Physics 01

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2001H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C A T E

E X A M I N A T I O N

General Instructions

• Reading time – 5 minutes

• Working time – 3 hours

• Write using black or blue pen

• Draw diagrams using pencil

• Board-approved calculators may

be used

• A data sheet, formulae sheets and

Periodic Table are provided at

the back of this paper

• Write your Centre Number and

Student Number at the top of

pages 13, 15, 17 and 21

Total marks – 100

Pages 2–23

75 marks

This section has two parts, Part A and Part B

Part A – 15 marks• Attempt Questions 1–15

• Allow about 30 minutes for this part

Part B – 60 marks

• Attempt Questions 16–26

• Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part

Pages 25–31

25 marks• Attempt ONE question from Questions 27–31

• Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Section II

Section I

Physics

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– 2 –

Section I75 marks

Part A – 15 marks

Attempt Questions 1–15

Allow about 30 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval

completely.

Sample: 2 + 4 = (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the

new answer.

A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then

indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.

correct

A B C D

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1 A person has a mass of 70.0 kg. What is the weight of the person at the Earth’s surface?

(A) 70.0 kg

(B) 70.0 N

(C) 686 kg

(D) 686 N

2 At a particular moment, a positively charged particle is moving with velocity v in a

magnetic field as shown.

At this moment, what is the direction of the force on the positively charged particle?

(A) To the right

(B) To the left

(C) Into the page

(D) Out of the page

Magnetic field

out of page

v

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3 The resistance of mercury at various temperatures is shown in the graph.

Between which two temperatures does mercury always act as a superconductor?

(A) 0 K and 4.2 K

(B) 4.2 K and 4.5 K

(C) 4.5 K and 8.0 K

(D) 0 K and 8.0 K

4 Two types of generator are shown.

What type of current is produced by each generator when connected to an external

resistance?

(A) Both produce d.c.

(B) Both produce a.c.

(C) Generator 1 produces d.c. and Generator 2 produces a.c.

(D) Generator 1 produces a.c. and Generator 2 produces d.c.

Generator 1 Generator 2

N N

S S

Resistance

Resistance

Temperature (K)

2

0.08

0.00

0.16

4 6 80

R e s i s t a n c e ( Ω )

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5 The graph shows the forces experienced by an astronaut during a rocket launch into a

stable orbit.

In which time interval was the acceleration of the rocket the greatest?

(A) S –T

(B) T –U

(C) U – V

(D) V –W

6 The signal from a microwave transmitter can be thought of as a beam of photons.

The photons from a particular transmitter have a wavelength of 3.5× 10–2 m.

What is the approximate energy of each photon?

(A) 7.73 × 10–44 J

(B) 5.68 × 10–24 J

(C) 2.32 × 10–35 J

(D) 1.89 × 10–32 J

S T U V W

F o r c e s o n a s t r o n a u t

Time

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7 An astronaut is standing on Mars. The astronaut throws an object of mass 0.30 kg

vertically upward at an initial speed of 9.0 m s–1. It reaches a maximum height of

11 metres.

What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the object?

(A) 1.4 m s–2

(B) 3.7 m s–2

(C) 9.0 m s–2

(D) 9.8 m s–2

8 A light rod has a coil of insulated copper wire fixed at one end and is pivoted at the other

end. The result is a pendulum which is free to swing back and forth. A magnet is placed

underneath this pendulum. The arrangement is shown in the diagram.

The pendulum is pulled back and then allowed to swing. Which of the following would

cause the pendulum to come to rest most quickly?

(A) Replacing the magnet with a stronger one

(B) Shortening the pendulum

(C) Replacing the rod with a heavier one

(D) Connecting the ends of the coil by a piece of copper wire

Coil

Pivot

Magnet

Rod

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12 Which of the following statements best describes the reason why some materials become

superconducting at very low temperatures?

(A) The ions in the superconductor form a regular crystal lattice. There are long

channels through the lattice along which the electrons can pass without colliding

with the lattice.

(B) Vibrations of the crystal lattice are so small that they do not interfere with the

motion of the electrons.

(C) Electrons in a superconductor have very low energy. Their energy is so low that

they cannot transfer energy to the crystal lattice in a collision.

(D) Electrons ‘pair up’. These electron pairs pass through the crystal lattice of the

superconductor without losing energy in collisions with the lattice.

13 A rocket car moves on a straight horizontal track. Half of the initial mass of the rocketcar is propellant. During the run, propellant is consumed at a constant rate and ejected at

a constant nozzle velocity.

Which of the following best describes the force propelling the rocket car, and the

magnitude of the acceleration of the rocket car while the propellant is being ejected?

Acceleration

constant

constant

increasing

increasing

Force

constant

increasing

constant

increasing

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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14 Two straight metal rods, P and Q, have the same length. They are each pivoted at one end

and rotated with the same angular velocity so that they sweep out horizontal circular

paths as shown in diagrams X and Y . A constant current I is flowing along each rod, as

shown.

In diagram X , a constant magnetic field is applied at right angles to the plane of thecircular path. In diagram Y , a uniform magnetic field of the same magnitude is applied

in the plane of the circular path.

Which of the following statements about the forces acting on rod P and rod Q is correct?

(A) The magnitude of the force on P is exactly the same as the magnitude of the force

on Q at all times.

(B) The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force

on Q is zero.

(C) The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force

on Q varies with time.

(D) The magnitude of the force on P varies with time and the magnitude of the force

on Q is constant.

I

P

I Q

Diagram X Diagram Y

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15 A student releases a ball from eye level. The ball bounces several times.

Which velocity vs time graph best represents the ball’s motion?

V e l o c i t y

Time

V e l o c i t

yTime

V e l o c i t y

Time

V e l o c i t y

Time

(B)

(C)

(D)

(A)

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BLANK PAGE

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BLANK PAGE

© Board of Studies NSW 2001

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Section I – Part B (continued)

Marks

Question 18 (6 marks)

A 30 kg object, A, was fired from a cannon in projectile motion. When the projectile

was at its maximum height of 25 m, its speed was 20 m s–1.

An identical object, B, was attached to a mechanical arm and moved at a constant

speed of 20 m s–1 in a vertical half-circle. The length of the arm was 25 m.

Ignore air resistance.

(a) Calculate the force acting on object A at its maximum height.

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(b) Calculate the time it would take object A to reach the ground from its position

of maximum height.

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(c) Describe and compare the vertical forces acting on objects A and B at their

maximum heights.

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3

2

1

25 m

20 m s–1

25 m

20 m s–1

PivotGround Ground

A B

2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Physics

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Centre Number

Student Number

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How does Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity explain the result of the

Michelson–Morley experiment?

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The electrical supply network uses a.c. and a variety of transformers between the

generating stations and the final consumer.

Explain why transformers are used at various points in the network.

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4

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Section I – Part B (continued)

Marks


A fan that ventilates an underground mine is run by a very large d.c. electric motor.

This motor is connected in series with a variable resistor to protect the windings in the

coil.

When the motor is starting up, the variable resistor is adjusted to have a largeresistance. The resistance is then lowered slowly as the motor increases to its

operating speed.

Explain why no resistance is required when the motor is running at high speed, but a

substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up.

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3


Physics

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Centre Number

Student Number

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Two parallel wires are separated by a distance of 0.75 m. Wire X is 3.0 m long and

carries a current of 2.0 A. Wire Y can be considered to be infinitely long and carries a

current of 5.0 A. Both currents flow in the same direction along the wires.

(a) What is the direction of the force that exists between the two wires?

...............................................................................................................................

(b) On the axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires

would vary if the length of Wire X was increased.

(c) In your Physics course you have performed a first-hand investigation to

demonstrate the motor effect. Explain how your results demonstrated that effect.

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4

Length of Wire X

F o r c e

2

1

Wire X

Wire Y

2.0 A

5.0 A

0.75 m

3.0 m

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Discuss the effects of the development of electrical generators on society and the

environment.

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6

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BLANK PAGE


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A student carried out an experiment on the photoelectric effect. The frequency of the

incident radiation and the energy of the photoelectrons were both determined from

measurements taken during the experiment.

The results obtained are shown in the table:

(a) Graph these results on the grid, including the line of best fit.

Question 25 continues on page 23

4

Energy of photoelectrons

(× 10–19 J)

1.22

1.70

3.70

3.053.38

3.91

Frequency of incident radiation

(× 1014 Hz)

6.9

8.2

9.1

9.910.6

11.8

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BLANK PAGE

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Section II

25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 27–31

Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages

Question 27 Geophysics ..................................................................... 26

Question 28 Medical Physics ............................................................. 27

Question 29 Astrophysics ............................................................. 28–29

Question 30 From Quanta to Quarks .................................................. 30

Question 31 The Age of Silicon ......................................................... 31


Physics

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Question 27 — Geophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Name the instrument used in local gravity surveys.

(ii) Describe how that instrument is used in resource exploration.

(b) The diagram shows a map of the part of an ocean that includes two chains of

features, a chain of islands and a chain of seamounts.

(i) Name the geophysical phenomenon that accounts for the shape of the

chain of islands.

(ii) Account for the formation and alignment of the chain of islands and the

chain of seamounts.

(c) Describe how you carried out a first-hand investigation to determine the

relationship between the nature of a surface and the radiation reflected from it.

(d) When the theory of plate tectonics was first proposed, some parts of the

scientific community were reluctant to accept it.

Discuss the theory of plate tectonics and the evidence leading to its acceptance.

(e) Discuss how information gathered from seismic observations has led to greater

understanding of the structure of the Earth.

8

6

4

3

1

Ocean

C h a i n o f i s l a n d s

Age

(Ma)

C h a i n

o f s e

a m o u n t s

Continent

5447

4328

2212

7 5 4 20

56

63

N

2

1

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Question 28 — Medical Physics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify the purpose of a coherent bundle of optical fibres in an

endoscope.

(ii) An optical fibre consists of a central core surrounded by cladding.

Describe the role of the core and cladding.

(b) The table shows information relating to the transmission of sound through some

types of body tissue.

(i) Identify ONE property of ultrasound.

(ii) Justify why, in an ultrasound scan, a boundary between muscle and bone

would show up more clearly than would a boundary between muscle

and fat.

(c) You have conducted a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the Doppler effect.

Describe your investigation and conclusions.

(d) ‘CAT scans provide more information than X-rays, so they should be used

whenever possible.’ Discuss this statement.

(e) Explain why MRI can be used to detect cancerous tissues. 8

6

4

3

1

Velocity of sound

(m s–1)

1630

1460

3050

Density

(kg m–3)

1040

945

2560

Acoustic impedance

(× 106 kg m–2 s–1)

1.70

1.38

7.80

Tissue

Muscle

Fat

Bone

2

1

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Question 29 — Astrophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Define the term binary stars.

(ii) Describe the characteristics of its spectrum that identify a spectroscopicbinary.

(b) The table shows information about three stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

(i) Identify which of the stars has the greatest surface temperature.

(ii) If Deneb and Betelgeuse were viewed from the same distance, which

would appear brighter? Justify your answer.

Question 29 continues on page 29

3

1

Apparent

magnitude

+0.41

+0.47

+1.24

Distance from

Sun (parsecs)

184

20

429

Spectral

class

M2

B5

A2

Name

Betelgeuse

Achernar

Deneb

2

1

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Question 29 (continued)

(c) A student carried out an experiment to examine the spectra of various light

sources through spectroscopes as shown in the diagram. The student observed

three different spectra.

Account for the differences in the three observed spectra.

(d) A new generation of Earth-based optical telescopes is advancing optical

astronomy. Describe the advances in design that have been incorporated in large

telescopes over recent years.

(e) Explain how the data presented in Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams may be used

to understand the evolution of stars.

End of Question 29

8

6

Incandescentlamp

Spectroscope

X

Full rangeof colours

Sodium vapourlamp

Spectroscope

Y

Two yellow lines on a dark

background

Incandescent

lamp

Spectroscope

Z

Sodium

vapour

Range of colours with two

black lines

4

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Question 30 — From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks)

(a) (i) Define nucleon.

(ii) Contrast ONE property of nucleons.

(b) The table shows the quantum numbers of the four lowest states of the hydrogen

atom, together with the energies of those states.

(i) What is the energy of the photon emitted when an electron in the n = 4

level makes a transition to the n = 3 level?

(ii) Use the data to draw the energy level diagram for hydrogen, and indicate

on this diagram where the energy levels lie for quantum numbers greater

than 4.

(c) Describe how you carried out a first-hand investigation to determine the

penetrating power of alpha, beta and gamma radiation on a range of materials.

(d) The Manhattan Project is the codename given to the development of atomic

(nuclear fission) bombs during World War II.

Discuss the significance of this project for society.

(e) Analyse how Chadwick’s and Fermi’s work resulted in a greater understanding

of the atom.

8

6

4

3

1

Energy (joule)

0

1.63 × 10–18

1.94 × 10–18

2.04 × 10–18

Quantum number, n

1 (Ground state)

2

3

4

2

1

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Question 31 — The Age of Silicon (25 marks)

(a) (i) State the name of the transducer that is commonly used in a light meter

of a camera.

(ii) Describe the relationship between the amount of light incident on the

transducer referred to in part (i), and its resistance.

(b) An ideal differential-input operational amplifier is connected into the following

circuit.

(i) Explain the function of the 500 k Ω resistor in this circuit.

(ii) Determine the output voltage, V out.

(c) A student constructed the following circuit in which four different logic gates

were used. The circuit had two inputs, A and B, and one output, S .

For each of the possible input states of A and B, construct a truth table showing

the output of Gate 1 at P, Gate 2 at Q, Gate 3 at R and Gate 4 at S.

(d) Discuss the possibility that there may be a limit on the growth of computer

power.

(e) Discuss the impact that developments in electronics have had on society.

End of paper

8

6

A

B

PGate 1

Gate 3

Gate 2 Gate 4Q

R S

Key

Gate

1

2

3

4

Function

NAND

NOT

NOR

OR

4

3

1

500 k Ω

25 k Ω –

+

V out

V in = +0.4 V Op. amp.

2

1

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– 33 –

DATA SHEET

Charge on the electron, qe –1.602 × 10–19 C

Mass of electron, me 9.109 × 10–31 kg

Mass of neutron, mn 1.675 × 10–27 kg

Mass of proton, m p 1.673 × 10–27 kg

Speed of sound in air 340 m s–1

Earth’s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8 m s–2

Speed of light, c 3.00 × 108 m s–1

Magnetic force constant, 2.0 × 10–7 N A–2

Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

Mass of Earth 6.0 × 1024 kg

Planck’s constant, h 6.626 × 10–34 J s

Rydberg’s constant, R H 1.097 × 107 m–1

Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 × 10–27 kg

931.5 MeV / c2

1 eV 1.602 × 10–19 J

Density of water, ρ 1.00 × 103 kg m–3

Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 × 103 J kg–1 K–1

k ≡

µ

π 0

2


Physics

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– 34 –

FORMULAE SHEET

F Gm m

r

r

T

GM

m m r

GT

M m

d

I

I

d p

F BIl

F

lk

I I

d

Fd

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V

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n

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A

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m m

p

s

p

s

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= −

=

+ =

= −

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

−( )

1 2

2

3

2 2

1 2

2 3

2

5

1 2

4

4

5 10

100

1

π

π

θ

τ

τ θ

log

sin

cos

c f

d

v

v

i

r

E F

q

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v s

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v u

t

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p mv

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k

=

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=

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= = −

=

=

=

=

∝

λ

Intensity

Energy

av

av

1

1

2

2

1

2

2

sin

sin

∆

∆

∆∆

Σ

∆

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1 1 7 9 F

1 9 . 0 0

F l u o r i n e

1 7 C l

3 5 . 4 5

C h l o r i n e

3 5 B r

7 9 . 9 0

B r o m i n e

5 3 I 1 2 6 . 9

I o d i n e

8 5 A t

[ 2 1 0 . 0 ]

A s t a t i n e

1 1 5 7 N

1 4 . 0 1

N i t r o g e n

1 5 P 3 0 . 9 7

P h o s p h o r u s

3 3 A s

7 4 . 9 2

A r s e n i c

5 1 S b 1 2 1 . 8

A n t i m o n y

8 3 B i

2 0 9 . 0

B i s m u t h

1 1 3

5 B 1 0 . 8 1

B o r o n

1 3 A l

2 6 . 9 8

A l u m i n i u m

3 1 G a 6 9 . 7 2

G a l l i u m

4 9 I n 1 1 4 . 8

I n d i u m

8 1 T l

2 0 4 . 4

T h a l l i u m

1 0 7 B h

[ 2 6 4 . 1 ]

B o h r i u m

1 0 8 H s

[ 2 6 5 . 1 ]

H a s s i u m

1

0 9 M t

[ 2

6 8 ]

M e i t n e r i u m

1 1 0 U u n —

U n u n n i l i u m

1 1 1 U u u —

U n u n u n i u m

1 1 2 U u b — U n u n b i u m

1 1 4 U u q —

U n u n q u a d i u m

1

1 6

U

u h — U n u n h e x i u m

1 1 8 U u o —

U n u n o c t i u m

8 8 R a

[22

6 . 0 ]

R a d i u m

8 9 – 1 0 3

A c t i n i d e s

1 0 4 R f

[ 2 6 1 . 1 ]

R u t h e r f o r d i u m

1 0 5 D b

[ 2 6 2 . 1 ]

D u b n i u m

1 0 6 S g

[ 2 6 3 . 1 ]

S e a b o r g i u m

5 7 L a 1 3 8 . 9

L a n t h a n u m

8 9 A c

[ 2 2 7 . 0 ]

A c t i n i u m

S y m b o l o f e l e m e n t

N a m e o f e l e m e n t

P E R I O D I C

T A B L

E

O F T H E

E L E M E N T S

K

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4 . 0 0 3

H e l i u m

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9 0 1 2

B e r y l l i u m

A t o m i c N u m b e r

A t o m i c W e i g h t

7 9 A u

1 9 7 . 0

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C a r b o n

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1 6 . 0 0

O x y g e n

1 0 N e

2 0 . 1 8

N e o n

1 2

M

g

24

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n e s i u m

1 4 S i

2 8 . 0 9

S i l i c o n

1 6 S

3 2 . 0 7

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u l f u r

1 8 A r

3 9 . 9 5

A r g o n

2 0 C a

40

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C a

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2 1 S c 4 4 . 9 6

S c a n d i u m

2 2 T i

4 7 . 8 7

T i t a n i u m

2 3 V 5 0 . 9 4

V a n a d i u m

2 4 C r

5 2 . 0 0

C h r o m i u m

2 5 M n

5 4 . 9 4

M a n g a n e s e

2 6 F e 5 5 . 8 5

I r o n

2 7 C o

5 8 . 9 3

C

o b a l t

2 8 N i

5 8 . 6 9

N i c k e l

2 9 C u 6 3 . 5 5

C o p p e r

3 0 Z n 6 5 . 3 9

Z i n c

3 2 G e

7 2 . 6 1

G e r m a n i u m

3 4 S e

7 8 . 9 6

S e l e n i u m

3 6 K r

8 3 . 8 0

K r y p t o n

3 8 S r

87

. 6 2

S t r o n t i u m

3 9 Y 8 8 . 9 1

Y t t r i u m

4 0 Z r

9 1 . 2 2

Z i r c o n i u m

4 1 N b 9 2 . 9 1

N i o b i u m

4 2 M o

9 5 . 9 4

M o l y b d e n u m

4 3 T c

[ 9 8 . 9 1 ]

T e c h n e t i u m

4 4 R u 1 0 1 . 1

R u t h e n i u m

4 5 R h

1 0 2 . 9

R h

o d i u m

4 6 P d 1 0 6 . 4

P a l l a d i u m

4 7 A g 1 0 7 . 9

S i l v e r

4 8 C d 1 1 2 . 4

C a d m i u m

5 0 S n 1 1 8 . 7

T i n

5 2 T e

1 2 7 . 6

T e l l u r i u m

5 4 X e

1 3 1 . 3

X e n o n

5 6 B a

13

7 . 3

B a r i u m

5 7 – 7 1

L a n t h a n i d e s

7 2 H f

1 7 8 . 5

H a f n i u m

7 3 T a 1 8 0 . 9

T a n t a l u m

7 4 W 1 8 3 . 8

T u n g s t e n

7 5 R e 1 8 6 . 2

R h e n i u m

7 6 O s

1 9 0 . 2

O s m i u m

7 7 I r

1 9 2 . 2

I r i d i u m

7 8 P t

1 9 5 . 1

P l a t i n u m

7 9 A u 1 9 7 . 0

G o l d

8 0 H g 2 0 0 . 6

M e r c u r y

8 2 P b 2 0 7 . 2

L e a d

8 4 P o

[ 2 1 0 . 0 ]

P o l o n i u m

8 6 R n

[ 2 2 2 . 0 ]

R a d o n

5 8 C e 1 4 0 . 1

C e r i u m

5 9 P r 1 4 0 . 9

P r a s e o d y m i u m

6 0 N d 1 4 4 . 2

N e o d y m i u m

6 1 P m

[ 1 4 6 . 9 ]

P r o m e t h i u m

6 2 S m 1 5 0 . 4

S a m a r i u m

6 3 E u

1 5 2 . 0

E u r o p i u m

6 4 G d 1 5 7 . 3

G a d o l i n i u m

6 5 T b 1 5 8 . 9

T e r b i u m

6 6 D y 1 6 2 . 5

D y s p r o s i u m

6 7 H o 1 6 4 . 9

H o l m i u m

6 8 E r 1 6 7 . 3

E r b i u m

6 9 T m 1 6 8 . 9

T h u l i u m

7 0 Y b

1 7 3 . 0

Y t t e r b i u m

7 1 L u 1 7 5 . 0

L u t e t i u m

9 0 T h 2 3 2 . 0

T h o r i u m

9 1 P a 2 3 1 . 0

P r o t a c t i n i u m

9 2 U 2 3 8 . 0

U r a n i u m

9 3 N p

[ 2 3 7 . 0 ]

N e p t u n i u m

9 4 P u

[ 2 3 9 . 1 ]

P l u t o n i u m

9 5

A

m

[ 2 4 1 . 1 ]

A m e r i c i u m

9 6 C m

[ 2 4 4 . 1 ]

C u r i u m

9 7 B k

[ 2 4 9 . 1 ]

B e r k e l i u m

9 8 C f

[ 2 5 2 . 1 ]

C a l i f o r n i u m

9 9 E s

[ 2 5 2 . 1 ]

E i n s t e i n i u m

1 0 0 F m

[ 2 5 7 . 1 ]

F e r m i u m

1 0 1 M d

[ 2 5 8 . 1 ]

M e n d e l e v i u m

1 0 2 N o

[ 2 5 9 . 1 ]

N o

b e l i u m

1 0 3 L r

[ 2 6 2 . 1 ]

L a w r e n c i u m

A c t i n i d e s

L a n t h a n i d e s

W h e r e t h e a t o m

i c w e i g h t i s n o t k n o w n , t h e r e l a t i v e a t o m i c m a s s o f t h e m o s t c o m m o n r a d i o a c t i v e i s o t o p e i s s h o w n i n b r a c k e t s .

T h e a t o m i c w e i g h t s o f N p a n d T c a r e g i v e n f o r t h e i s o t o p e s 2 3 7 N p a n d 9 9 T c .

Physics 01

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