Physical Science CRCT Review

7/29/2019 Physical Science CRCT Review

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CRCT

Practice


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S8P1. Students

will examine the

scientific view ofthe nature of

matter.


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a. Distinguishbetween atoms and

molecules.


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Atoms are the basic

building block of all matter.

Each kind of atom is anelement a pure substance

that cannot be broken downinto simpler substances.


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There are 117 confirmed

elements. 90 of these

are found in nature and

the rest are synthetic

(man made)


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Location Charge Mass

Proton Nucleus + 1 amu

Neutron Nucleus 0 1 amu

Electron Electron

Cloud

- Less

than 1

amu


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Atomic Number describes the

number of protons in the nucleus

of the atom.Atomic# = #protons= #electrons

Atomic Mass equal to the numberof protons plus the number of

neutrons in the atom.


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Neutral Atom occurs

when electrons equal

protons.


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A molecule is formed

when two or more atoms

join together chemically. It

is the smallest unit of a

compound that has all the

properties of the

compound.


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A subscript is a small

number that tells you

the number of atoms of

each element in the

substance.


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b. Describe the difference

between pure substances

(elements and

compounds) and

mixtures.

A l t i


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An element is a pure

substance that cannot be

broken down into simplersubstances by ordinary

chemical means.

Compounds are pure

substances that are createdwhen 2 or more elements are

chemicall combined.


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Mixtures form when two or

more substances combine

without joining together

chemically.

Heterogeneous mixtures

look different throughout

Homogeneous mixtures

look the same throughout


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Solutions, Suspensions, and

Colloids Solutions- homogeneous mixture with tiny

particles ex- kool aid (solute-what is

dissolved; solvent-what does the

dissolving)

Suspensions- heterogeneous mixture

containing larger particles (ex-oil and

water) that settle out

Colloids- homogeneous mixture where

particles are intermediate in size and do

not settle out (ex-milk)


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c. Describe the movement

of particles in solids,

liquids, gases, and

plasmas states.


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A state of matter is the

physical form in which

matter exists.


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A solid is a substance with

definite shape andvolume

Particles are denselypacked

Energy binding theparticles is very strong


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A liquid is a substance that

Has no definite shapeHas definite volume

Particles are less denselypacked and can flow around

each otherEnergy binding the particles

is strong


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A gas is a substance that has

NO definite shape

No definite volume

The particle arrangement is

far apart

The binding energy is very

weak.


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Plasma is a state of matter

that forms when

temperatures are high

enough to remove

electrons from their atoms.


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d. Distinguish between

physical and chemical

properties of matter as

physical (i.e., density,melting point, boiling point)

or chemical (i.e., reactivity,combustibility).


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Physical Properties are

characteristics that can beobserved or measured

without changing the identity.

5 senses


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Chemical Properties are

characteristics thatdescribes how a substancewill interact with othersubstances during achemical reaction.

Reactivity

Flammability

combustibilit


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e. Distinguish between

changes in matter asphysical (i.e., physical

change) or chemical(development of a gas,

formation of precipitate,and change in color).

Ph i l Ch l h


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Physical Change alters the

physical properties of a

substance without changing

the identity of the substance.

Chemical Change occurs

when a substance is changedinto a new substance with

different properties


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f. Recognize that there are

more than 100 elements

and some have similar

properties as shown on the

Periodic Table ofElements.


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The periodic table is a

chart that organizes the

information about all of the

known elements according

to their properties.


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Periods Horizontal Rows (7)

Groups Vertical Columns(18)


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Elements in the same

group have similarproperties.

These properties are a

result of their identical

valence electron numbers.


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Reactivity describes how

likely an element is to formbonds with other elements.

M t h i ll ti


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Most chemically active are

group 1 elements. (Due to

their 1 valence electron)

Group 18 (Noble Gases)

are inert. This means they

cannot not form bonds with

other elements because

they are chemically stable.


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Elements on the left are

metals (except H)

Elements on the right are

nonmetals

Elements along the stair

step line are metalloids


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g. Identify and

demonstrate the Law of

Conservation of Matter.

Th l f ti f


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The law of conservation of

matter states that during a

chemical reaction, matter

cannot be created or

destroyed.

Mass of the reactant

equals the mass of the

product


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A coefficient is a number

that can show how many

molecules of a compound

are present.


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S8P2. Students willbe familiar with the

forms andtransformations of

energy.


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a. Explain energy

transformation in terms of theLaw of Conservation of

Energy.


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Law of Conservation of

Energy Energy is notcreated or destroyed but can

be transferred.


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Examples of Energy

Transformations:Plants convert

electromagnetic energy fromthe sun into chemical energy

through photosynthesis


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Eating vegetables allows

your body to convertstored chemical energy

into thermal energy tomaintain body temp and

mechanical to allow you tomove


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The sun converts nuclear

energy into

electromagnetic and

thermal energy


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b. Explain the

relationship betweenpotential and kinetic

energy.


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Kinetic energy the energy

of motionDepends on mass and

velocityGreater the mass; Greater the

KEGreater the velocity; Greater

the KE

P t ti l t d


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Potential energy stored

energyEx.

Chemical Potential energystored in chemical bonds


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Elastic Potential energystored in stretched orspring objects

Gravitational Potential

energy stored in objectsabove Earths surface


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c. Compare and contrast the

different forms of energy

(heat, light, electricity,

mechanical motion, sound)

and their characteristics.

Each form of energy has its


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Each form of energy has its

own characteristics.

Mechanical Associated

with energy of motion

(kinetic).

Thermal Energy total

amount of energy in all the

particles

Heat thermal energy


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Heat thermal energy

thats transferred from

high to low temperature

Chemical Energy

energy stored in chemical

bonds

Electrical Energy energy


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Electrical Energy energy

that results from moving

charges

Electromagnetic energy

resulting from the motion of

atoms

Light, X-rays, Microwaves,

UV

S d E


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Sound Energy energygiven off by a vibrating object

Nuclear Energy energystored in the nucleus of anatom

Released through Fissionand Fusion


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d. Describe how heat can be

transferred through matterby the collisions of atoms

(conduction) or throughspace (radiation). In a

liquid or gas, currents willfacilitate the transfer of

heat (convection) Temperature is the measure


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Temperature is the measure

of the average kinetic energy

of particles.


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Heat is the transfer of

thermal energy betweenobjects at different

temperaturesFlows from highertemperature to lowertemperature


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Heat can be transferred

through matter in all three

phases and can be

transferred through a

vacuum (empty space).

Conduction Heat is


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Conduction Heat is

transferred through solids

and liquids by direct contact

of the particles.

Convection Heat is

transferred through fluids

(liquids and gases) by

currents.


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Radiation transfer of

heat without matter

uses electromagnetic

waves.

S8P3 St d t ill


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S8P3. Students will

investigate relationshipbetween force, mass, and

the motion of objects.

D t i th


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a. Determine the

relationship betweenvelocity and acceleration.

Force a push or a pull


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Force a push or a pull

sometimes resulting in motion.

Reference Point a generally

stationary point such as atree, or street sign that allows

you to define the motion of anobject in terms of speed,

position, and direction.

Speed how fast the object


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Speed how fast the object

moves.

Speed = distance / time

Units m/sDistance/Time Graph:

Distance on the Y-axisTime on the X-axis

V l it d f


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Velocity speed of

the object in a givendirection.

Velocity changeswhen the speed or the

direction of an objectchanges.

Acceleration the rate at


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Acceleration the rate at

which velocity changes.

Acceleration changes if the

speed or its direction changes.

Formula:

a = vf vit

Units m/s/s

b Demonstrate the


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b. Demonstrate the

effect of balanced andunbalanced forces on

an object in terms ofgravity, inertia, and

friction.


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Net Force the sum

of the forces acting onan object.


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Balanced Forces

equal forces acting inopposite direction

Net force equals zero

Unbalanced Forces


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Unbalanced Forces

Net force is greater thanzero

Object moves in thedirection of the greater

forceCan cause a change in

the motion of an object


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Inertiaan objects

resistance to a changein motion.

Greater Mass

Greater Inertia

Friction the force that


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Friction the force that

opposes the motion of an

object

Static no motion

Sliding objects slidingpast each other


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Rolling objects rolling

past each other

Fluid friction from aliquid or gas


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Gravity force of attraction

between all objects.

Depends on Mass and

Distance


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Newtons Laws of Motion

1st LawAn object at rest will stay atrest, and an object in motion will stay inmotion at constant velocity, unless acted

upon by an unbalanced force.

2nd Law Force equals mass timesacceleration.

3rd Law For every action there is anequal and opposite reaction.

c Demonstrate the


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c. Demonstrate the

effect of simplemachines (lever,

inclined plane, pulley,wedge, screw, and

wheel and axle) onwork.

Work when a force is applied


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Work when a force is applied

to an object and the object

moves in the direction of theforce.

W = F x d

Only occurs when the object

moves in the direction of the

force

Machines makes work


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Machines makes work

easier by:Multiplying effort force

Changing direction of

forceIncreasing Distance

6 Simple Machine


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6 Simple Machine

LeversPulleys

Wheel and Axle

Inclined Plane

Wedges

Screws Lever a bar that is free to


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Lever a bar that is free to

pivot about a fixed point

Force Applied Effort

ForceResistance Load

3 classes of Levers

Pulley a rope or chain


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Pulley a rope or chain

wrapped around a wheel

Makes work easier by

changing direction of theforce

Block and Tackle pulleysmultiply effort force

Wheel and Axle consists


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Wheel and Axle consists

of two wheels of different

sizes.

Larger WheelSmaller Axle

Makes work easier byincreasing the effort force

Incline Plane a


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Incline Plane a

straight, slanted surfaceMakes work easier

allowing you to useless effort over a

greater distance

Wedges an inclined


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Wedges an inclined

plane that is wider or

thicker at one end than

the otherMakes work easier by

changing the direction ofthe effort force

Screw an inclined


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Screw an inclined

plane that is wrappedaround a cylinder

Makes work easier byincreasing the number

the threads


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S8P4. Students will

explore the wavenature of sound and

electromagnetic

radiation.


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a. Identify thecharacteristics of

electromagnetic andmechanical waves.

Wave any disturbance


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Wave any disturbance

that transfers energythrough matter or space.

Medium the material

through which waves can

travel Mechanical Wave - a wave


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that needs a medium

Transverse Wave a wave

that transfers energy in a

direction that is perpendicular

to its medium.

Longitudinal Waveparticles

move back and forth.

Electromagnetic Wave


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Electromagnetic Wave

A wave that doesntneed a medium through

which to travel

b Describe how the


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b. Describe how the

behavior of light wavesis manipulated causing

reflection, refractiondiffraction, and

absorption.

When a wave hits an


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When a wave hits an

obstacle, passes fromone medium to another,

or hits another wave, itis possible that it will

change speed, direction,

or shape Reflection occurs when


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a wave bounces back after

striking a barrier.

Sound Reflection = EchoLight Reflection in mirror

allows you to see yourself

Refraction - the bending of a


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g

wave as it passes at an angle

from one medium to another.

Light Refracts (bends)

Enters a lens

Enters a prismEnters water from air (bent

pencil) Diffraction refers to the


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bending, spreading, and

interference of waves whenthy go through a narrow

opening.

When waves pass through a

slit, a pattern of ripples formsin all directions

Interference when two


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waves collide

Constructive crest hits

crestDestructive trough

hits trough

Transmission passing


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p g

of waves through a

medium

Transparent most oflight transmits through

the materialWindows, Plastic Wrap

Absorption -


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p

disappearance of an EM

wave into a medium

Opposite of Reflection

You see different colors


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due to reflection and

absorptionAn apple looks red b/c

all colors but red areabsorbed and red is

reflected back to youreye

c Explain how the


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c. Explain how the

human eye seesobjects and colors in

terms of wavelengths.


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Your ability to see

involves the reflectionof light.

The Eye


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Cornea transparent

material helps move light into

the eye

Pupil small hole that

adjusts size in order to

control amount of light

entering

Lens responsible for


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focusing light

Retina where the light rays

focus the image

Optic Nerve relays

information about image to

brain

Electromagnetic Spectrum


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collection of all EM frequencies

Radio waves longest

wavelength, lowest frequency

Used in AM & FM

broadcasting

Microwaves More energy


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than radio waves.

Radar

Infrared Light associated

with heat.

Visible Light only part of


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spectrum that you can see

Longest Wavelength is Red

Shortest Wavelength is

Violet

You see color because ofthe way light interacts with

an object.

Ultraviolet Light have a


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higher frequency than

visible light

Can cause reactions: tanthe skin, too much may

lead to skin cancer

X-rays can travel through


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soft tissue, such as skin, but

not through hard bone.

Gamma Rays have the

shortest waves and highestfrequencies

Most Energy on Spectrum


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d. Describe how thebehavior of waves is

affected by medium(such as air, water,

solids).

In order to see any object, it


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must give off light.

Luminous objects that

emit their own light

Illuminated objects that


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Illuminated objects that

reflect light to your eyesAmount of reflected light

depends on the surface.(Smooth reflects more

light than roughsurfaces.)

L f R fl ti th


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Law of Reflection the

angle at which any wavestrikes a reflecting

surface is equal to theangle at which the wave

is reflected

Transparent material that


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permits light to pass through

Translucent material

transmits some light

Opaque allow no light to

pass through

(Wood, Carpet)


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e. Relate theproperties of sound

to everyday

experiences.

Sound is a form of energy


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produced by vibrating

objects.

Mechanical Wave (needsa medium)

Longitudinal Wave(moves back and forth)

Pitch highness or


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Pitch highness or

lowness of a soundFrequency number of

waves that pass a fixedpoint in a given time

period

Human Ear


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Outer collects sounds

Middle transfers energy

into inner ear by vibrating the

3 small bones

Inner cochlea stimulatesnerve cells and sends signal

to auditory nerve.

DopplerEffect change in


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the frequency of a sound

due to a moving sound

source or a moving listener

Resonance ability of

objects to pick up thefrequency of a nearby

ob ect

f Diagram the parts


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f. Diagram the parts

of the wave andexplain how the parts

are affected bychanges in amplitude

and pitch.

A lit d i


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Amplitude is a

measure of wave energy.

Height of the wave

Wavelength the distanceb t t i


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between two successive

points on a wave

Crest to Crest or

Trough to Trough

Compression toCompression

Rarefaction to Rarefaction

Frequency the number


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of waves produced in agiven amount of time

Higher Frequency =Shorter Wavelength

Lower Frequency =

Longer Wavelength Pitch refers to the highness

l f d


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or lowness of a sound.

Determined by the frequency

of the sound.

Low Pitch = Low Frequency

High Pitch = HighFrequency

Wave Speed speed athi h t l


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which a wave travels

Speed = wavelength x

frequency

Affected by :


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Medium through which

wave is traveling.

Mechanical Waves travel

fastest through solids

Electromagnetic Wavestravel at the same speed

S8P5. Students will


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recognizecharacteristics of

gravity, electricity,and magnetism as

major kinds of forcesacting in nature.

R i th t


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a. Recognize that every

object exerts gravitationalforce on every other object

and that the force exerteddepends on how much

mass the objects have andhow far apart they are.

Gravity an attractive


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force that works to pullobjects together.

Law of UniversalGravitation the force

of gravity acts betweenall objects in the universe

Gravitational Force depends


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on:

Mass amount of matter

Distance

Greater the Mass; Greater

the gravitational attraction

Closer Distance; Greater

gravitational force

Newtons 1st Law of


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Motion an object in

motion stays in motion,

an object at rest stays atrest unless an

unbalanced forces act onit.

Inertia tendency of


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Inertia tendency of

an object to resist achange in its motion.

Greater Mass;

Greater Inertia

The moon is able to


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continuously orbitEarth because the

Moons inertia andEarths gravity are

balanced.

b. Demonstrate the


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advantages anddisadvantages of series

and parallel circuits andhow they transfer

energy.

Electrical Energy is


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Electrical Energy is

produced by themovement and

distribution of charged

particles from theatom.

El t i C t


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Electric Current

the flow of electric

charges.Unit Ampere (A)

Potential Difference


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Potential Difference

(aka Voltage) resultsfrom the differences in

electrical charges in two

locations.Unit = Volts (V)

Circuits a path through


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p g

which electricity can flow.Energy Sourcepush

charges through circuit(battery greater

voltage; greater push)

Load operates usingelectrical energy (light


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electrical energy ( light

bulbs)

Conductors (Wire)

material that allows electrical

energy to flow easily

Series Circuit a circuitth t id


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that provides one

possible path for the e- to

flowOne bulb burn out all

bulbs burn out

All loads share the


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All loads share the

same energy source

More bulbs added;dimmer lights get

Parallel Circuit offers morethan one path for the flow of


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than one path for the flow of

electricity.Each load has its own closed

pathway

If one bulb burns out; the

others are unaffected

Loads do not share a current.

I ti t d


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c. Investigate and

explain that electric

currents and magnetscan exert force on

each other.

Magnetic Force a push or apull that is exerted by a


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pull that is exerted by a

magnet

Magnets have 2 poles

north and a south pole

Cutting a magnet in half

gives you two smallermagnets with a N & S pole.

Magnetic Field area


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surrounding a magnet inwhich the magnetic force

existsLines extend from one

pole of the magnet to

the other

Electromagnetismproduction of a magnetic


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production of a magnetic

field by an electric current

Electric current flows

through a coil of wire a

magnetic field is produced

similar to a bar magnet.

Electromagnett th t i d b


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magnet that is made by

passing an electric

current through a coil ofwire wrapped around an

iron core.

Usefulness of electromagnets:

Temporar the can be


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Temporary they can be

turned off and on

Strength of magnet can be

increased

Increase strength of current

Add more coils

Increase size of core

Electric Motort f l t i l


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transforms electrical

energy into mechanical

Generator transformsmechanical energy into

electrical

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