PHYSICS STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 3 - Xtreme · This question is about relativistic kinematics. A...
Transcript of PHYSICS STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 3 - Xtreme · This question is about relativistic kinematics. A...
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M09/4/PHYSI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/XX+
Wednesday 13 May 2009 (morning)
PHYSICS
STANDARD LEVEL
PAPER 3
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your session number in the boxes above.
• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
• Answer all of the questions from two of the Options in the spaces provided.
• At the end of the examination, indicate the letters of the Options answered in the
candidate box on your cover sheet.
1 hour
Candidate session number
0 0
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2009
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Option A — Sight and wave phenomena
A1. Thisquestionisaboutvisionandresolution.
(a) Comparescotopicwithphotopicvision.
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(b) Thegraph shows thevariationwithwavelength of the sensitivity I, of the rodandtheconecellsofahumaneye.
rods
SensitivityI
0
cones
400 450 500 550 600 650 700Wavelength λ / nm
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(Question A1 continued)
Aredpieceofpaperandabluepieceofpaperarebothviewedinverylowintensitylight.Eachpieceofpaperreflectsthesameintensityoflight.
Withreferencetothegraph,stateandexplainwhichoneofthetwopiecesofpaperwillbemoreclearlyvisible.
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(c) Thediameterofthepupilofahumaneyeis1.5mm.
(i) Calculatetheminimumangularseparationof twopoints thatcanberesolvedbythehumaneyeforlightofwavelength680nm.
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(ii) Twostars,thesamedistancefromEarth,areseparatedbyadistanceof4 0 1013. × m.Bothstarsemitlightofwavelength680nm.
ThetwostarsarejustresolvedbyanobserveronEarth.Estimatethedistancetothetwostars.
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A2. Thisquestionisaboutpolarization.
(a) Statewhatismeantbypolarizedlight.
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(b) Arayoflightisincidentonthesurfaceofalake.Theangleofincidenceisφ.
incident ray
normal
air
water
reflected ray
φ
Thereflectedlightiscompletelypolarizedhorizontally.Therefractiveindexofwaterisn.
(i) Onthediagram abovedrawtherefractedray.
(ii) Usethediagramtodeducetherelationshipbetweenφandn.
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(iii) Therefractiveindexofthewateris1.3.Calculatethevalueofφ.
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A3. ThisquestionisabouttheDopplereffect.
(a) StatewhatismeantbytheDopplereffect.
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(b) Ultrasoundoffrequency5.2MHzisdirectedfromastationarysourcetowardsredbloodcells in an artery. A simplifieddiagram is shownbelow inwhich theblood cells aretravellinginthesamedirection.
The ultrasound is reflected from the cells and is received back at the source.The measured frequency shift is 3.5kHz. The speed of ultrasound in blood isc =1 5 103 1. × −ms .Thefrequencyshiftisdeterminedfrom ∆ =f
f
v
c
2 .
(i) Statethesignificanceofthefactorof2intheformulaforthefrequencyshift.
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(ii) Determinethespeedoftheredbloodcells.
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(iii) Statetworeasonswhy,inpractice,thefrequencyshiftwillhavearangeofvalues.
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ultrasound redbloodcells
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Option B — Quantum physics and nuclear physics
B1. Thisquestionisaboutthephotoelectriceffect.
(a) In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from a metallic surface only if thewavelengthofthelightincidentonthesurfaceisbelowacertainvaluecalledthethresholdwavelength.
Explainthisobservation.
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(b) A monochromatic source of power 3.0W emits light of wavelength 4 60 10 7. × − m .Allofthelightisincidentonametalsurfaceandcauseselectronstobeemittedatarateof 4 0 1010 1. × −s .Thethresholdwavelengthofthemetalis5 50 10 7. × − m.
Calculatethe
(i) photoelectriccurrent.
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(ii) workfunctionofthemetal.
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(iii) theratiooftherateofelectronemissiontotherateatwhichthephotonsareincidentonthemetal.
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(Question B1 continued)
(c) Lightfromadifferentsourceisincidentonthemetalin(b).Thenewsourcehaspower6.0Wandemitslightofwavelength9 00 10 7. × − m.
Statetheeffectofthesechanges,ifany,onyouranswerto(b)(i).
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B2. Thisquestionisaboutquantumaspectsoftheelectron.
The graph shows the variation with distance x of the wavefunctionΨ of an electron at aparticularinstantoftime.Theelectronisconfinedwithinaregionoflength2 0 10 10. × − m.
Ψ
00.5 1.0 1.50.0 2.0 x / ×10 −10m
(a) Statewhatismeantbythewavefunctionofanelectron.
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(b) Usingdatafromthegraphestimate,forthiselectron,
(i) itsmomentum.
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(ii) theuncertaintyinitsmomentum.
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B3. Thisquestionisaboutnuclearenergylevelsandradioactivedecay.
Thediagramshowssomeofthenuclearenergylevelsoftheboronisotope 5
12 B andthecarbonisotope 6
12C .Differencesinenergybetweenthelevelsareindicatedonthediagram.Aparticularbetadecayofboronandagammadecayofcarbonaremarkedonthediagram.
Boron
13.4 MeV
Beta decay
Gamma decay4.4 MeV
Carbon
(a) Calculatethewavelengthofthephotonemittedinthegammadecay.
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(b) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron emitted in the beta decayindicated.
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(c) Explainwhytheelectronsemittedintheindicatedbetadecayofborondonotalwayshavethekineticenergycalculatedin(b).
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Option C— Digital technology
C1. Thisquestionisaboutthecompactdisc(CD).
ThediagramshowslightfromalaserthatisincidentonaCD.
ThereflectedlightisusedtoreadthedatastoredontheCD.Thedepthofthepitsisdandthewavelengthofthelightis .
(a) Explaintherelationshipbetween anddthatallowsthelaserbeamtodetecttheedgeofapit.
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[4]
(b) Thewavelengthofthelaserlightis640nm.Calculatethepitdepthd.
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[1]
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light
pitedge
land
d
land
pit
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(Question C1 continued)
(c) The diagram shows a series of pits on one part of the spiral track of an audio CD.Theaveragelengthofonepitandtheaveragelengthofonelandareboth1900nm.
pit land
1900 nm 1900 nm spiral track
InformationisstoredontheCDwithasamplingfrequencyof44.1kHz.Eachsampleconsistsoftwo16bitbinarynumbers.
(i) The total lengthof thespiralon theCDisapproximately5km. Onaverage thenumberofbitsstoredonaCDisequaltofourtimesthenumberofpits.ShowthatthestoragecapacityofthisCDisapproximately5 109× bits .
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(ii) Usingtheanswerto(c)(i)calculatetheplayingtimeofthisaudioCD.
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(d) Describeoneadvantage,otherthanamountofdata,ofstoringmusiconaCDratherthanonavinylLPrecord.
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C2. Thisquestionisabouttheoperationalamplifier.
Diagram1showsanon-invertingamplifiercircuit.
Diagram 1
+
–
0V
90 k
10 k
Vin
Vout
0V
(a) Suggestwhytheamplifierisreferredtoasnon-inverting.
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(b) Theinputvoltagefortheamplifierin(a)isVin mV= 2 0. .
Calculate
(i) thegainGoftheamplifier.
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[1]
(ii) theoutputvoltageVout .
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(Question C2 continued)
(c) Diagram2showsaparticularnon-invertingamplifier.
Diagram 2
+
– Vout
0V 0V
Vin
Explain, in terms of the properties of an op-amp,why the gain of this non-invertingamplifierisequalto1.
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(Question C2 continued)
(d) Diagram 3 shows a circuit in which the battery has an emf of 6.0V and negligibleinternalresistance.Two 2 0. MΩ resistorsareconnectedinseriestothebattery.
Diagram 3
A
B
6.0 V
2.0 MΩ
2.0 MΩ
(i) StatethevalueofthepotentialdifferencebetweenpointsAandB.
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(ii) Avoltmeterofresistance100 kΩ isusedtomeasurethepotentialdifferenceacrosspointsAandB.
Statewhythereadingonthevoltmeterisnotequaltothevaluestatedin(d)(i).
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(Question C2 continued)
(iii) Thecircuitindiagram3ismodifiedtoincludethecircuitshownindiagram2.
Diagram 4
2.0 MΩ
2.0 MΩ
V
6.0 VA
B
+
100 k
Explainwhythevoltmeterreadsthevalueofthepotentialdifferenceasstatedin(d)(i).
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Option D — Relativity and particle physics
D1. Thisquestionisaboutsimultaneity.
Albert is at restwith respect to the ground. Hermann is in a carriage that ismovingwithspeedv relative toAlbert in thedirectionshown. Twoflashesof lightareemittedfromthebackandthefrontof thecarriage. AccordingtoHermann’sclocktheyarriveatHermann’spositionsimultaneously.
vHermann
Albert
Explainwithreferencetotheconceptofpropertime,whythearrivalofthelightpulsesatHermannwillalsobesimultaneoustoAlbert.
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D2. Thisquestionisaboutrelativistickinematics. AspacecraftleavesEarthataspeedof0.80casmeasuredbyanobserveronEarth.Itheads
towards,andcontinuesbeyond,adistantplanet.Theplanetis52lightyearsawayfromEarthasmeasuredbyanobserveronEarth.
0.80 c
Earth
52 ly
planet
(Diagram not to scale)
When the spacecraft leaves Earth,Amanda, one of the astronauts in the spacecraft, is 20yearsold.
TheLorentzgammafactorforaspeedof0.80cisγ = 5
3.
(a) Calculate
(i) thetimetakenforthejourneytotheplanetasmeasuredbyanobserveronEarth.
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[1]
(ii) thedistancebetweentheEarthandtheplanet,asmeasuredbyAmanda.
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[1]
(iii) Amanda’sageasthespacecraftgoespasttheplanet,accordingtoAmanda.
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[2]
(b) As the spacecraft goes past the planet Amanda sends a radio signal to Earth. Calculate, asmeasuredby the spacecraft observers, the time it takes for the signal to
arriveatEarth.
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D3. Thisquestionisaboutfundamentalinteractions. Thediagrambelowshowsaninteractionvertexoftheweakinteraction.
Z0
chargedfermion
chargedfermion
(a) (i) DrawaFeynmandiagram,fortheprocesse e− + − ++ → +µ µ usingtheinformationgiveninthediagramabove. [1]
(ii) IdentifythevirtualparticleintheFeynmandiagramthatyoudrewin(a)(i).
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[1]
(b) Theclosestdistancebetweentheelectron-positronpairandthemuon-antimuonpairinthereaction e e− + − ++ → +µ µ isapproximately9 10 19× − m.
Usethisinformationtoestimatethemassofthevirtualparticlein(a)(ii).
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D4. Thisquestionisaboutquarks. The diagram below shows the eight spin 1
2 baryonsmade out of the three lightest quarks,the up (u), the down (d) and the strange (s). In this plot baryons belonging to the samehorizontallinehavethesamestrangeness(S)andthosealongthesameslantedlinehavethesamecharge(Q).
Q =–1 Q =0 Q =1
S =0
S =–1
S =–2
(a) (i) Onthediagramabovedrawacirclearoundthepointrepresentingtheneutron. [1]
(ii) Statethequarkcontentoftheneutron.
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(b) TheΞ− baryonisunstableanddecaysaccordingtothereactionΞ Λ− −→ +0 π .
ThequarkcontentoftheparticlesinvolvedisΞ− = ssd ,Λ0 = uds andπ− = du .
State and explain whether the interaction involved in this decay is electromagnetic,strongorweak.
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Option E — Astrophysics
E1. Thisquestionisaboutstars.
(a) Distinguishbetweenapparentmagnitudeandabsolutemagnitude.
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[2]
(b) Thetablegivesinformationonthreestars,Achernar,EG129andMira.
Absolute magnitude Apparent magnitude Spectral class
Achernar –3.0 +0.50 B
EG129 +13.0 +14.0 B
Mira –3.0 +5.0 M
(i) StatewhichoneofthethreestarsappearsbrightestfromEarth.
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[1]
(ii) Estimate the ratioL
L
A
E
where LA is the luminosity ofAchernar and LE
is the
luminosityofEG129.
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[3]
(iii) ShowthatthedistanceofthestarAchernarfromEarthisapproximately50pc.
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[2]
(This question continues on the following page)
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(Question E1 continued)
(c) ThesurfacetemperatureofMirais5timeslowerthanthatofAchernar.EstimatetheratioR
R
M
A
whereRMistheradiusofMiraandRA
istheradiusofAchernar.
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[3]
(d) Stateandexplainwhichofthestarsinthetablein(b)isawhitedwarf.
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[3]
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E2. Thisquestionisaboutcosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation.
Thegraphshowsthespectrumofthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation.
0
01 2
/ mm
Intensity
3
The shape of the graph suggests a black body spectrum i.e. a spectrum towhich theWiendisplacementlawapplies.
(a) Usethegraphtoestimatetheblackbodytemperature.
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[2]
(b) Explainhowyouranswerto(a)isevidenceinsupportoftheBigBangmodel.
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[2]
(c) State and explain another piece of experimental evidence in support of theBigBangmodel.
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[2]
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Option F— Communications
F1. Thisquestionisaboutamplitudemodulation(AM).
ThegraphshowsthepowerspectrumofanAMcarrierwave.
Power
f / kHz
2880 2920 2960 3000 3040 3080 3120
(a) Usethegraphtodeterminethe
(i) frequencyofthecarrierwave.
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[1]
(ii) frequencyofthesignalwave.
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[1]
(iii) bandwidthofthetransmittedsignal.
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[1]
(b) Abroadcastingcompanyhasbeengivenpermissiontobroadcastinafrequencyrangeof320kHz.Thetransmissionshavethebandwidthfoundin(a)(iii).
Determinehowmanyradiostationsthecompanycanoperateinthisfrequencyrange.
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[1]
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F2. Thisquestionisabouttransmissionandsamplingofsignals.
(a) The block diagram illustrates the principles of the transmission and reception ofdigitalsignals.
P Q R
S
analogue
signal
sampling
signal
ADC
clock
clock
DAC
communication
link
DescribethefunctionofeachoftheblockslabeledP,Q,RandS.
P: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Q: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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R: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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S: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[4]
(This question continues on the following page)
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(Question F2 continued)
(b) Thegraphshowsthirteensampledvaluesofananaloguesignalasafunctionofthetimeatwhichthesamplingtookplace.
15.0
12.5
10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Eachsampleisconvertedintoa4-bitbinarynumber,accordingtotheencodingscheme:
Signal / mV Sample / mV4-bit binary
number
2.000–2.999 2 0010
3.000–3.999 3 0011
4.000–4.999 4 0100
(This question continues on the following page)
V/mV
t/ms
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(Question F2 continued)
Determinethe
(i) 4-bitbinarynumbercorrespondingtothesampleatt=0.07ms.
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[1]
(ii) bit-rateofthedigitaltransmission.
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[2]
(c) Stateoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofincreasingthesamplingfrequencyusedtosampleananaloguesignal.
Advantage: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Disadvantage:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
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F3. Thisquestionisaboutopticalfibres.
(a) Stateonecauseofattenuationandone causeofdispersioninanopticalfibre.
Attenuation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Dispersion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
(b) An optical fibre of length 5.4km has an attenuation per unit length of 2 8 1. dB km− .Thesignalpowerinputis80mW.
(i) Calculatetheoutputpowerofthesignal.
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[2]
(ii) Inorderforthepoweroftheoutputsignaltobeequaltotheinputpoweranamplifierisinstalledattheendofthefibre.
Statethegain,indecibels(dB),oftheamplifierattheendofthefibre.
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[1]
(c) Thesignaltonoiseratio(SNR),indB,isdefinedasSNR signal
noise
=10 logP
PwherePsignal and
Pnoise arethepowersofthesignalandnoiserespectively.
TheSNRofthesignalin(b)beforeamplificationwas20dB.CalculatetheSNRafteramplification.
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[2]
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Option G — Electromagnetic waves
G1. Thisquestionisaboutthecolourofthesky.
Outlinewhytheskyappearsblueduringthedayandredduringasunset.
Bluesky: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Redsky: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
[2]
G2. Thisquestionisaboutimageformationinaconvexlens.
(a) Definenear point.
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[1]
(b) A small object is placed in front of a converging lens that will act as a magnifier.ThefocalpointsofthelensarelabeledwiththeletterF.
converging lens
objectF F
Onthediagramconstructraystolocatetheimageoftheobject. [2]
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(Question G2 continued)
(c) Aparticularlenshasafocallengthof9.0cmandtheimageisformedatthenearpointwhichis25cmfromthelens.
Assumingthattheeyeisveryclosetothelensdetermine
(i) thedistanceoftheobjectfromthelens.
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[2]
(ii) theangularmagnificationofthelens.
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[1]
(d) Theangularmagnificationofthelensincreaseswithdecreasingfocallength.
Stateonedisadvantageofusingveryshortfocallengthlenses.
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[1]
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G3. Thisquestionisaboutinterference.
Monochromatic,coherentlightisincidentontwonarrowparallelslitswhosewidthsaresmallcomparedtotheirseparation.Afterpassingthroughtheslitsthelightisbroughttoafocusonascreenproducinginterferencefringes.PointXisthemidpointoftheslits.
screen
light
X
θslit
slit
Theangularpositionofapointonthescreenisdeterminedbytheangleθ .
(a) (i) Explainwhytheintensityoflightatθ = 0 willbeamaximum.
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(ii) The wavelength of light is 6 80 10 7. × − m and the separation of the slits is1 13 10 4. × − m .Showthatforthefirstordermaximumθ = 6 02 10 3. × − rad .
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(This question continues on the following page)
3 1 3 2
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2209-6512
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(Question G3 continued)
(iii) Ontheaxesbelowdrawagraphtoshowhowtheintensityoflightobservedonthescreenvarieswithangleθ .(Youdonothavetoputnumbersontheverticalaxis.) [3]
Intensity
0 θ /×10–3rad–20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20
(b) Thetwoslitsarereplacedbyalargenumberofslitswhosewidthsandseparationarethesameasin(a).
Statethechanges,ifany,intheintensitypatternyoudrewin(a)(iii)withreferencetothe
(i) valueoftheintensityatθ = 0 .
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(ii) angularpositionofthepointsofmaximumintensity.
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(iii) angularwidthofthefringes.
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3 2 3 2