Physics Unit P1 - Erith · PDF filePhysics Unit P1 ‘Universal Physics ... Musical notes...

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Physics Unit P1

‘Universal Physics’

Study and Revision Pack (Foundation Paper)

Content Page number

P1 overview and assessment tracking

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Formulae sheet 3

P1.1 Specification statements 4

P1.1 Exam Questions 5

P1.2 Specification statements 13 P1.2 Exam Questions 14







Name: __________________________________

Form: __________________________________

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Overview and assessment tracking

Please use the table below to keep track of your revision.

Revision complete?

Questions completed?

Marks in first try

% in first try

Marks in second try

% in second try

P1.1

P1.2

P1.3

P1.4

P1.5

P1.6

Use the grade boundaries below as a guide to the grade you are achieving:

% Grade 60 C

50 D

40 E 30 F

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P1.1 Specification statements

P1 Specification

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1.1 Describe how ideas about the structure of the Solar System have changed over time, including the change from the geocentric to the heliocentric models and the discovery of new planets

1.2 Demonstrate an understanding of how scientists use waves to find out information about our Universe, including:

a) the Solar System

b) the Milky Way

1.3 Discuss how Galileo’s observations of Jupiter, using the telescope, provided evidence for the heliocentric model of the Solar System

1.4 Compare methods of observing the Universe using visible light, including the naked eye, photography and telescopes

1.5 Explain how to measure the focal length of a converging lens using a distant object

1.6 Investigate the behaviour of converging lenses, including real and virtual images

1.7 Investigate the use of converging lenses to:

a) measure the focal length using a distant object

b) investigate factors which affect the magnification of a converging lens (formulae are not needed)

1.8 Explain how the eyepiece of a simple telescope magnifies the image of a distant object produced by the objective lens (ray diagrams are not necessary)

1.9 Describe how a reflecting telescope works

1.10 Recall that waves are reflected and refracted at boundaries between different materials

1.12 Describe that waves transfer energy and information without transferring matter

1.13 Use the terms of frequency, wavelength, amplitude and speed to describe waves

1.14 Differentiate between longitudinal and transverse waves by referring to sound, electromagnetic and seismic waves

1.15 Use both the equations below for all waves:

Wave speed (m/s) = frequency (hertz, Hz) wavelength (m) fv

Wave speed (m/s) = distance (m)/time (s) t

xv

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P1.1 Exam Questions- 47 marks, 47 minutes.

Q1.

A lens can be used to produce a clear image of a distant object on a screen.

(a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

The image produced is real because it is (1)

A in focus

B magnified

C on a screen

D smaller (ii) Describe how to measure the focal length of the lens.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows a simple telescope which uses two lenses to look at stars.

(i) Explain what the eyepiece lens does.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

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(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The light that travels from the stars transfers

(1)

A charge

B energy

C mass

D matter (c) Light and sound waves are produced at the same time by an explosion on Earth.

(i) The sound of the explosion is heard 1920 metres away 6.0 seconds after the explosion has happened.

Calculate the speed of sound in air. (2)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A scientist is standing a long way from the explosion.

Explain why he hears the explosion a few seconds after he sees it. (2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question = 10 marks)

Q3.

(a) Some students investigate a converging lens. The students set up the apparatus as shown.

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Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (i) The distance X is

(1)

A the focal length

B the object distance

C the eyepiece distance

D the magnification (ii) Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

(2)

The size of the image is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the distant object. The type of image formed on the screen is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . image.

(b) The diagram shows a ray of light as it arrives at a lens.

Draw the path of the ray inside the lens. (1)

(c) The students use a telescope to view the Moon. Light from the Moon takes 1.3 s to reach the students. The speed of light is 300 000 km/s. Calculate the distance to the Moon.

(2)

distance = speed × time

.............................................................................................................................................. (d) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

A satellite orbits the Moon. Radio waves from this satellite transfer

(1)

A matter only

B energy and matter

C information and matter

D energy and information

(Total for Question is 7 marks)

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Q4.

(a) Here is a graph of a sound wave.

(i) Calculate the wavelength of this sound wave.

(2)

wavelength = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m

(ii) A second sound wave has a longer wavelength but a smaller amplitude. Sketch a graph of this second wave, on the axes above.

(2) (b) (i) Sound is a longitudinal wave. State another example of a longitudinal wave.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain how a longitudinal wave is different from a transverse wave. You may draw a diagram to help with your answer.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(c) Musical notes can be made by rubbing the top of a drinking glass with a wet finger. The photographs show four different amounts of water in the glass. The frequencies of the musical notes produced with three amounts of water are shown.

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(i) Which of these numbers could be the frequency, f, if it follows the same pattern?

Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1)

A 960

B 1109

C 1200

D 1290 (ii)

The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. A student listens to the sound from the glass when it contains the largest amount of water. Show that the wavelength of the wave he hears is about 30 cm.

(3)


Q5.

The diagram shows four moons which orbit Jupiter.


Jupiter is (1)

A a comet

B a galaxy

C a planet

D a universe (ii) Galileo used a new invention to observe these moons.

.............................................................................................................................................. (1)

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(b) The diagram shows the moons Europa (E) and Ganymede (G) in orbit round Jupiter. The radius of Europa's orbit is 671 000 km. The radius of Ganymede's orbit is 1 070 000 km.

The positions of the moons on some dates are marked. (i) On which one of the marked dates were the moons closest together?

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Use information from the diagram to calculate the time for Ganymede to complete one orbit of Jupiter.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Calculate the distance from Europa to Ganymede on 12 June.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. *(iv) Describe how the distance between Europa and Ganymede changes during three orbits of Europa.

(6)

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Q6. Using lenses

(a) Sunita prepares some equipment for a class practical.

She measures the focal length of different lenses. She uses a metre rule, some white card and the light from a distant window. Describe how she could measure the focal length of a lens using this equipment.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows the path of a ray of light through a converging lens.

(i) The ray of light has changed direction at A. State the name of this effect.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Complete the diagram to show the path of the ray after it has left the lens.

(1) (c) Some students use two lenses to make a simple telescope. They use the telescope to look at a tree.

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Complete the sentences by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (i) The objective lens

A forms an image outside the telescope

B gathers incoming light to form an image

C forms a magnified image

D forms an image the right way up (ii) The eyepiece lens makes this first image

(1)

A magnified

B nearer to the eye

C real

D the right way up (d) Early astronomers thought that everything orbited the Earth. Galileo used a telescope to observe Jupiter. Describe what Galileo saw that made him think the early astronomers might be wrong.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

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P1.2 Specification statements To

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2.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how Herschel and Ritter contributed to the discovery of waves outside the limits of the visible spectrum

2.2 Demonstrate an understanding that all electromagnetic waves are transverse and that they travel at the same speed in a vacuum

2.3 Describe the continuous electromagnetic spectrum including (in order) radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible (including the colours of the visible spectrum), ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays

2.4 Demonstrate an understanding that the electromagnetic spectrum is continuous from radio waves to gamma rays, but the radiations within it can be grouped in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing frequency

2.5 Demonstrate an understanding that the potential danger associated with an electromagnetic wave increases with increasing frequency

2.6 Relate the harmful effects, to life, of excessive exposure to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation, including:

a) microwaves: internal heating of body cells

b) infrared: skin burns

c) ultraviolet: damage to surface cells and eyes, leading to skin cancer and eye conditions

d) X-rays and gamma rays: mutation or damage to cells in the body

2.7 Describe some uses of electromagnetic radiation:

a) radio waves: including broadcasting, communications and satellite transmissions

b) microwaves: including cooking, communications and satellite transmissions

c) infrared: including cooking, thermal imaging, short range communications, optical fibres, television remote controls and security systems

d) visible light: including vision, photography and illumination

e) ultraviolet: including security marking, fluorescent lamps, detecting forged bank notes and disinfecting water

f) X-rays: including observing the internal structure of objects, airport security scanners and medical X-rays

g) gamma rays: including sterilising food and medical equipment, and the detection of cancer and its treatment

2.8 Recall that ionising radiations are emitted all the time by radioactive sources

2.9 Describe that ionising radiation includes alpha and beta particles and gamma rays and that they transfer energy

P1 Specification

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P1.2 Exam Questions- 29 marks, 29 minutes

Q1.

Some students repeat Herschel's experiment. (a) They place four identical thermometers, P, Q, R and S, in the shade. The table shows some of the readings on the thermometers in the shade. Complete the table to show the reading on thermometer Q.

(1)

thermometers in the shade

P Q R S

temperature / °C

18 18 18

(b) Then the four thermometers are placed in the spectrum of sunlight as shown.

(i) The bulbs of the thermometers are painted black. State why the bulbs of the thermometers are painted black.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The table shows the readings on the thermometers in the spectrum of sunlight.

thermometers in the spectrum of sunlight

P Q R S

temperature / °C

25 23 21 20

Describe conclusions that can be made from the students' results. (2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

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(iii) State why the students put the four thermometers together in the shade before placing them in the spectrum of sunlight.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(c) Another scientist, Ritter, discovered ultraviolet radiation.

(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation may cause

(1)

A deafness

B heating of internal body cells

C damage to the eyes

D damage to the bone cells (ii) Three signals, ultraviolet, visible light and infrared, are sent from the surface of the Moon to an orbiting spacecraft. The three signals are sent at the same time. Which of these is correct for the signals arriving at the spacecraft?


A the visible light signal arrives first

B the ultraviolet signal arrives first

C the infrared signal arrives first

D all three signals arrive at the same time (iii) Describe one use of ultraviolet radiation.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................


Q2.

The electromagnetic spectrum has many parts. One of these parts is called visible light. (a) (i) How many different colours are there in visible light?


A five

B seven

C nine

D eleven

(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Three colours of the spectrum of visible light in the correct order are

(1)

A green, red, yellow

B blue, red, green

C red, orange, yellow

D violet, orange, green

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(b) Different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have different uses. Draw one straight line from each part to its use.

(2)

(c) Images of hands can be made using different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Both images give information about a hand. (i) Suggest what information the infrared image gives about a hand.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain why taking an X-ray image of a hand is more dangerous than taking an infrared image.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................


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Q3.

(a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Which of these is the biggest?

(1)

A the Solar System

B a galaxy

C a nebula

D the Universe (b) These are four stages in the evolution of a star similar to the Sun. They are not in the correct order. 1. main sequence star 2. white dwarf 3. red giant 4. nebula Write down the stages in the correct order.

(2) The first stage has been done for you.

. . . . . . . . . nebula . . . . . . . .

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(c) (i) The chart shows the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Some parts of the spectrum have been labelled.

radio P Q visible light

R S gamma rays

State the name of part Q. (1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Three telescopes using different parts of the spectrum have been added to the chart.


R S gamma rays

Jodrell Bank

Hubble Compton

Jodrell Bank is located near Manchester, whereas Hubble and Compton are in space. Explain why some telescopes are located outside the Earth's atmosphere.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

*(d) Describe how modern telescopes have contributed to our understanding of the Universe. (6)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

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P1.3 Specification statements P1 Specification

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3.1 Recall that the Solar System is part of the Milky Way galaxy

3.2 Describe a galaxy as a collection of stars

3.3 Recall that the Universe includes all of the galaxies

3.4 Compare the relative sizes of and the distances between the Earth, the Moon, the planets, the Sun, galaxies and the Universe

3.5 Describe the use of other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum by some modern telescopes

3.6 Describe the methods used to gather evidence for life beyond Earth, including space probes, soil experiments by landers, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)

3.7 Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of data gathered by modern telescopes on our understanding of the Universe, including:

a) the observation of galaxies because of improved magnification

b) the discovery of objects not detectable using visible light

c) the ability to collect more data

3.8 Construct a simple spectrometer, from a CD or DVD, and use it to analyse common light sources

3.9 Explain why some telescopes are located outside the Earth’s Atmosphere

3.11 Describe the evolution of stars of similar mass to the Sun through the following stages:

a) nebula

b) star (main sequence)

c) red giant

d) white dwarf

3.12 Describe the role of gravity in the life cycle of stars

3.14 Demonstrate an understanding of the Steady State and Big Bang theories

3.15 Describe evidence supporting the Big Bang theory, limited to red-shift and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation

3.16 Recognise that as there is more evidence supporting the Big Bang theory than the Steady State theory, it is the currently accepted model for the origin of the Universe

3.17 Describe that if a wave source is moving relative to an observer there will be a change in the observed frequency and wavelength

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P1.3 Exam Questions- 24 marks, 24 minutes.

Q1.

(a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Which of these is the biggest?

(1)

A the Solar System

B a galaxy

C a nebula

D the Universe (b) These are four stages in the evolution of a star similar to the Sun. They are not in the correct order. 1. main sequence star 2. white dwarf 3. red giant 4. nebula Write down the stages in the correct order.

(2) The first stage has been done for you.

. . . . . . . . . nebula . . . . . . . .

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(c) (i) The chart shows the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Some parts of the spectrum have been labelled.


R S gamma rays

State the name of part Q. (1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Three telescopes using different parts of the spectrum have been added to the chart.


R S gamma rays

Jodrell Bank

Hubble Compton

Jodrell Bank is located near Manchester, whereas Hubble and Compton are in space. Explain why some telescopes are located outside the Earth's atmosphere.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

*(d) Describe how modern telescopes have contributed to our understanding of the Universe. (6)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

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Q2.

(a) The Sun is at the centre of our Solar System. (i) Complete the following sentence.

(1) Our Solar System is near the edge of a galaxy called the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. When the Sun nears the end of its life it will become a

(1)

A black hole

B neutron star

C supernova

D white dwarf (b) The table gives information about the diameters and distances of the four planets closest to the Sun.

(i) Put the information about the diameter of the planets on to the bar chart.

The diameter for Earth has been done for you. (2)

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(ii) The distance of the planets from the Sun has been given in Astronomical Units (AU). 1 AU is 150 000 000 km. Calculate the distance of Mars from the Sun in kilometres.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

*(c) For many years scientists have searched for evidence of intelligent life in our Solar System and in the rest of the Universe.

Describe the methods scientists have used to help with this search in both our Solar System and the rest of the Universe.

(6)

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P1.4 Specification statements P1 Specification

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4.1 Recall that sound with frequencies greater than 20 000 hertz, Hz, is known as ultrasound

4.2 Describe uses of ultrasound, including:

a) sonar

b) communication between animals

c) foetal scanning

4.3 Calculate depth or distance from time and velocity of ultrasound

4.4 Recall that sound with frequencies less than 20 hertz, Hz, is known as infrasound

4.5 Describe uses of infrasound, including:

a) communication between animals

b) detection of animal movement in remote locations

c) detection of volcanic eruptions and meteors

4.6 Recall that seismic waves are generated by earthquakes or explosions

4.7 Investigate the unpredictability of earthquakes, through sliding blocks and weights

4.8 Explain why scientists find it difficult to predict earthquakes and tsunami waves even with available data

4.9 Recall that seismic waves can be longitudinal (P) waves and transverse (S) waves and that they can be reflected and refracted at boundaries between the crust, mantle and core

4.10 Explain how data from seismometers can be used to identify the location of an earthquake

4.12 Explain how the Earth’s outermost layer is composed of (tectonic) plates and is in relative motion due to convection currents in the mantle

4.13 Demonstrate an understanding of how, at plate boundaries, plates may slide past each other, sometimes causing earthquakes

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P1.4 Exam questions – 41 marks, 41 minutes.

Q1.

The diagram shows the plates which make up the Earth's outermost layer.

(a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Earthquakes happen when plates

(1)

A float on the mantle

B rub against each other

C move away from each other

D erupt from volcanoes (ii) Explain what causes the plates to move.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The instrument used to detect earthquakes is a

(1)

A hydrometer

B manometer

C seismometer

D thermometer (c) Earthquakes produce P-waves and S-waves.

(i) Describe what can happen to these waves when they reach the boundary between the crust and the mantle.

(2)

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.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A P-wave takes 200 s to travel a distance of 1200 km.

Calculate its speed in km/s. (2)

.............................................................................................................................................. (d) Explain why scientists find it difficult to predict when a tsunami may happen.

(2)

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Q2. Ultrasound

(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The frequency of ultrasound is

(1)

A less than 20 Hz

B between 20 Hz and 2000 Hz

C between 2000 Hz and 20 000 Hz

D more than 20 000 Hz

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(b) Describe how bats use ultrasound to locate prey. You may add to the diagram to help with your answer.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

*(c) Ultrasound and X-rays are used for medical scans. Compare and contrast the advantages of using ultrasound and X-rays for medical scans.

(6)

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(d) Ultrasound is used to scan metal pipes to measure their thickness.

The ultrasound wave travels through the metal and is reflected at the inner surface of the metal.

The reflected wave is detected after 0.003 ms (0.000 003 s).

The speed of the ultrasound in the metal is 5000 m/s.

Calculate the thickness of the metal.

(3)

distance = speed × time

thickness of metal = .............................................. m Q3.

(a) Dolphins emit sounds at many different frequencies.

(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

A dolphin can produce sounds with a frequency of more than 20 kHz. These sounds are called

(1)

A infrasound waves

B microwaves

C supersonic waves

D ultrasound waves

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(ii) A dolphin is near to a group of fish. Describe how a dolphin uses high frequency sound to locate the position of the fish. You may add to the diagram to help with your answer.

(3)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(b) As a sound wave travels through water its amplitude gets smaller. This graph shows how the amplitude of different types of sound waves decreases as they travel through water.

Whales use sound to communicate over long distances. Explain which is the best type of sound wave for whales to use when communicating over long distances.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(c) Geologists use sound waves from a small explosion to search for oil underground.

Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (i) These sound waves are called

(1)

A cosmic waves

B seismic waves

C volcanic waves

D tectonic waves

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(ii) A small explosion is triggered at the Earth's surface. The waves reflect back from the top of the oil field. Suggest why the waves are reflected from the oil field.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (d) A wave has a frequency of 15 Hz. Its wavelength is 125 m.

Calculate the speed of the wave. State the unit.

(3)

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Q4.

Ultrasound from a fishing boat is used to find fish. (a) (i) Which of these is correct for ultrasound waves?


A ultrasound waves have a frequency above 20 000 Hz

B ultrasound waves have a frequency below 20 Hz

C ultrasound waves have a wavelength above 20 000 Hz

D ultrasound waves have a wavelength below 20 Hz

(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The system that uses ultrasound to find fish is called

(1)

A fibre optics

B satellite transmission

C sonar

D thermal imaging

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(iii) The diagram shows a fishing boat above some fish.

Describe how ultrasound waves are used to detect the fish. You may add to the diagram to help with your answer.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(b) Some students are investigating waves. They produce waves by moving a piece of wood up and down in a tank of water. The diagram shows the waves over a distance of 60 cm.

(i) State the number of wavelengths shown on the diagram.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Calculate the wavelength of the waves.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (c) The students produce a different wave.

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This wave has a frequency of 1.7 Hz and a wavelength of 8.0 cm. Calculate the speed of this wave.

(2)

..............................................................................................................................................


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P1.5 Specification statements

P1 Specification

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5.1 Describe current as the rate of flow of charge and voltage as an electrical pressure giving a measure of the energy transferred

5.2 Define power as the energy transferred per second and measured in watts

5.3 Use the equation:

electrical power (watt, W) = current (ampere, A) potential difference (volt, V)

P = I V

5.4 Investigate the power consumption of low-voltage electrical items

5.5 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of methods of large scale electricity production using a variety of renewable and non-renewable resources

5.6 Demonstrate an understanding of the factors that affect the size and direction of the induced current

5.7 Investigate factors affecting the generation of electric current by induction

5.8 Explain how to produce an electric current by the relative movement of a magnet and a coil of wire

a) on a small scale

b) in the large-scale generation of electrical energy

5.9 Recall that generators supply current which alternates in direction

5.10 Explain the difference between direct and alternating current

5.11 Recall that a transformer can change the size of an alternating voltage

5.13 Explain why electrical energy is transmitted at high voltages, as it improves the efficiency by reducing heat loss in transmission lines

5.14 Explain where and why step-up and step-down transformers are used in the transmission of electricity in the National Grid

5.15 Describe the hazards associated with electricity transmission

5.16 Recall that energy from the mains supply is measured in kilowatt-hours

5.17 Use the equation: cost =

power (kilowatts, kW) time (hour, h) cost of 1 kilowatt-hour (p/kW h)

5.18 Demonstrate an understanding of the advantages of the use of low-energy appliances

5.19 Use data to compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of energy-saving devices

5.20 Use data to consider cost-efficiency by calculating payback times

5.21 Use the equation: power (watt, W) = energy used (joule, J) / time taken (second, s) P = E/t

33

P1.5 Exam Questions – 36 marks, 36 minutes.

Q1. Generating electrical energy

(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Electrical energy can be measured in

(1)

A amps

B kilowatt-hours

C volts

D watts (b) Scientists are looking for new ways to produce electricity from renewable resources. The diagram shows a model of a device to generate electricity from waves. The coil is fixed to the concrete block. The magnet can move freely inside the coil.

(i) Explain how this device produces an electric current.

(3)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe how the device can be altered to increase the electric current. (2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

34

*(c) Another way of producing electricity from a renewable source is tidal power. A dam is built across the mouth of a river. Tidal water gets trapped behind the dam.

The trapped water is used to generate electricity. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using tidal power rather than other methods of generating electricity.

(6)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q2.

The photograph shows a small generator. When the handle is turned the current produced lights a lamp.


The current produced (1)

A usually comes from a battery

B always has the same frequency

C is always the same size

D is usually alternating in direction

35

(ii) State the unit in which electric current is usually measured. (1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (b) (i) Describe what happens inside the generator to produce the current.

(3)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) State one way in which the size of the current could be increased.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

*(c) The National Grid is supplied with electricity from large-scale electrical generators. These generators may be driven using different energy sources. Compare the use of a non-renewable energy source with the use of a renewable energy source to produce electricity for the National Grid.

(6)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................


Q3.

(a) The diagram shows a simple generator connected to a lamp.

36

The magnet is made to spin at a steady speed. The ammeter gives a reading of 1.5 A. The voltmeter gives a reading of 6 V. (i) Calculate the output power of the generator.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) State two changes to the design of the generator that would give a larger output power for the same speed of rotation.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) This generator supplies an alternating current (AC) to the lamp. Other types of generators supply a direct current (DC). Describe the difference between charge movement in a direct current and in an alternating current.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

*(b) The first public power station was built in the centre of New York. It used generators to supply direct current at 110 V. The cables had to go underground and they could only supply nearby shops and offices. The electricity was mainly used for electric light. The development of alternating current generators led to major changes in the way electricity is transmitted and used. Compare the modern National Grid system with the early system in New York.

(6)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................


37

P1.6 Specification statements To

pic

6: E

ner

gy a

nd

th

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futu

re

6.1 Demonstrate an understanding that energy is conserved

6.2 Describe energy transfer chains involving the following forms of energy: thermal (heat), light, electrical, sound, kinetic (movement), chemical, nuclear and potential (elastic and gravitational)

6.3 Demonstrate an understanding of how diagrams can be used to represent energy transfers

6.4 Apply the idea that efficiency is the proportion of energy transferred to useful forms to everyday situations

6.6 Demonstrate an understanding that for a system to be at a constant temperature it needs to radiate the same average power that it absorbs

P1 Specification

Cu

rre

nt

RA

G

Re

vise

d

1

Re

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d

2

R

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3

38

P1.6 Exam Questions – 37 marks, 37 minutes.

Q1.

The diagrams show two ways of heating water.

(i) The electric kettle is supplied with 2500 joules of energy each second. The water in the kettle gains 2200 joules of heat energy each second. Calculate the amount of energy wasted each second.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Complete the diagram to show the main energy transfer that takes place when the Bunsen burner is used to heat the water.

(1)

(iii) Explain why heating the water using the kettle and the Bunsen burner waste different amounts of energy.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q3.

(a) Here are some forms of energy:

39

(i) Use words from the box to complete the table. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all. The first one has been done for you.

(3)

(ii) In the electric motor only some of the electrical energy is transferred into kinetic energy. State what happens to the remaining electrical energy.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (b) Many appliances are sold with an energy efficiency rating.

A-rated appliances are the most energy efficient. Here is some information about two types of electric lamp.

(i) Calculate how much energy is wasted in one second by the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL).

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Use the energy transfer diagrams to explain why the CFL lamp has a better efficiency rating than the halogen lamp.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

40

(c) The photograph shows an electric heater used to warm garages.

When the heater is switched on, it quickly warms up and then stays at a constant temperature. Explain why the heater stays at a constant temperature.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q4.

An electric drill, a radio and a torch all convert electrical energy into other forms of energy. (i) Draw one straight line from each device to the most useful form of energy that it gives out.

(3)

(ii) State the name of the one form of energy that is wasted by these devices.

(1)

..............................................................................................................................................

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Q5. Thermal radiation

Some students investigate the cooling of different coloured cans.

They use two cans each fitted with a thermometer.

Hot water is poured into the cans and the temperature of the water in each can is measured every two minutes.

(a) The students want to find out if a black can cools quicker than a silver can. Which row of the table shows the conditions they should use?


42

(b) The table shows the students results.

(i) The graph for the silver can has been plotted on the axes. Six points for the black can have been plotted. Plot the points for 4 minutes and 8 minutes for the black can.

(1)

(ii) The line of best fit has been drawn for the silver can. Draw the line of best fit for the black can.

(1) (iii) Estimate the temperature of the silver can when the time is 18 minutes.

(1)

temperature = .............................................. °C

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(iv) The room temperature is kept at a temperature of 21 °C. Suggest what the temperature of the cans will be after two hours.

(1)

temperature = .............................................. °C

(c) The photograph shows a solar water heater.

(i) State why the pipes in the solar water heater are painted black.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) The heater supplies 9000 J of thermal energy in 20 seconds. Calculate the power output of the heater.

(2)

power output = .............................................. W (iii) To produce the 9000 J of thermal energy, the heater needs 18 000 J of energy from the Sun. Calculate the efficiency of the solar water heater.

(2)

efficiency = ..............................................

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Q6.

A student uses a solar powered battery charger to charge some batteries.

(a) The diagram is an energy transfer diagram for a battery being charged.

Use words from the box to complete the energy transfer diagram.

(2) (b) The diagram shows how much energy is usefully transferred by the battery charger.

45

(i) Calculate the amount of wasted energy. (1)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Calculate the efficiency of the battery charger.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. (c) The following arrangement is used as a solar powered shower.

The bag is left out in the sunlight during the day. (i) Explain what colour the bag should be to heat the water to the highest temperature.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) On a sunny day the bag is filled with cold water. Explain why the temperature of the water increases and then stays constant.

(3)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................


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