Physics Unit 3 Revision Flash Cards Produced by Mr P Scutt.
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Physics Unit 3 Revision Flash Cards
Produced by Mr P Scutt
![Page 2: Physics Unit 3 Revision Flash Cards Produced by Mr P Scutt.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/5697bf9a1a28abf838c926c0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What are the risks, and how can they be minimised, for an X-ray machine?
• 4 marks
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What are the risks, and how can they be minimised, for an X-ray machine?
• X-rays ionises substances as it passes through.
• High doses can kill living cells• Low does can cause mutations and
cancerous growth
- Workers can wear badges that show how much radiation a person is exposed to.
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How can distance measurements be made using a Ultrasound?
• 4 marks
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How is the refractive index calculated?
• 3 marks
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How can distance measurements be made using a Ultrasound?
• Use an oscilloscope to measure the ‘transit time’ of each pulse.
• This is the time taken from the transmitter to the boundary AND reflected back.
• Distance = speed x transit time • Depth therefore is 0.5 x speed x
transit time.
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How is the refractive index calculated?
• n = sin i/sin r
• Where ‘i’ is the angle of incidence• ‘r’ is the angle of refraction
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What is Snell’s Law?
• 3 marks
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How does an endoscope work?
• 4 marks
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What is Snell’s Law?
• Refractive Index = sin i/sin r
• Where ‘i’ is the angle of incidence• ‘r’ is the angle of refraction
• This is always the same value for a given material.
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How does an endoscope work?
• This uses Total Internal Reflection• Where light is shone down a fine glass
wire (optic fibre)• At a critical angle (incident angle)• Where all of the light is reflected and no
refraction takes place (light does not escape the wire).
• This is used to view different parts of the body from the inside by passing the optic fibre down through the body.
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Name the main parts of the eye
• 12 marks
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How does the lens work in the eye?
• 3 marks
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Name the main parts of the eye
Aqueous Humour
Vitreous Humour Eye Muscle
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How does the lens work in the eye?
• The lens focuses the image on the retina
• It is thin for distant objects• It is thick for near objects
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How can the lens of the eye be corrected for visual impairments?
• 4 marks
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Draw a diagram to show a lever
• 3 marks
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How can the lens of the eye be corrected for visual impairments?
• Short-sighted (cant see distant clearly) – so lens does not become thin enough – need a diverging lens.
• Long-sighted (cant see near objects) – so lens doesn’t become thick enough – need a converging lens.
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Draw a diagram to show a lever
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How can the centre of mass be worked out in a symmetrical object?
• 2 marks
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How can the centre of mass be worked out in a irregular shaped object?
5 marks
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How can the centre of mass be worked out in a symmetrical object?
• Draw the lines of symmetry on the object.
• Where the lines appear to cross if the point where the mass ‘appears’ to be concentrated.
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How can the centre of mass be worked out in a irregular shaped object?
• Hang an object from a point• Hang a plumb line in front• Draw a line down the same line• Hang from a different point• Draw another line• Where the lines cross is the centre of
mass
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How can the stability of an object be increased?
• 2 marks
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Why does an object topple over?
• 2 marks
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How can the stability of an object be increased?
• Lower the centre of mass (engine is low on a tractor)
• Increase the size of the base (e.g. a high chair with a wider base)
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Why does an object topple over?
• An object topples over because its line of action (the line drawn straight down from the centre of mass)
• Falls outside the base of the object
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How can pressure in liquids be used?
• 4 marks
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What is a force multiplier?
• 5 marks
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How can pressure in liquids be used?
• Liquids cant be compressed so can transfer a force from one area to another
• Used in car brakes and hydraulics
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What is a force multiplier?
• As Pressure = Force/Area • And, liquids cant be compressed we
can use this in a hydraulic piston.
• Step one – work out the pressure on the liquid from one piston (pressure = force x area)
• The same pressure is transferred to the second piston.
• If you therefore know the pressure and area you can work out the force. If the area is bigger, the force is bigger (i.e. multiplied)
Example:Pressure = 10N/10cm = 1N/cm
Pressure = 1N/cm
1N/cm x 100cm = 100N
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What is important about an object in circular motion?
• 4 marks
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What affects the time period of a pendulum?
• 3 marks
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What is important about an object in circular motion?
• Its velocity is constantly changing as it is always changing direction.
• So it is said to be in acceleration• Towards the centre of the circle• So this is called its centripetal
acceleration
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What affects the time period of a pendulum?
• The amplitude of an oscillating object• The mass of the object• The length of the pendulum
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Draw a labelled diagram of a pendulum
• 3 marks
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How does an X-Ray machine work?
• 5 marks
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Draw a labelled diagram of a pendulum
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How does an X-Ray machine work?
• X-ray tube directed at patient • X-rays pass through body• Film on other side detects the x-rays• Absorbed by bones/teeth = appear white• Pass through soft tissue = appear black
• A contrast medium can be used to show up an organ (e.g. a barium meal to see parts of the digestive system)
• A CCD converts the X-rays to light so an image can be viewed on a computer
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How does an CT Scanner work?
• 5 marks
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What is an electromagnet and how can you affect its strength?
• 5 marks
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How does an CT Scanner work?
• Creates a 3D image• X-ray rotates around the patient• Detector moves around on the opposite
side to the x-ray tube. • Detected by a computer which produces an
image. • Can distinguish between different soft
tissues. • Higher dose of X-rays than an ordinary x-
ray machine
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What is an electromagnet and how can you affect its strength?
• A soft iron core with• Coils of wire wrapped around• It can be switched on and off
• Strength increased by• More coils of wire• More current
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Where are electromagnets used?
• 3 marks
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How does a loudspeaker work?
• 4 marks
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Where are electromagnets used?
• Scrap yards
• Door Bell
• Relay switch
• Circuit breaker
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How does a loudspeaker work?
• Due to the motor effect • Needs an alternating current (ac)• When current flows it forces the cone to
move. • When the current flows the other way
the force is reversed and so moves
• The frequency is determined by the frequency of the a.c. supply
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How can you calculate a transformers efficiency?
• 4 marks
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What is the transformers equation?
• 4 marks
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How can you calculate a transformers efficiency?
• Primary potential difference x primary current
• Must equal (for 100% efficiency)
• Secondary potential difference x secondary current
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What is the transformers equation?
pd across primary = number of turns on primary .pd across secondary number of turns on secondary
For a step up – number of turns is greater on secondary
For a step down – number of turns is greater on the primary
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What is a moment?
• 3 marks
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How does the length of spanner affect the size of the moment?
• 2 marks
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What is a moment?
• A turning force• Calculated by force x perpendicular
distance • Measured in Nm
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How does the length of spanner affect the size of the moment?
• Larger the distance, larger the turning effect (moment)
• Meaning it is easier to move an object.
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Describe circular motion
• 7 marks
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What does centripetal force depend upon?
• 6 marks
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Describe circular motion
• Objects velocity is constantly changing• Because velocity is speed and direction• This means it is accelerating.• It must also have a force acting on it• Towards the centre of the circle• This is called the centripetal force• This force can be tension, friction or
gravity.
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What does centripetal force depend upon?
• Mass• The heavier the object, the bigger the CF• Speed• The faster the object is moving, the
bigger the CF. • Radius• The smaller the radius, the larger the
force needed to keep it going in a circle.
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How does gravity vary?
• 3 marks
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What are the different types of satellites and how are they
different?• 12 marks
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What is gravity and how is it used?
• Gravity is a force• The further the object is away, the
less the force of gravity acting on it. • Gravity is a centripetal force keeping
planets in orbit.
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What are the different types of satellites and how are they
different?• Geostationary• Used for communication – tv, telephone• Have a high orbit• Over the equator • Appear to stay in the same position as the Earth rotates with them • 24 hour orbit time
• Low Polar Orbit• Used for weather and spying• Sweeps over both poles• Full orbit takes only a few hours• Allow whole surface to be observed• Clearer picture as lower than geostationary to observe weather etc.
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What is the difference between a virtual and real image?
• 7 marks
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When describing an image you need to describe?
• 3 marks
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What is the difference between a virtual and real image?
• Real image is actually there• Formed when light from object comes together to
form image on screen • E.g. light falls on the retina in the eye
• Virtual image is not there• Formed when rays are diverging, so light from object
appears to be coming from a completely different place –
• E.g. mirror as face appears behind the mirror; • E.g. magnifying glass – bigger and further away than
image actually is
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When describing an image you need to describe?
• How big it is – compared to original image.
• Whether it is upright or inverted (upside down)
• Whether it is real or virtual.
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How are light rays reflected in a mirror. Draw a labelled diagram.
• 5 marks
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What is refraction?
• 4 marks
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How are light rays reflected in a mirror. Draw a labelled diagram.
• Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
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What is refraction?
• Where light bends• Caused by it changing speed• As ray passes through a different
medium (e.g. from air into water). • Light bends towards the normal
when moving to a denser medium (air into water)
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a plane mirror.
• 5 marks
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a concave
mirror. • 5 marks
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a plane mirror.
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a concave
mirror.
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a convex
mirror. • 5 marks
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a converging
lens. • 5 marks
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a convex
mirror.
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a converging
lens.
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a diverging
lens. • 5 marks
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What are the three rules for refraction in a converging lens?
• 3 marks
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Draw a diagram to show how an image is formed in a diverging
lens.
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What are the three rules for refraction in a converging lens?
• An incident ray parallel to the axis refracts through the lens and passes through the focal point on the other side.
• An incident ray passing through the focal point refracts through the lens and travels parallel to the axis.
• An incident ray passing through the centre of the lens carries on in the same direction.
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What are the three rules for refraction in a diverging lens?
• 3 marks
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Explain how a magnifying glass works.
• 3 marks
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What are the three rules for refraction in a converging lens?
• An incident ray parallel to the axis refracts through the lens and travels in line with the focal point (so appears to have come from the focal point).
• An incident ray passing towards the focal point refracts through the lens and travels parallel to the axis.
• An incident ray passing through the centre of the lens carries on in the same direction.
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Explain how a magnifying glass works.
• Use convex lens• Object is closer to lens than focal
length• Image is virtual (rays don’t actually
come from where they appear to be).
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Explain how a camera works.
• 5 marks
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What are the properties of sound?
• 5 marks
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Explain how a camera works.
• Real image formed because light rays actually meet there
• Image is smaller than he object
• Object is further away than the focal length of the lens
• Inverted image (upside down)
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What are the properties of sound?
• Travels as a wave• Can be reflected• Can be refracted• We can hear 20-20000Hz• Does not travel through vacuum
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Draw a sound wave and explain how it changes with pitch and
volume. • 4 marks
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What is Ultrasound and how does it work?
• 4 marks
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Draw a sound wave and explain how it changes with pitch and
volume.
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What is Ultrasound and how does it work?
• Has higher frequency than we can hear
• It can be partially reflected at a boundary between media
• Reflected signal can be detected • To produce an image
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Where is ultrasound used and why?
• 9 marks
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What is a solenoid?
• 4 marks
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Where is ultrasound used and why?
• Cleaning• Clean very precise areas and • delicate objects• By causing vibrations• Clean teeth
• Quality control in metal castings• Can detect cracks inside material (weaknesses)
• Pre—natal scanning• Produce image of foetus from reflected waves
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What is a solenoid?
• A coil of wire• With a magnetic field inside• Magnetic field on outside is like that
of a bar magnet• Has North and South pole
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How do you work out the direction of a magnetic field through a wire?
• 3 marks
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Which elements are magnetic?
• 3 marks
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How do you work out the direction of a magnetic field through a wire?
Right-hand rule
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Which elements are magnetic?
• Iron• Cobalt• Nickel• (Steel is an alloy made of iron and
carbon)
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What is Fleming’s left hand rule?
• 3 marks
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How can you speed up a simple electric motor?
• 4 marks
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What is Fleming’s left hand rule?
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How can you speed up a simple electric motor?
• More current• More turns on the coil• Stronger magnetic field• Soft iron core
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What is meant by electromagnetic induction?
• 2 marks
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How does electromagnetic induction work?
• 2 marks
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What is meant by electromagnetic induction?
• The creation of voltage in a wire• Which is experiencing a change in
magnetic field.
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How does electromagnetic induction work?
• Move a magnet in a coil or wire• Induces a voltage• Or vice versa (move coil in a
magnetic field)
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What factors affect the size of the induced voltage in
electromagnetic induction?• 4 marks
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What is the role and properties of a generator?
• 5 marks
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What factors affect the size of the induced voltage in
electromagnetic induction?• Strength of the magnet• Area of the coil• Number of turns on the coil• The speed of movement
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What is the role and properties of a generator?
• They rotate a coil • In a magnetic field• As the coil spins, a current is induced• The current changes direction every
half turn. • Have slip-rings and brushes
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What is the role and properties of a dynamos?
• 3 marks
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What is the role and properties of a transformers?
• 4 marks
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What is the role and properties of a dynamos?
• They rotate the magnet instead of the coil
• Causes field through the coil to swop every half turn
• Used on bikes to power lights
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What is the role and properties of a transformers?
• Change the voltage• Only works with alternating current• Step-up• Step-down