

EuropeanTerritory

North AmericaTerritory

ZPower

Global EnergyStewardship

Council

AdvancedEnergyInstitute

ProductDevelopment

NationalLicenses

Partnerships/

Joint-Ventures

Physics - Zero Point Energy

Documents

Transcript of Physics - Zero Point Energy