PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORYiwinoffice/Progress Report Start... · 2011. 8. 5. · PHYSICAL...

PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 National Programme on Isotope Fingerprinting of Waters of India (IWIN)

IWIN 3rd Coordination Meeting and 2nd Project Review Committee (PRC) Meeting

On 22-23 May, 2009 at Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad

Compilation of Annual Progress Reports (2008-09) of IWIN Partners

Annexure-V

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT (2008-2009) National Programme on Isotope Fingerprinting of Waters of India (IWIN)

Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009

1. Project Title: National Programme on Isotope Fingerprinting of Waters of India (IWIN)

DST No: IR/S4/ESF-05/2004

2. Principal Coordinator (Name & Address): Dr. S.K. Gupta Physical Research Laboratory Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009

Date of Birth 27th Sept. 1946

3. Co-Principal Coordinator (Name & Address): • Prof. S.K. Bhattacharya, Physical Research

Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 • Prof. R. Ramesh, Physical Research Laboratory,

Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009

Date of Birth 4th January, 1948 2nd June, 1956

4. Co-Investigator (Name & Address): • Dr. R.D. Deshpande, Physical Research

Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 • Prof. Shyam Lal, Physical Research Laboratory,

Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009

Date of Birth 29th September, 1964 25th December, 1951

5. Broad area of Research: Earth & Atmospheric Science

5.1 Sub Area: Earth Science

6. Approved Objectives of the Proposal : • To generate isotopic data for addressing important hydrological questions related

to origin of water sources and the processes of redistribution by evapo-transpiration, stream flow generation, ground-water recharge/ discharge – from watershed to continental scale.

• To give quantitative estimates of residence time of the water/ vapour in each hydrological reservoir/setting and the fluxes across them in temporally and spatially distributed manner.

• Another important objective of the project is to nucleate detailed isotope hydrology activity in universities and academic institutions first by providing a framework of basic isotope hydrology data and then by providing measurement facilities and hands on experience to selected satellite projects.

Date of Start: 17July, 2007 Total cost of Project: 5,43,29,200/-

Date of completion: Continuing

Expenditure as on 31st March, 2009: 1,64,54,957/= (un-audited sum of known expenditure)

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7. Methodology : • Monthly sampling of atmospheric moisture, rain, river water across the country and from

Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BOB) using a network of monitoring stations NIO research vessels and commercial shipping is in progress.

• Daily sampling of precipitation and atmospheric moisture from seven stations for detailed investigation of atmospheric processes is in progress.

• Spatially distributed groundwater sampling from shallow unconfined aquifers across the country on pre- and post-monsoon basis is in progress.

• Standardized procedures for water sample collection and storage have been developed and are in use.

• A new dedicated Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometer Laboratory has been set up at PRL, Ahmedabad.

• Analyses of tritium, δ18O and δD at PRL, NIH, IIT-KGP, BARC, NGRI is in progress (Separate reports of these Institutions will be submitted by them).

• Approximately 800 isotopic analyses have been made with nearly 50% at PRL. • Work on ECMWF reanalysis data of past 20 yrs to be used in conjunction with isotope

analyses to validate models atmospheric and ground surface hydrologic processes is in progress at NIO, Goa.

• A new, very precise DigiCORA III Vaisala Radiosonde upper air system has already been installed and operated at NIO, Goa for monitoring air pressure, temperature, humidity and wind during various launches. Additional launches from Ahmedabad using the Vaisala Radiosonde available at PRL during monsoon months will be made.

• Salinometers are being used for measurement of sea water salinity on board to establish seasonal relationships to be established between surface water salinity and isotopes in coastal AS and north BOB.

8. Salient Research Achievements:

• The Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (SIRM) purchased for IWIN National Programme has been recently installed in IWIN-SIRM Laboratory at PRL. The calibration test for oxygen isotopic analyses has been done by analyzing three secondary laboratory standards covering wide range of isotopic composition, available with PRL’s Stable Isotope Laboratory. During the calibration test, the precision better than 0.1‰ is obtained for δ18O (Figure-1).

To assess the reproducibility of analytical results three aliquots of the same samples were analyzed in a single batch which yielded reproducibility better than 0.1‰ for δ18O (Figure-2).

Analyses of secondary laboratory standard in different batches of IWIN samples analyzed have yielded the precision of 0.15‰ δ18O (Figure-3).

The calibration tests for hydrogen isotopic analyses will soon be started. However, the initial trial runs, without refinement of parameters have provided a precision of about 1.5 ‰ for δD, which will be improved by refinement of parameters and calibration tests.

• More than 400 water samples from the IWIN Sample Repository have so far been analyzed at IWIN-SIRM Laboratory for their oxygen isotopic composition. Since analyses has been started serially from the samples recorded in IWIN Repository, any specific scientific interpretation will be possible only after sizeable number of samples from a particular region or a particular type of samples have been analyzed.

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• A large number of rain samples (n=64) and atmospheric water vapour samples (n=190) collected at PRL over last two years were analyzed at Mass Spectrometer laboratory of NIH, Roorkee and PRL.

Compilation of isotopic results of moisture samples collected at PRL confirmed a peculiar kinetic fractionation effect associated with condensation of atmospheric water vapour at 0ºC which was earlier observed from a data set of 2005 collected at PRL and analysed at IIT-Kgp. The details of this peculiar kinetic fractionation effect are discussed under New Observation in Para 8.2.

Understanding the physics behind a peculiar kinetic effect is important from the point of basic isotope research, however, from the point of IWIN objectives, it is more important to be able to estimate the isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapour as accurately as possible. This is due to the fact that condensation of atmospheric water vapour in an open system is expected to involve some kind of kinetic effect. Consequently, the isotopic value of liquid condensate does not represent the true isotopic value of original vapour. The primary requirement of the IWIN, therefore, is to estimate the true isotopic value of atmospheric water vapour from the isotopic value of liquid condensate that has predictable offset from the true value. To achieve these objectives, the atmospheric water vapour is being sampled by two methods, namely, condensation (which involves fractionation) and by complete trapping (which does not involve fractionation) at selected stations. As a first order estimate, even without addressing the issue of kinetic isotopic effect, the true value of atmospheric water vapour can be estimated by multiple regression of the measured isotopic values of vapour (by trapping) with (i) isotopic values of liquid condensate, (ii) Temperature and (iii) Rh. The regression equation so obtained can calculate the predicted true values of isotopic composition of vapour. It is found that 78% of the predicted values of vapour from above regression match the true values within ±1 ‰, 89% of the predicted values of vapour match the true values within ±1.5 ‰ and 93% of the predicted values of vapour match the true values within ±2 ‰.

• The IWIN National Programme is primarily based on isotopic analyses of atmospheric moisture, rainwater, groundwater and river water samples collected from IWIN Network Stations spread across the country. To set up such a large Network and operate it efficiently is critical to the entire programme. A network for periodic sampling for IWIN Programme has been set up and is working successfully for over a year now with combined efforts of 10 Research Institutions and 4 Central Agencies as shown in Figure-4. Sampling is already going on at most of the IWIN Network Stations and will start from the monsoon 2009 at pending stations. Majority of samples collected at IWIN Network Stations have been dispatched from collection sites and received at PRL.

• IWIN Sample Repository has been set up with multiple metallic racks and deep freezer for sample storage, and a computer with a system for sample registration and sample retrieval as and when required for isotopic analyses.

• The resource-data based spread-sheet of the IWIN Master Data Bank (IMDB) has been developed in the .xls platform with advanced features such as validation, drop-down menu, warning, alerts, colour codes, etc. IMDB Spread-sheet can offer about 50 attributes against any sample being registered in it. The samples received by IWIN Repository are registered by assigning a Unique Master Code (UMC), under which a particular sample and associated information available from the sample submission data set is recorded in the IMDB. A Screen-shot of IMDB is shown in Figure-5.

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The IWIN Sample Repository has so far received 1576 samples of various types. Of these, 1199 samples have already been registered by assigning a UMC.

In addition large numbers of samples have also been collected by other IWIN Partners which have not been sent to IWIN repository due to limited volume of sample. Some of such samples have been analyzed at their respective laboratories or have been sent to NIH for isotopic analyses.

• IWIN Website has been launched. Important information related to sampling protocols, sample submission data sheets, details of sponsors and partners, isotope hydrology bibliography and other useful web links form part of the IWIN Website, which can be accessed at URL: http://www.prl.res.in/~iwinoffice/. IWIN Website will be periodically updated considering its practical usefulness. A Screen-shot of the IWIN webpage is given in Figure-6.

• As suggested by IWIN-Project Review Committee, the Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM), Kozhikode has been invited to join the IWIN Programme, initially with the infrastructure available with CWRDM and IWIN. However, CWRDM is proposing an IWIN-satellite project led by it for which additional funding is being requested separately.

8.1 Summary of Progress

• In March, 2009, the Delta V Plus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer has been installed in the new Laboratory rooms specially set up for IWIN Programme at PRL.

• Procedure for oxygen isotopic analyses has been standardized by calibration with secondary laboratory standard, and the precision better than 0.1‰ is obtained for δ18O.

• IWIN Sampling Network of 149 stations has been established where the sampling is already going on or will start from the monsoon 2009.

• Majority of Samples collected at IWIN Network Stations have been dispatched and received at PRL.

• IWIN Sample Repository has been set up which at present contains 1576 samples of various types.

• IWIN Website has been activated. • “Contacts-at-a-Glance” directories are now compiled giving complete contact details of all

the Nodal Officers at IWIN Network stations operated by various partners like CWC, CPCB, CRIDA, CGWB and IMD.

8.2 New Observations: The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data of atmospheric water vapour collected at PRL over last four years have revealed an unexpected kinetic fractionation effect associated with condensation of atmospheric water vapour on a surface at 0ºC. This effect was earlier observed by analyses of atmospheric water vapour samples collected at PRL in 2005 and analyzed at IIT-Kgp in 2007. However, based on the four year’s data it can now be confirmed that the observed kinetic effect is a genuine isotope fractionation phenomenon which needs to be explained by theoretical model. This observed kinetic fractionation effect is summarized in the following.

At PRL, the atmospheric water vapour is being collected by two different methods, namely, (i) condensation on a conical metallic surface cooled at 0ºC, and (ii) complete trapping of vapour from an air stream passed through a glass condenser maintained at –70ºC. The liquid water obtained by the second method, namely, complete trapping of

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http://www.prl.res.in/%7Eiwinoffice/

vapour provides the pristine isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapour. The condensation of water vapour, on the other hand, involves known equilibrium fractionation effects operative at 0ºC (α18O = 11.6 ‰ and α2H = 106 ‰). According to basic isotope systematics, the water in liquid phase in equilibrium with vapour phase is expected to be isotopically enriched. However, comparison of isotopic composition of liquid condensate (1st method) revealed that this is depleted in 18O and enriched in 2H compared to vapour phase (2nd method) (Figures 7 to14). This observation is contrary to the expectations based on thumb-rules of isotope systematics.

A conceptual model is proposed envisaging: (i) kinetic fractionation during diffusive movement of water vapour from open air (Rh ~70%) into a boundary layer (Rh ~ 100%), against the concentration gradient and (ii) Equilibrium fractionation during condensation of water vapour into liquid condensate. Preliminary calculations on four year’s (2005-2008) combined data set indicated that boundary layer vapour is depleted by 17.8 ± 1.5 ‰ in 18O and about 92.5 ± 8.4 ‰ in 2H compared to open air vapour. Estimated magnitude of depletion in 18O during movement from open air to boundary layer (-17.8 ± 1.5 ‰) is significantly more than the magnitude of theoretical enrichment during condensation at boundary layer (α18O = 11.6 ‰); therefore, the liquid condensate appears depleted in 18O by about 6‰. On the other hand, estimated magnitude of depletion in 2H during movement from open air to boundary layer (-92. 5 ± 8.4 ‰) is less than magnitude of theoretical enrichment during condensation at boundary layer (α2H = 106 ‰); therefore, the liquid condensate appears enriched in 2H by about 13.4‰. Above schematic model is pictorially depicted in Figure 15. It is also worth noticing that, unlike in the evaporating system, magnitude of kinetic effect is more for hydrogen compared to that for oxygen. Consequently, the observed value of Δε2H/Δε18O for the condensing system is 5.2 compared to reported Δε2H/Δε18O value of 0.88 for evaporating system.

This observed difference in the isotopic composition of open air vapour and estimated boundary layer vapour, in a way represents the empirical value of kinetic fractionation factor. In spite of a large scatter, composite data of four years shows that kinetic fractionation is clearly dependent on Rh and obscurely dependent on temperature prevalent during condensation. The magnitude of kinetic fractionation both for oxygen and hydrogen seem to be directly proportional to Rh and inversely proportional to temperature, as seen from Figures 16 to 19. The above proposed model of the kinetic fractionation to interpret the observed isotopic difference between liquid condensate and open air vapour, however, still needs to be explained in terms of physics involved in it.

8.3 Innovations: The Rainwater Collection Device is specially designed, keeping in mind the isotopic analyses for which the rainwater samples are collected. The pristine Isotopic composition of the rainwater collected can be significantly modified if the accumulated sample is evaporated. Therefore, rainwater sampling device is so designed that the evaporation is minimized as best as possible. The dimension of the funnel is large enough to sample even the small rain event in the case of daily sampling. No difficulties have been reported from the collection stations while using this devise.

Usually, a pumping system and moisture trap is required for collecting atmospheric moisture samples. However, such a facility may not be available at all the network stations, therefore, a conical condensation device is designed which requires only a few ice cubes (from domestic refrigerator) for collecting the moisture sample. No difficulties, except the procurement of ice cubes, have been reported from the collection stations while using this devise.

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8.4 Application Potential: 8.4.1 Long Term

From this National Programme, enormous volume of isotope data will be generated pertaining to Hydrological Cycle over India. The resultant isotope fingerprint of water sources of India will provide a frame of reference for comparing the climate induced modifications in the isotope fingerprint of the hydrological system in the country. The Indian monsoon system being an importantly dynamic component of the global hydrological cycle, the baseline isotope data generated by IWIN will be the most sought after information for hydrologists interfaced with global climate change research.

8.4.2 Immediate The spatial and temporal variations in isotopic character of water in all the compartments of hydrological cycle will provide quantifiable information about the various processes and factors influencing the water availability and its temporal and spatial variability in India. The role of evaporation and evapo-transpiration in the water budget of the country will become quantitatively more accurate based on isotope fractionation effects in various parts of the country. This will be a useful input function for designing the engineered interventions to meet the increasing water demand.

8.5 Any other --

9. Research work which remains to be done under the project (for on-going projects) The IWIN Programme initiated in July, 2007 aims at obtaining important scientific insights about hydrological cycle over India based on isotopic analyses of nearly 20,000 samples of various kinds. However, currently only a few hundred samples have been analyzed by various partners and IWIN has to go a long way before the stated objectives are achieved.

10. Technical Personnel trained:

• A special presentation on IWIN National Programme and Sampling Protocols was made by Dr. R.D. Deshpande at Xth Biennial Workshop of All India Coordinated Research Programme on Agrometeorology during December 3-5, 2008 at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal to train the Agrometeorologists for the sampling procedures.

• A Post-Doctoral Fellow and a Project Associate have been trained at PRL for Atmospheric moisture sampling and isotopic analyses.

• A special presentation on IWIN National Programme and Sampling Protocols was made by R.D. Deshpande for the Officers of the CGWB, West Central Region, Ahmedabad.

• In the course of setting up the IWIN Network, a large number of technical professionals (hydrologists, civil engineers, meteorologists and agro-meteorologists) have been introduced to isotope applications in hydrology through email correspondence and personal communication.

• Ms. Smita Yadav, a M.Sc. student from Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Research (ISTAR) Vallabhvidyanagar, Gujarat, completed her M.Sc. Dissertation on the Project entitled “Standardization of Protocols for Atmospheric Water Vapour Sample Collection and Colorimetric Analyses of Groundwater Samples” under supervision of Dr. R.D. Deshpande.

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• An M.Sc. Summer Trainee, Mr. Praveen Mishra from Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, is currently being trained to undertake controlled sampling of atmospheric water vapour at different temperatures.

11. Ph.Ds Produced no: --

12. Research Publications arising out of the present project: M.Sc. Dissertation Thesis entitled “Standardization of Protocols for Atmospheric Water Vapour Sample Collection and Colorimetric analyses of Groundwater Samples” submitted to Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Research (ISTAR), Vallabhvidyanagar, Gujarat, by Ms. Smita Yadav under supervision of Dr. R.D. Deshpande.

List of Publications from this Project (including title, author(s), journals & year(s) (A) Papers published only in cited Journals (SCI) -- (B) Papers published in Conference Proceedings, Popular Journals etc. R.D. Deshpande and S.K. Gupta, (2009). Application of isotopic tracers for efficient water resource management. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Issues related to Groundwater Management and Water Use Efficiency in the state of Gujarat and U.T. of Daman and Diu. March 2-3, Ahmedabad,

Patents filed/ to be filed: --

Major Equipment (Model and Make)

S No

Sanctioned List

Procured (Yes/ No) Model & make

Cost (Rs in lakhs)

Working (Yes/ No)

Utilisation Rate (%)

1

Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (SIRMS)

Received Delta V Plus Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer manufactured by Thermo Fisher, Germany

1,50,80,284.00 PRL Purchase Order No. 20080000470101 Dated 15/05/2008

Installed in March, 09

and working satisfactorily

100%

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-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Sr. No.

δ18O

‰ (S

MO

W)

NARMReported Value: -4.52‰

Observed Value: -4.52 ± 0.10

STD-1Reported Value: -28.20‰


STD-2Reported Value: -50‰


Figure 1 Initial calibration tests with secondary laboratory standards.

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2Sr.No.

δ18O

‰ (S

MO

W)

6

NARM SB-30 SB-31 UMC-1 UMC-2 UMC-3 UMC-4 UMC-5

-4.49 ± 0.06

-8.95 ± 0.06

-10.70 ± 0.05

-7.72 ± 0.02

-7.28 ± 0.05

-8.72 ± 0.03

-7.82 ± 0.06

-10.56 ± 0.02

Figure 2 Calibration tests with multiple aliquots of the same samples

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-6

-5

-4

-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65Sr. No.

δ18O

‰ (S

MO

W)

Reproducibility of NARM δ18O through multiple batchesAverage ± Stdev: -4.51 ± 0.15 [n =63]

Range: -4.93 to -4.23 [0.7‰]

Figure 3 Reproducibility of secondary laboratory standard through multiple batches

Figure 4 Active IWIN Network of sampling indicating IWIN Partners and

sample type collected by each of them.

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Figure 5 Screen-shot of the IWIN Webpage

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Figure 6 Screen-Shot of IWIN Master Data Bank spread sheet

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-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

02 Jun 22 Jun 12 Jul 01 Aug 21 Aug 10 Sep 30 Sep 20 OctDate of sampling

δ18O

‰

Moisture by Trapping Moisture by Condensation Rain

Sampling at PRL-2005Analyses at IIT-Kgp

Figure 7 Time-series of oxygen isotopic composition of rain and moisture samples of 2005

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

02 Jun 22 Jun 12 Jul 01 Aug 21 Aug 10 Sep 30 Sep 20 OctDate of sampling

δD ‰

Moisture by Trapping Moisture by Conensation Rain

Sampling at PRL-2005Analyses at IIT-Kgp

Figure 8 Time-series of hydrogen isotopic composition of rain and moisture samples of 2005

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Sampling at PRL-2006Analyses at NIH

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

18/May/06 7/Jun/06 27/Jun/06 17/Jul/06 6/Aug/06 26/Aug/06 15/Sep/06Date of sampling

δ18O

‰

Moisture by Condensation Moisture by Trapping Rain



-150

-100

-50

0

50

18-May-06 7-Jun-06 27-Jun-06 17-Jul-06 6-Aug-06 26-Aug-06 15-Sep-06Date of Sampling

δD ‰

Rain Moisture by Trapping Moisture by Condensation


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-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

08Apr 28Apr 18May 07Jun 27Jun 17Jul 06Aug 26Aug 15Sep 05OctDate of Sampling

δ18O

‰Moisture by Trapping Moisture by Condensation Rain



-140

-100

-60

-20

20

60

08Apr 28Apr 18May 07Jun 27Jun 17Jul 06Aug 26Aug 15Sep 05OctDate of Sampling

δ18D

‰

Moisture by Trapping Moisture by Condensation Rain


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-30

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-15

-10

-5

0

5

12/May 01/Jun 21/Jun 11/Jul 31/Jul 20/Aug 09/Sep 29/Sep 19/Oct

Date of Sampling

δ18O

(‰)





-160

-120

-80

-40

0

40

12/May 01/Jun 21/Jun 11/Jul 31/Jul 20/Aug 09/Sep 29/Sep 19/OctDate of Sampling

δD (‰

)



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Schematic Model of Kinetic Effects during Movement of Vapour from Open Air to Boundary Layer

ICE 0ºC

Avg. Measured Liquid condensate on Cone δ180:-17.46; δD: -57.6; d-exc: 82

Boundary layer in equilibrium with liquid droplets, with vapour fractionated according to equilibrium fractionation factor operative at 0ºCε18 = 11.6‰; ε2= 106‰

Avg. Expected Boundary Layer Vapourδ180:-29.06; δD: -163.6; d-exc: 68.8

Avg. Measured vapour by DMPTδ180:-11.27; δD: -71.2; d-excess: 18.9

Open Air(2005-2008 Data)

at T = 0ºCε18 = 11.6‰ε2= 106‰

Avg. Expected Vapourδ180:-33.18; δD: -167.2; d-exc: 99.16 at h = 0.71

Δε18 = 4.12‰Δε2= 3.63‰

Observed at h = 0.71Δε18 = -17.79‰

-92.45‰Δε2=

ε2/ε18 = 9.14

Δε2/Δε18 = 0.88

Δε2/Δε18 = 5.2

Figure 15 Schematic model of the kinetic fractionation effect proposed to explain observed isotopic off-set between vapour collected simultaneously by condensation (which involves kinetic fractionation) and trapping (which does not involve fractionation).

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y = -0.06x - 13.49R2 = 0.37

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-20

-15

-10

-5

0

40 50 60 70 80 90 100Relative Humidity of Ambient Air (%)

Kin

etic

Fra

ctio

natio

n Ef

fect

in O

xyge

n (‰

)

Figure 16 The dependence of kinetic fraction effect on Relative Humidity, for oxygen.

y = -0.29x - 71.98R2 = 0.26

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-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

40 50 60 70 80 90 100Relative Humidity of Ambient Air (%)

Kin

etic

Fra

ctio

natia

on E

ffect

in H

ydro

gen

(‰)

Figure 17 The dependence of kinetic fraction effect on Relative Humidity, for hydrogen.

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y = 0.33x - 27.40R2 = 0.18

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34Temperature of Ambient Air (ºC)

Kin

etic

Fra

ctio

natio

n Ef

fect

in O

xyge

n (‰

)

Figure 18 The dependence of kinetic fraction effect on Temperature, for oxygen.

y = 1.14x - 125.56R2 = 0.07

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34Temperature of Ambient Air (ºC)

Kin

etic

Fra

ctio

natia

on E

ffect

in H

ydro

gen

(‰)

Figure 19 The dependence of kinetic fraction effect on Temperature, for hydrogen.

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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY, ROORKEE PROGRESS REPORT

2008-2009

1 Project Title: National Programme of Isotope Finger Printing of Waters of India (IWIN)

2. DST No. - DST letter No.IR/54/ESF/05-2004 dated July,17, 2007

2. Principal investigator:

(i) National : Dr. Bhishm Kumar, Scientist F& Head, H.I. Division, National Institute of Hydrology ROORKEE-247667

(ii) Internal : Dr.M.S.Rao, Scientist C, H.I.Division, National Institute of Hydrology ROORKEE-247667

3. Broad Area of Research: Earth & Atmospheric Science

3.1 Sub Area: Earth Science

4. Funds allotted:

Date of Start:17th July,2007

Total cost of Project:Rs.5,47,18,000/-

Funds allotted to NIH Rs.52,28,000/-

Date of Completion:16th July,2012 Expenditure as on(31/3/09)Rs.6,12,843/-

In the IWIN programme, the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee and its Regional Centre, Sagar (M.P.) are playing an active role in the entire project. It has a well established facility for sample collection and analysis and team for interpretation of the data.

Role of NIH in IWIN-Programme:

The specific role of NIH, Roorkee and its Regional Centre, Sagar in the IWIN-project is as given below:

NIH, Roorkee (Lat. 29052’, Long 77053’, Alt. 268m):

a) Collection of atmospheric moisture (daily), precipitation (event based), Ganga River water (weekly from UGC: Lat: 29057’28”, Long: 78010’31”) and local groundwater (twice in a month).

b) Monitoring of local temp, RF, and Relative humidity

1

c) Isotopic analysis of samples collected at NIH, Roorkee and its Regional Centre, Sagar. d) Isotopic analysis of samples received by NIH from the collaborating participating IWIN

Organizations. e) Basic experiments towards improving understanding of isotope hydrology.

Regional Centre, Sagar (Lat. 23050’, Long 780,50’ and Alti. 517m):

a) Daily sampling of atmospheric moisture at ground level by condensation method on conical surface.

b) Collection of precipitation daily sample using standard rain gauge. c) Weekly collection of meteorological data from a nearby weather station.

Work done during the period (2008-09)

Appointed Project Staff

NIH is carrying out following sample collection schedule at Roorkee and Sagar:

(a) Daily collection of atmospheric moisture by condensation and push and trap method

using ice and LN2 respectively,

(b) Ground water (twice in month),

(c) River water (weekly),

(d) Rain water (event based).

Collected 1675 water samples at NIH (Roorkee & Sagar) and analyzed for δ18O and δD. The details of samples are given below in table-1:

Table 1: Summary of the samples collected and analyzed

Station Sample type Frequency No. of samples collected & analyzed (April, 08- March-09)

Roorkee Atmos. Moisture Using Ice Using LN2

(near ground) Rain samples Groundwater River Ganga

Daily Daily Event based Twice/month Weekly

525 577 36 144 48

Sagar Atmos. Moist. (Ice)

Rain water

Groundwater

Daily

Event Based

Monthly

312

22

11

Total Samples Analyzed 1675

2

Received and analyzed 570 samples for δ18O and δD of IWIN member

organizations

Anna University-265

PRL-305

The samples were analyzed and results have been sent to the respective

organizations and intimated to the IWIN Principal Project coordinator.

Towards improving the basic understanding of isotope hydrology following experiments were carried out:

Isotopic changes in air moisture from ground to 16 m height above ground level were analyzed.

Dependence of temperature of condensation on isotopic composition of air moisture was examined at three temperatures: condensation method (0°C), push & trap method (-94°C) and suction method (-196°C).

Isotopic changes in groundwater due to perennial surface water source Upper Ganga Canal was examined

Effect of temperature variation (day and night) on isotopic composition of atmospheric vapor.

Results & Interpretation:

(A) Comparison of three heights: In order to study the isotopic changes in air moisture from ground to 17.6 m height above ground level samples were collected from 3 different heights (L1: 1.2 m, M1: 6.7 m, H1: 17.6 m ) by suction method.

Fig 1: Variation of δD in atmospheric moisture (AM) at altitudes L1, M1 and H1

It can be seen from figure-1 that there is no significant variation in isotopic signatures as well as trends with in 17.6 m height above the ground level. Since atmospheric moisture is

3

collected by condensation method for comparison, in suction method the height L1 is opted for all further sampling.

(B) Comparison of different methods: In order to study the isotopic composition of air

moisture, three different methods were tried for air moisture collection employing three

temperatures, i.e., 0 °C (ice), -94 °C (LN2 + methanol) and -196 °C(LN2). The sample

collection duration was 4-6 hrs, 6 hrs and 1.5 hrs for 0 °C, -94 °C and -196 °C respectively.

The results obtained are depicted in the figure 4. The isotopic composition of the air

moisture samples collected at 0°C shows enrichment in isotopic values which may be due

to the effect of evaporation (Fig 2).

Fig. 2: Isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture sampled by different methods

(C) Isotopic changes in atmospheric moisture: Atmospheric moisture samples were collected using conical ice condenser. The condenser was placed in open ground and the moisture was collected in 20 ml HDPE air tight bottle. The samples were condensed daily between 12 to 4 pm. It was observed that the sampled water amount varied over the year (5 ml in summer to 20 ml winter) due to changing weather conditions. The samples were analyzed for δ18O and δD. To trace the changing source of water vapor in the atmosphere due to seasonal changes and wind pattern, monthly changes in the isotopic composition of atmospheric vapor was examined (Fig. 3). The isotopic pattern shows short period fluctuations on a long seasonal cycle. In the observed year 2008, the isotopic composition of water vapor started depleting from mid of May onwards and it continued till it reached a broad trough between 10th June to 15th September. Thereafter, the enrichment began and continued till the observed period

4

(end of February). The change in isotopic composition clearly indicates replacement of local vapor with the monsoon vapors. Minor wiggles probably indicate (Fig 3) breaks in vapor arrivals. At the end of the monsoon when wind pattern changes, incoming vapors stops and local vapor build up due to evaporation of surface moist soil. This evaporation affected vapor appears as enriched water vapor. In the oxygen isotope trend, the down

side portion begins on 15.4.08 with δ18O value -5 ‰ and it continues till 14.7.08 and

Fig 3: Variation in δ18O in atmospheric moisture during April-08 to March-09

reaches to a value -20 ‰. The total change by -10 ‰ in δ18O over 90 days relates to the

magnitude of total influx of vapor over this period. The troughs appearing in non-monsoon season could be due to Western Disturbance. However, this needs more rigorous examination. Isotopic data on air moisture in Sagar also show trends similar to that at Roorkee i.e. a

constant depletion in isotopic values from April (-3‰) to November (-20‰) and

enrichment thereafter (fig. 4). The main difference in isotopic trends between Roorkee and Sagar lies in post-monsoon period. During the post-monsoon period, water vapor at

Roorkee enriches smoothly and slowly and reaches to a value -5 ‰ in 3 months whereas

this change at Sagar took place in just one month. This may be due to difference in hydrogeology between the two areas. Sagar is located near Sagar Lake which may have influence on local water vapor.

n=324

5

Fig 4: Variation in δ18O in atmospheric moisture during April-08 to March-09 at Sagar

A) Isotopic analysis of rainwater: Rainwater samples were collected at the meteorological stations at Roorkee and Sagar. Daily rain events with rainfall exceeding 2mm were sampled and analyzed for its isotopic composition. Variation of rain intensity and its isotopic content is shown in the figure 5

Fig 5: Correlation between rainfall intensity and δ18O in rain water for the period April, 08 –March, 09 and 6. Figure 7 represents the δ18O and δD plots of precipitation at Roorkee and Sagar along with IMWL established by NIH, Roorkee. When compared with isotopic composition of atmospheric vapor, it can be seen that similar to atmospheric moisture, isotopic composition of rainwater also decreased continuously from 15.4.08 to 20.7.08.

6

Within this decreasing isotopic trend, short spells after each heavy shower were enriched in isotopic values. These spells probably indicate rains formed from local vapors that are relatively enriched in their isotopic content. Since the isotopic composition of rainwater is a function of isotopic mass balance of moisture arising from local vapor and influx of fresh moisture and the effect of evaporation of the falling rain drop, the amount effect cannot be discern without separating these components.

Fig 6: Correlation between rainfall intensity and δ18O in rain water for the monsoon period

Sag

Fig. 7: δ18O and δD plots for precipitation at Roorkee and Sagar

B) Surface water groundwater interaction: Upper Ganga Canal is a major perennial surface water source in the study area and this is expected to influence the local groundwater. Therefore, in analyzing groundwater it is

7

necessary to know the zone of influence of canal in groundwater. Fortunately, the canal originates at higher altitude and therefore its isotopic composition is expected to be different from the local rains. Therefore, it is possible to differentiate groundwater formed through recharge from local rains for through canal. Considering higher impact of surface source in shallow aquifer than deeper, groundwater samples were collected from shallow aquifers. Four sites were selected over a distance of 5 km from canal. Samples were collected fortnightly from canal and groundwater and were analyzed. The variation of isotopic composition of groundwater and canal water over the sampling period is compared in the figure 6. From the figure, it can be seen that isotopic composition of groundwater deviates from the isotopic composition of canal water with increasing distance from canal. It is interesting to note that the difference in isotopic composition of groundwater and canal decreases from October to January. This change with time is more pronounced in groundwater collected from farther sites such as from Bhangedi where this

change is from -30 ‰ to -50 ‰ (Fig 8). At farther sites, rainwater recharge is expected to

be more in monsoon. In the post monsoon, in the absence of rains, groundwater composition at these sites slowly tends towards isotopic composition of canal water. In the month of October, δD at Bhangedi, Peer Baba (at the left bank side) and Canal are -

30‰, -50‰ and -70‰. Assuming Bhangedi and Canal to be end members for rainwater

and Canal water respectively, then canal contribution in groundwater at Peer Baba which is located at 2.0 km from canal is estimated to be 55%. Extending this argument it can be estimated that in the month of January canal contribution even at a distance of 5 km (at Bhangedi) is 40%. The sites Jalalpur and Shiv Mandir are located at the right bank side of the canal.

Fig. 8: Variation of δD in river/canal and shallow groundwater at different locations in

Roorkee Town

8

New Experiments:

(A) In order to examine isotopic variation in a day, an experiment was conducted. In experiment

atmospheric moisture samples were collected at 3 hourly interval for 24 hrs period once in a

month. The experiment was commenced from October -08.

The changes in the atmospheric vapour currents can be seen (Fig 9) from the monthly

variation in the isotopic composition. It can be seen that vapour for the months Dec- Jan is ~2‰

depleted over the Oct-Nov months.

Fig. 9: Variation of δ18O in atmospheric moisture in 24 hrs between Oct-08

to March-09

(B) The isotopic changes are more clearly visible in the long term isotopic data (Fig.10). The

data presented in the figure is for the period April. 08- March 09. From the isotopic plot it can be

seen that atmospheric vapours are most depleted in the monsoon season.

9

-30

-10

10

30

50

70

90

Jun-06 Oct-06 Feb-07 Jun-07 Oct-07 Feb-08 Jun-08 Sep-08 Jan-09 May-09

‰

D excess

δ18O

Mon

soon

Mon

soon

16 ‰

40‰

Fig. 10: Seasonal variation of Dexcess and δ18O for the period Aug. 06 to March 09

In the Dexcess plot in the same figure, the arrival of monsoon vapours increases Dexcess above the

background. At monsoon peak the Dexcess is 40‰ above the background. With the withdrawal of

the monsoon vapours the Dexcess decreases and reaches to its background. Thus the isotopic data

of atmospheric moisture can be useful in deciphering weather and climate details.

Work to be done in 2009-10:

The routine analysis of air moisture, rain, river and groundwater will continue in this year.

The sampling of Sagar Lake at Sagar(M.P.) will also be done as the Sagar lake may have influence on local water vapor. This analysis will commence from July, 09 onwards.

Scientific/technical publication/reporting in consultation with IWIN Secretariat.

10

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT (2008-2009)

National Programme on Isotope Fingerprinting of Waters of India (IWIN)

SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

NEW DELHI

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR : 721 302

April, 2009

PROGRESS REPORT 1. Project Title:


DST No: IR/S4/ESF-05/2004 dt. 17.7.2007

2. Co-investigator (Name & Address): ANINDYA SARKAR Dept. of Geology & Geophysics IIT, Kharagpur 721302, W.B.

Date of Birth 01-01-1959

3. Broad area of Research Earth & Atmospheric Sciences 4.1 Sub Area Earth Sciences 5. Approved Objectives of the Proposal : 1. To generate isotopic data for addressing important hydrological questions related to origin of

water sources and the processes of redistribution by evapo-transpiration, stream flow generation, ground-water recharge/ discharge – from watershed to continental scale.

2. To give quantitative estimates of residence time of the water/ vapour in each hydrological

reservoir/setting and the fluxes across them in temporally and spatially distributed manner. Date of Start: 01-10-2007

Total cost of Project: Rs. 10,20,000/- (IIT, KGP component)

Date of completion: 30-09-2012

Expenditure as on 31-3-2009: Rs 2,36,170/-

6. Methodology : (IIT, KGP component)

1. Monthly sampling of atmospheric moisture, rain at an Eastern Indian location and sampling of river water.

2. Spatially distributed groundwater sampling from shallow unconfined aquifers in Eastern India.

3. Standardised procedures for water sample collection and storage will be used. 4. Analyses of δ18O and δD of water. 5. ECMWF reanalysis data of past 20 yrs to be used in conjunction with isotope analyses to

validate models atmospheric and ground surface hydrologic processes.

2



Isotope Hydrology of rain, pond and groundwater of eastern India Field work in North 24 Pargana area (north of Kolkata) of West Bengal continued where a

regular rain water collecting station has been established (at Barasat;). Weekly to monthly

samples of ground water and rain water have been collected over the years along with the

sampling of local surface water bodies like ponds and rivers. Ground water samples are mainly

collected from various depths of aquifer through the piezometer nests installed in the area.

High resolution time series data of hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope values of

precipitation have been generated for the first time at Kolkata, eastern India where the summer

monsoon clouds from Bay of Bengal (BOB) commence their journey over India (Table 1). Use

of a Rayleigh cum two component mixing model and comparison of Kolkata data with the

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)-Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP)

data base of New Delhi suggest that the precipitation at New Delhi can not be explained by

simple continental effect of a BOB vapour source alone, traveling and raining successively

along Kolkata-New Delhi route. It is necessary to invoke an admixture of ~20% vapour

originating from the Arabian sea with the vapour coming from BOB and finally causing summer

monsoon rains at New Delhi. Since 2007 the rain collecting station has been shifted to IIT,

Kharagpur campus due to logistics problem. Because of small latitudinal difference between

these two places it is expected that it will not seriously affect the long term trend in isotopic

compositions of rain and vapour. The rain water is being routinely collected for the last two

years at Kharagpur (Table 2). With the vapour collecting apparatus, supplied by the PI, moisture

collection is also under progress. The mass spectrometric measurements have been re-

calibrated with new batch of IAEA standards. Also carried out inter-laboratory calibration with

National Isotope facility of BGS, Nottingham, UK.

Time-series data have been collected over few years for δ18O, δD, for several ponds

ponds and ground water in the Barasat area (Table 3, 4). Conservative tracers (δ18O, δD) show

that pondwater and groundwater are distinct and do not overlap in composition (Fig.1). These

data show that water from ponds cannot be identified in the groundwater. These ground waters

are Arsenic polluted and hence the study has important implication to the source of these

waters vis-à-vis As pollution mechanism.

3

7.2 New Observations:

(i) The study so far indicates that precipitation at New Delhi can not be explained by simple

continental effect of a BOB vapour source alone, traveling and raining successively along

Kolkata-New Delhi route. It is necessary to invoke an admixture of ~20% vapour originating

from the Arabian sea with the vapour coming from BOB and finally causing summer monsoon

rains at New Delhi. (ii) Time-series data of δ18O, δD, for rain, ponds and ground water in the study area show that

water from ponds cannot be identified in the groundwater. These ground waters are Arsenic

polluted and hence the study has important implication to the source of these waters vis-à-

vis As pollution mechanism. These data show that water from ponds cannot be identified in

As-polluted groundwater, so putative DOC in pondwater cannot be mixing into the As-

polluted groundwater we have sampled. It follows that pondwater in the study area does not

contribute significant mass to arsenic-polluted groundwater and so does not provide organic

matter to aquifers in amounts sufficient to drive reduction of iron oxyhydroxides and hence

arsenic pollution.

7.3 Innovations: NA

7.4 Any other NA

8. Research work which remains to be done under the project (for on-going projects)

1. Further analysis of rain water and water vapour already colleted at Kharagpur stations.

2. Systematic collection of river waters (river Hooghly, a major tributary of Ganges)

and isotopic analysis.

3. Systematic collection of surface waters (ponds) and isotopic analysis. 4. Synthesis of data generated in Eastern Indian sector of IWIN.

Ph.Ds Produced no: nil

Technical Personnel trained: One

Research Publications arising out of the present project: nil

List of Publications from this Project (including title, author(s), journals & year(s):nil Patents filed/ to be filed: NIL

Major Equipment (Model and Make): Nil

4

Month Date Rainfall (mm)a

δ 18O (‰)b

δ D (‰)b

d-Excess

(‰)bWeighted δ18O (‰)c

Weighted δD(‰)c

Weighted d-excess (‰)c

11/6/4-17/6/4 135.0 -6.8 -43.7 10.6 Jun, 2004 18/6/4-24/6/4 59.7 -3.1 -14.0 10.4 -5.7 -34.6 10.7

25/6/4-1/7/4 48.7 -5.7 -34.6 11.3 2/7/4-9/7/4 52.9 -3.4 -18.4 8.6

Jul, 2004 10/7/4-17/7/4 34.7 -4.6 -25.5 11.0 -3.9 -24.5 6.6 24/7/4-30/7/4 38.8 -4.0 -31.9 -0.2 31/7/4-6/8/4 45.0 -0.8 -5.3 1.4 7/8/4-14/8/4 132.5 -6.0 -38.9 9.4

Aug, 2004 15/8/4-21/8/4 25.2 -9.3 -67.2 7.4 -5.8 -35.9 10.2 22/8/4-27/8/4 26.4 -7.5 -52.1 8.2 28/8/4-4/9/4 140.1 -6.1 -34.3 14.6 5/9/4-11/9/4 72.2 -2.4 -8.3 10.8 12/9/4-18/9/4 176.6 -7.9 -52.1 11.0 -6.8 -43.4 11.1

Sep, 2004 19/9/4-25/9/4 22.7 -12.7 -90.1 11.4 26/9/4-2/10/4 35.3 -6.7 -42.0 11.8

Oct, 2004 3/10/4-9/10/4 249.1 -12.7 -90.9 10.9 -12.7 -90.9 10.9

Dec, 2004 13/12/04-20/12/04 Trace -1.2 -2.5 6.9 -0.5 4.7 9.1

20/12/04-27/12/04 Trace 0.1 11.9 11.2

Mar, 2005 15/03/05 72.0 -0.2 9.1 10.5 -0.2 9.1 10.5 7/6-13/6/5 Trace 0.7 17.9 12.1

Jun, 2005 14/6-20/6/5 22.0 -0.8 5.4 11.9 0.4 15.3 12.1 28/6-1/7/5 87.0 0.7 17.8 12.2 8/7-15/7/5 112.0 -5.4 -37.5 6.0

Jul, 2005 16/7-22/7/5 40.0 -6.6 -44.3 8.8 -6.3 -43.6 7.0 23/7-30/7/5 52.0 -8.0 -56.1 7.8 31/7-7/8/5 93.0 -7.9 -49.9 13.2

Aug, 2005 8/8-13/8/5 32.0 -7.2 -49.4 8.0 -4.2 -25.3 8.0 14/8-20/8/5 20.0 -6.9 -45.6 9.8 21/8-27/8/5 251.0 -2.2 -11.4 5.9 28/8-3/9/5 43.0 -9.4 -62.5 12.5 4/9/5-10/9/5 28.0 -9.4 -63.6 11.7

Sep, 2005 11/09-17/09/5 54.0 -10.0 -70.2 10.0 -8.6 -57.6 11.2 18/09-24/9/5 33.0 -6.5 -41.8 10.5 25/09-1/10/5 31.0 -6.5 -40.2 11.6

Oct, 2005 2/10-8/10/5 45.0 -10.1 -71.9 9.0 -9.1 -64.9

8.2 9/10-15/10/5 44.0 -8.2 -57.8 7.4

Table 1: δ18O, δD, d-excess and rainfall amount of Barasat, atotal weekly rainfall; bweekly composite values; cmonthly weighted mean.

5

Sl.no. Sample no. Date Sl.no.

Table 2: Rain water collected at IIT, Kharagpur station since 2008 and being analysed at present for δ18O and δD.

Sample no. Date

1 RK-1 20.03.2008 24 RK-24 11.08.2008 2 RK-2 04.04.2008 25 RK-25 13.08.2008 3 RK-3 04.04.2008 26 RK-26 20.08.2008 4 RK-4 05.04.2008 27 RK-27 21.08.2008 5 RK-5 03.05.2008 28 RK-28 27.08.2008 6 RK-6 03.05.2008 29 RK-29 28.08.2008 7 RK-7 14.05.2008 30 RK-30 29.08.2008 8 RK-8 15.05.2008 31 RK-31 02.09.2008 9 RK-9 16.05.2008 32 RK-32 08.09.2008

10 RK-10 29.05.2008 33 RK-33 09.09.2008 11 RK-11 03.06.2008 34 RK-34 09.09.2008 12 RK-12 05.06.2008 35 RK-35 09.09.2008 13 RK-13 09.06.2008 36 RK-36 11.09.2008 14 RK-14 16.06.2008 37 RK-37 15.09.2008 15 RK-15 17.06.2008 38 RK-38 17.09.2008 16 RK-16 18.06.2008 39 RK-39 18.09.2008 17 RK-17 20.06.2008 40 RK-40 20.09.2008 18 RK-18 21.06.2008 41 RK-41 22.09.2008 19 RK-19 25.06.2008 42 RK-42 24.09.2008 20 RK-20 26.06.2008 43 RK-43 24.09.2008 21 RK-21 04.07.2008 44 RK-44 28.03.2009 22 RK-22 10.07.2008 45 RK-45 30.03.2009 23 RK-23 21.07.2008

6

7

Pond -1 Pond -1 Pond-2 Pond-2

Months of collection

δ18O (‰)

δD (‰)

Months of

collectionδ18O (‰)

δD (‰)

Feb, 2004 -2.2 -20.0 Apr, 2004 0.1 -9.9

Apr, 2004 -0.9 -16.0 May, 2004 3.2 3.7

May, 2004 2.6 -0.2 Jul, 2004 0.8 -2.0

Jul, 2004 0.6 -5.3 Aug, 2004 -0.1 -8.7

Aug, 2004 -0.5 -11.2 Sep, 2004 -3.4 -29.0

Sep, 2004 -4.1 -33.0 Nov, 2004 -4.8 -40.4

Nov, 2004 -6.2 -50.7 Dec, 2004 -3.7 -35.1

Dec, 2004 -5.2 -45.0 Feb, 2005 -3.0 -30.6

Feb, 2005 -4.5 -38.9 Apr, 2005 -0.8 -23.4

Apr, 2005 -1.6 -22.9 Jun, 2005 2.2 -1.2 Jun, 2005 2.0 -0.5 Jul, 2005 1.4 -9.4

Jul, 2005 -0.7 -13.0 Aug, 2005 -1.6 -14.7

Aug, 2005 -2.8 -23.6 Oct, 2005 -2.0 -22.4

Oct, 2005 -3.2 -27.8 Dec, 2005 -4.0 -35.4

Dec, 2005 -5.7 -42.5 Jan, 2006 -3.3 -32.6

Jan, 2006 -5.0 -43.3 Feb, 2006 -2.6 -28.5

Feb, 2006 -4.4 -30.9

Table 3: δ18O and δD compositions of two large ponds from West Bengal

8

δ18O (‰) δD (‰)

Feb, 2004

Sep, 2004

Dec, 2004

Feb, 2005

Apr, 2005

Feb, 2006

Feb, 2004

Sep, 2004

Dec, 2004

Feb, 2005

Apr, 2005

Feb, 2006

FP 9 -3.0 -3.6 -3.6 -3.5 -3.5 FP 9 -15.7 -21.0 -21.2 -21.2 -20.1 FP 3 -2.6 -2.8 -3.1 FP 3 -19.4 -18.4 -19.3 FP 2 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 FP 2 -7.6 -8.8 -7.4 -8.2 -6.9 -6.2 FP 7 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.2 FP 7 -8.5 -9.3 -9.9 -9.8 -10.2 -10.3 FP 5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.1 -0.9 -0.6 -2.0 FP 5 -14.7 -16.7 -13.3 -15.2 -13.3 -19.4 FP 4 -3.2 -3.5 -3.6 -3.7 -3.6 -3.8 FP 4 -23.1 -25.6 -25.3 -26.1 -25.2 -25.8 FP 6 -3.6 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2 -3.0 FP 6 -25.6 -25.5 -25.2 -24.4 FP 8 -3.2 -3.2 -3.0 -2.9 -2.7 -2.9 FP 8 -24.8 -24.8 -23.8 -24.3 -23.4 -24.4 FP 1 -3.8 -4.1 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -4.1 FP 1 -26.0 -27.9 -26.7 -26.9 -26.9 -26.6

DP 2 -3.6 -3.0 -2.9 DP 2 -24.0 -19.2 -17.4 -20.1 DP 7 -3.4 -3.3 -3.2 -3.3 -3.0 -3.2 DP 7 -23.5 -25.4 -24.8 -24.4 -23.8 DP 5 -3.0 -3.3 -3.2 -3.4 -3.1 -3.1 DP 5 -21.6 -23.5 -22.7 -23.4 -22.2 -22.9 DP 4 -3.2 -3.4 -3.2 -3.4 -3.0 -3.0 DP 4 -25.2 -25.4 -23.5 -24.6 -24.8 -25.1 DP 6 -3.4 -3.6 -3.1 -3.7 -3.3 -3.2 DP 6 -25.0 -24.6 -26.0 -25.7 -26.4 -24.7 DP 1 -3.8 -3.9 -3.8 -3.9 -3.7 -3.9 DP 1 -27.1 -28.1 -28.1 -28.9 -27.7 DP 3 -3.5 -3.6 -3.4 -3.6 -3.0 -3.7 DP 3 -24.2 -25.1 -23.3 -25.0 -23.7 -26.7

AP 6 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.7 AP 6 -31.1 -31.8 -32.6 -33.4 AP 7 -5.0 -4.8 -4.2 -4.8 -4.5 -4.6 AP 7 -32.2 -31.4 -30.1 -31.6 -31.3 -30.8 AP 1 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 -4.0 -3.7 -4.0 AP 1 -27.6 -27.4 -27.3 -27.4 -25.5 -29.4 AP 2 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.5 -3.0 -3.1 AP 2 -23.4 -24.9 -25.1 -25.0 -25.5 -25.7 AP 4 -2.4 -2.8 -2.3 -3.2 -2.9 -3.3 AP 4 -18.1 -21.1 -19.9 -21.0 -23.3 -24.3 AP 5 -2.2 -3.1 -2.9 -3.1 -2.9 -2.7 AP 5 -18.9 -22.4 -21.1 -21.5 -22.4 -19.5

Ba 224 -3.6 -3.3 -3.1 Ba 224 -25.8 -24.4 -22.8 Ba 225 -3.3 -3.3 -3.7 Ba 225 -24.9 -24.8 -26.4 AP 3 -4.2 -4.3 -3.9 -4.0 -3.6 -3.9 AP 3 -27.0 -26.7 -28.0 -26.2 -25.9 -26.2 AP 3 inch -3.1 -3.3 -3.4 -3.1 -3.2

AP 3 inch -25.9 -24.3 -23.2 -23.2

Table 4: δ18O and δD compositions of ground waters from West Bengal

Fig.1.: Cross-plot of δ18O/δD. Main figure: ponds, and groundwaters containing >50 μg/L of As. Inset groundwater with <50μg/L As. Samples of groundwater do not fall along a putative mixing line between the mean pond compositions and mean volume-weighted rainfall, as would happen were mixing to have occurred between pond water and groundwater (Sengupta et al., Env. Sc. & Tech., 2008).

9

1

PROGRESS REPORT

1. Project Title: National Program on “ Isotope Finger Printing of waters of India”(IWIN)


2. PI (Name & Address): Principal Co-ordinator Dr.S.K.Gupta ,Visiting Scientist, Physical Research Laboratory(PRL), Navrangpura, P.O.BOX 4218, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-380 009,India. [email protected]

Date of Birth : 27th sept 1946

3. Co-PI (Name & Address): P.Nagabhushanam Scientist , NGRI,Uppal Road,Hubshiguda, Hyd-500 606 [email protected]

Date of Birth : 6th Aug 1952

4. Broad area of Research : Earth and Atmospheric Science

4.1 Sub Area - Earth Science 5. Approved Objectives of the Proposal :

i) Identifying dominant sources of water vapour during different seasons. ii) Their partitioning into rain which subsequently sub-partitions into evapo-traspiration,

soil moisture, stream flow and groundwater. iii) Qualification of the degree and rates of interactions between these components

seasonally. iv) The controls that geographical and climate factors exercise over the hydrological

cycle both temporally and spatially. Date of Start: 17/7/2007

Total cost of Project: : Rs.19.36 Lakhs (NGRI share)

Date of completion: continuing

Expenditure : Rs 78,800=00 as on : 31/3/09

2

6. Methodology : NGRI component of work & methodology

1. Daily collection of atmospheric moisture by condensation and pump and trap method. 2. Collection of rainfall samples.

3. Measurements of Oxygen -18 and Deuterium of atmospheric moisture collected daily

and rainfall.



1. Collected 288 samples of daily atmospheric moisture by condensation method (dmc from 01/04/08 to 31/03/09). 2. Collected 195 samples of Atmospheric moisture using pump and trap method (ptmc from

04/07/08 to 31/03/09). 3. Collected 44 rainfall samples from 13/02/2008 to 21/03/09. 4. Oxygen-18 measurements on 258 dmc samples completed. 5. Oxygen-18 measurements on 193 ptmc samples completed.

7.2 New Observations :

3

7.3 Innovations: The Isotope data of Atmospheric (daily collection) provides an opportunity to understanding the moisture kinematics vis-à-vis ambient temperature

7.4 Application Potential:

7.4.1 Long Term : As mentioned in the project document, the isotope data of various components of hydrological cycle would be used in modeling studies to elicit hydrological processes affecting isotope fractionation as well as contribution of various components to the hydrological cycle.

7.4.2 Immediate

7.5 Any other 8. Research work which remains to be done under the project (for on-going projects)

i) Continuation of atmospheric moisture and rainfall collection. ii) Measurements of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium of collected waters. iii) Data communication, interpretation and publication.

Ph.Ds Produced no: -

Technical Personnel trained: ONE

Research Publications arising out of the present project: -

4

List of Publications from this Project (including title, author(s), journals & year(s) (A) Papers published only in cited Journals (SCI) : nil

(B) Papers published in Conference Proceedings, Popular Journals etc.: nil

Patents filed/ to be filed: nil

Major Equipment (Model and Make) : nil S

No Sanctioned List Procured

(Yes/ No) Model & make

Cost (Rs in lakhs)

Working (Yes/ No)


DST National Programme on Isotope Fingerprinting of Waters of India (IWIN)

NRL Progress Report (2008-2009)

1. Principal Investigator: Dr. P. S. Datta, Project Director

Nuclear Research Laboratory Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

2. Date of start: Sanctioned on 17.07.2007 (2008-09 fund has not yet been released by DST) 3. Accomplishments (April, 2008 to March, 2009):

• IWIN sampling devices designed for rainwater and atmospheric moisture collection by conical condensation were installed at appropriate places in the NRL building taking all precautions. 170 Daily samples of atmospheric moisture and eleven samples of daily rainwater in Delhi were collected during June, 2008 to April, 2009 using the IWIN sampling devices. Samples were preserved taking all precautions to avoid evaporation losses during storage, and have been sent to the PRL, Ahmedabad along with meteorological data for the collection period, for repository and isotopic analyses.

• Extensive field survey was done during Feb-July, 2008, and water samples were collected from groundwater aquifer and surface water sources at 134 different locations, spreading all over the NCT Delhi area, geographically equitably distributed along 2-3 different transactions; and Jhajjar and Bahadurgah Districts, Haryana. Using GPS, Longitude, Latitude and altitude were also measured at all the selected locations in order to characterize the probable change in topographic features. Wherever possible, additional samples were collected to observe the temporal variations and changes in ions and isotopic composition within a short distance. Data on the depth to water table and information on tube wells screen width (wherever available) were compiled for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Some samples have been sent to NIH, Roorkee for 18O & 2H analysis.

• The water samples were preserved in airtight bottles, taking all precautions to avoid evaporation losses during storage. All the samples have been already sent to the PRL, Ahmedabad for 18O & 2H, for repository and isotopic analysis. Water samples are being analysed for hydro-chemical composition.

• Assembled and created e-folders in appropriate format for some of the pre-IWIN available information on the NCR area profile, water quality, depth to water table, rainfall, land use, etc. and stored in the computer as input parameters for subsequent modeling purposes. AQUACHEM and SURFER 8.3 software based iso-contours of pollutants concentration and GWW based multi-component mixing models were developed. GPS based topography model has also been prepared using SURFER 8.3 software.

• Compiled and processed the pre-IWIN IAEA data (1961-2006) on 18O & 2H isotopic composition of Delhi Rainfall. Efforts were made to identify the possible sources of moisture in the rainfall and groundwater provenance in NCT Delhi Area.

• The data on the groundwater chemistry in the Delhi region have been integrated with 18O isotopic data, with an objective to identify the sources of major ions in terms of chemical weathering of rocks and soil, and to understand the relationship between clay mineralogy and water chemistry in the area, and sources of salinity and pollution in groundwater.

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Although, efforts have been made to ensure implementation of the activities as per schedule, yet, the plan of action can be more effectively implemented if the sanctioned amount for the Year 2008-09 and the current financial Year are released in time. The PI being a Member of the Water Quality Assessment Authority, Min. of Water Resources, Govt. of India, informal and formal linkages have been developed with (a) Water technologists, Planners, Managers and GW Users in particular and agricultural scientists in general; and (b) Central and State groundwater / irrigation / agricultural departments; and water resources development agencies, such as CGWB, NCRPB, CPCB, DJB, etc.

A brief description of the Delhi region based on the investigations undertaken by the NRL

and other secondary information available is presented in the following section: DELHI REGION PROFILE AND PRE-IWIN GROUNDWATER SITUATION

The semi-arid Delhi region (area:1483 Sq.Km. between 28o24'17"-28o53'00" N and 76o50'24"-77o20'37" E) is a part of the Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plains, at an elevation ranging from 182-197 m above m.s.l. in Shahdara Block; 200-221 m above m.s.l. in Alipur Block; 200-230 m above m.s.l. in Najafgarh Block, to 233-285 m above m.s.l. in Mehrauli Block, transected by a quartzite rocky ridge (max. elevation of 306.63 m above msl) extending roughly from north-east to the south-eastern part of the area. The ridge forms the principal watershed of the area and acts as a groundwater divide between the western and eastern parts of the area. In the area, groundwater table shows fast decline, by 2m to 8m during the last decade. A prominent groundwater discharge area is located in the southwestern parts of Delhi, where the groundwater table is converging from all the sides. The aquifer disposition in the investigated area is overlain predominantly by sand in the top 20-30 m and clay and kankar below that. The Alluvium thickness in the area varies from 100 m to more than 300 m and groundwater occurs under semi-confined conditions. The climate of the region is semi-arid. The average annual rainfall (1931-99) is 711 mm, most of which falls between June to September and is generally erratic, infrequent and heavy sometimes. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures are 18.7oC and 30.5 oC respectively. During May and June, temperature commonly exceeds 40 oC.

The pre-IWIN isotope signatures of Delhi rainfall (δ18O: -15.3 to +8.0‰ and δ2H : -120 to +55.0‰) generally fall along the world meteoric line, depleted 18O is generally associated with heavy rainfall, and the rainfall deficient years are generally associated with relatively enriched 18O in monthly rainfall (Datta & Tyagi, 2003). Changes in landuse result in variation in recharge from location to location, both in space and time, with a wide range of 18O signatures in groundwater (δ 18O: -2.8 to -8.6‰), both laterally and vertically, suggesting occurrence of an inhomogeneous stratified system. Groundwater renewal has a selection effect in favor of isotopically depleted rainfall. Extensive hydrological investigations undertaken in Delhi area during pre-IWIN indicate that the upper surface of the newer alluvium groundwater aquifer, adjacent to the western bank of the Yamuna River, is replenished by the river at some stretches. The shallow aquifers groundwater is mainly recharged from infiltration of rainfall. The recharge to deeper aquifers mostly takes place through leakage from the upper unconfined aquifer and partly from lateral groundwater flow from the north and southwest areas. The recharge varies (<1 to 66.0%) from location to location, with most parts receiving less than 5% recharge (Datta, 1997). Localised recharge from high intensity rainfall, through stagnant water pools, and indirect recharge through lateral flow from surrounding areas in the west are the main contributors to the groundwater (Datta et al, 1994; Datta & Tyagi, 2003; Datta et al, 2008)). Such waters are highly saline, contaminated and isotopically enriched, being subjected to evaporation during intermittent

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stay on the land surface before recharge and are distinct from isotopically depleted rainwater (Mean δ -6.9‰) (Datta et al, 1991).

Straight-line relationships between groundwater δ18O and Cl in Delhi area indicate that groundwater intermixing takes place along specific flow-pathways [Datta et al, 1996; Datta & Tyagi, 2003; Tyagi et al, 2008). The isotopic investigations also indicated that lateral flow from western parts contribute 20-70% recharge to the groundwater system (Datta, 1997), influenced by the flow-pathways of mixing and the extent of the hydrodynamic zones [Datta et al, 1994]. The lateral flow water carries various types of contaminants alongwith it through specific flow-pathways (Datta et al, 1996b; Datta & Tyagi, 2003; Tyagi et al, 2008). A simple mixing model, based on the spatial and depth variations in 18O/16O ratio of groundwater and canal/river water, and considering equal inflow of groundwater through the screens of the tubewells, suggested that canal/river water contributes to the groundwater recharge upto 5-10m depth of the aquifer adjacent to the canal/river [Datta and Tyagi, 1995].

The investigations done during 1997-2006 indicate that the groundwater samples are

mostly alkaline with pH ranging from 6.9 to 7.7 and are of Na-Ca-HCO3-Cl type. The groundwaters are mostly moderately to highly saline, with EC ranging from minimum 567 umhos/cm to maximum 15370 umhos/cm (Datta & Tyagi, 2003; Tyagi et al, 2008). The Chloride levels range from minimum 10 mg/l to maximum 7160. The highly skewed distribution of EC and Chloride clearly suggests that the groundwater quality is governed by contributions from different sources, mechanisms of recharge, and the contaminants levels in recharging water changes over space and depths, controlled by varying land use. During the last decade, year-to-year variations in the concentration of major anions and cations in the groundwater have not been significant.

A large part of the area to the west of the ridge is severely affected by nitrate and fluoride

pollution of groundwater, exceeding the WHO prescribed maximum permissible limit (45 mg/l) and 1.5 mg/l in drinking water at many places (Datta et al, 1996a, Datta et al, 1997; Tyagi et al, 2008). During 2003-2006, Nitrate levels in groundwater range from <10 mg/l to 716 mg/l. The Fluoride levels in groundwater range from <1mg/l to 16.0 mg/l. Wide range in Nitrate and Fluoride concentration suggests contamination from both point and non-point sources. High nitrate levels in some wells resulted from point-source pollution, being located near drains/canal. Nitrate levels show an increasing tendency during the last decade in some southern parts of Delhi area. Relationships between δ18O and NO3; and δ18O and F levels suggest that infiltration of rain water, irrigation water and surface run-off water from the surrounding farm lands, along with agrochemical salts in the soil, to be the main processes causing contamination (Datta et al, 1996a, Datta et al, 1997; Tyagi et al, 2008). The groundwater nitrate concentration vary spatially and temporally, governed by nitrate content of the water recharging from the unsaturated zone, different degrees of evaporation/recharge, additions from groundwater flowing into the area from surroundings and amounts of fertilizer applied. The fluoride content of groundwater varies according to the source of water, geological formation, recharge characteristics, adsorption/ dispersion processes in the soil zone, lateral mixing of groundwater and anthropogenic activities. A high nitrate pollution plume from southwestern parts and two high fluoride plumes from the west have tendency to migrate along specific flow-pathways towards urbanized central parts in the city, induced by groundwater abstraction in these parts.

Resource characteristics and distribution vary within different parts of the region. Groundwater has become more vulnerable to contamination. Availability of limited water of good quality is one of the greatest constraints to economic productivity of the region. The generated information has addressed important hydrological questions related to sources of water and the

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processes of redistribution by recharge characteristics; and provided scientific and workable solutions to the problems of groundwater assessment and management. The various sections of the social community by and large will have better idea and knowledge of groundwater renewal and pollution characteristics with fast changing water use and land use, along with simple approaches of protecting water quality. This will be helpful in adopting integrated water management practices, by optimizing available water use. Further research is needed on hydrogeologic characteristic of the groundwater flow field under natural and stressed conditions. The zones of groundwater recharge and iso-concentration maps of contaminants levels in groundwater should be revised time to time, in relation to the changes in landuse pattern.

REFERENCES 1. Datta, P.S., 1997. Stable isotopic investigations for groundwater management and sustainable environment.

Nuclear Research Laboratory, IARI Publication.

2. Datta, P.S., Bhattacharya, S.K. and Tyagi, S.K., 1994. Assessment of groundwater flow conditions and hydrodynamic zones in phreatic aquifer of Delhi area using oxygen-18. Proc. International Workshop on "Groundwater Monitoring and Recharge in Semi-Arid Areas", Hyderabad, IAH/UNESCO Publication, SIV: 12-24.

3. Datta, P.S., Bhattacharya, S.K. and Tyagi, S.K., 1996a. 18O studies on recharge of phreatic aquifers and groundwater flow-paths of mixing in Delhi area. J. Hydrol., 176: 25-36.

4. Datta, P.S., Deb, D.L. and Tyagi, S.K., 1997. Assessment of groundwater contamination from fertilizers in Delhi area based on 18O, NO3

- and K+ composition. J. Contaminant Hydrology, 27(3-4): 249-262.

5. Datta, P.S., Deb, D.L. and Tyagi, S.K., 1996a. Stable isotope (18O) investigations on the processes controlling fluoride contamination of groundwater. J. Contaminant Hydrology, 24(1): 85-96.

6. Datta, P.S., Manjaiah, K.M. and Tyagi, S.K., 1999. Stable isotopic characterisation of heavy metals (Zn and Cu) contamination of groundwater in Delhi region. Proc. International Symposium on Water Resources Assessment, Development and Management Using Isotope techniques, 10-14 May, 1999, IAEA, Vienna, IAEA-SM-361/35, p. 190-198.

7. Datta, P.S., Rohilla, S.K. and Tyagi, S.K. In: Regional Management of Water Resources, IAHS Publ., No. 268, 1-8 (2001).

8. Datta, P.S. and Tyagi, S.K., 1996. Major ion chemistry of groundwater in Delhi area: chemical weathering processes and groundwater flow regime. J. Geol. Soc. India, 47: 179-188.

9. Datta, P.S. and Tyagi, S.K., 1995. Groundwater surface water intermixing model and recharge conditions in Delhi area as derived from 18O and D. Proc. Intn. Conf. on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, 1993, (Eds: Vijay P. Singh and Bhism Kumar) Kluwer Acad. Pub., Netherlands, Vol.II: 103-119.

10. Datta, P.S. and Tyagi, S.K. (2003) Isotopic evaluation of groundwater systems for risk assessment and management during extreme events. Proc. IUGG/ IAHS Symposia HS02: Water Resources Systems-Global Change, Risk Assessment and Water Management (10-11 July 2003), Sopporo, Japan.

11. Datta, P.S., Tyagi, S.K. and Chandrasekharan, H., 1991. Factors controlling stable isotopic composition of rainfall in New Delhi, India. J. Hydrol., 128: 223-226.

12. Tyagi, S.K., Datta, P.S., Mookerjee, P. and Bhattacharya, S.K., 1997. Delineation of groundwater zones and contamination characteristics based on 18O-isotopic and SO4-ion data. Proc. 2nd International R&D Conference on Water and Energy, 21-24 Oct. 1997, Vadodara, Organised by Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, pp.112-122.

13. Tyagi, S.K., Datta, P.S. and Mendiratta Nisha (2004) Newer Integrated Approaches for Imaging Land Use Induced Changes in Groundwater Pollution Dynamics in Delhi region. 7th Annual International Conference on Map India 2004, New Delhi, 28-30 January, 2004.

14. Tyagi, S.K., Datta, P.S., Kulshreshtha, S. and Sharma, R.K. (2008) Isotopic and hydrochemical signatures in chracterising pollutants movement in overexploited groundwater aquifers in Delhi state. 3rd WEPA international Forum on Water and Environmental Governance in Asia, October 23-28, 2008, Putrajaya, Malaysia.

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Annexure-V

PROGRESS REPORT Important Points: i. Ten copies of the report giving information on items listed in the format given

below are required. ii. Report should be sent even if project has not become fully operational. Please

write “NIL” against items where there is nothing significant to report or if these items are not relevant.

iii. The first Progress Report should cover the work done during the first 12 months of the project implementation. Subsequent reports should cover the next 12 months and so on.

iv. Timely submission of report is essential to facilitate release of funds. v. Report should be in the format given below. vi. The report should be discussed and finalised by the project team before sending

it to DST. Instructions for preparing the Manuscript of the Report: i. Manuscripts should be neatly written/ printed (with single spacing) in the

enclosed format for direct reproduction by Xerox/ photo offset process. Any corrections should be redone on a separate slip & then pasted neatly. Don’t erase or retype. Don’t cut/ cross.

ii. Matter should be first preferably typed on A4 size paper within the prescribed space leaving the same margin as in the enclosed format and then retyped cleanly after careful correction/ changes.

iii. Manuscript should not exceed five pages in any case and should be in the enclosed format.

iv. Photographs should be avoided. Diagrams & graphs should be accommodated within the space provided for the text for direct reproduction.

v. Please do not leave any item unanswered.

PROGRESS REPORT

1. Project Title: ISOTOPE FINGERPRINTING OF WATERS OF INDIA (IWIN)


2. PI (Name & Address): Dr. P.M.Muraleedharan Scientist, P.O.D, National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa 403004

Date of Birth 8 October 1955

3. Co-PI (Name & Address): Not Applicable

Date of Birth Not Applicable

4. Broad area of Research Hydrology

4.1 Sub Area Atmospheric Science 5. Approved Objectives of the Proposal : 1. Setting up upper atmosphere and surface meteorology observatory at

NIO, Goa to collect vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction etc using Vaisala Radio Sonde system.

2. Computation of moisture transports from the surrounding ocean to the

sub continent and estimate the amount of moisture trapped within the designated land segments.

3. Collection of surface water samples from Arabian Sea for salinity and isotope analysis to cover all four seasons using the ships of opportunities. 4. Collection of precipitation and atmospheric water vapour from the station

to be set up at NIO.

Total cost of Project: 1. Rs. 94.64 lakhs (revised

vide PRC minutes dated 26 Sept. 2008)

Date of completion: September 2012

Expenditure as on 31-3-09 Rs. 66,79,533

6. Methodology : Item 5 (1) Equipments are assembled as per the instructions provided. Operating procedures are followed as per the training given. The collected data are exported to ascii format for further use. Item 5 (2) Moisture transport is computed from the gridded reanalysis data products by integrating from specified height to the surface level. Item 5 (3) Arabia sea surface water samples are collected from ships of opportunities and analysed in the mass spectrometer for stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope activity. Item 5 (4) Precipitation and atmospheric moisture samples are collected in a daily basis using IWIN protocol and then analysed for isotope activity. 7. Salient Research Achievements:

7.1 Summary of Progress Vaisala Radio sonde system was procured from the Vaisala Oyj, Finland and undergone one week factory training at Vaisala factory at Finland. After the training, the Radiosonde system was installed at Physical Oceanography Division (POD) of NIO and the balloon launching facility was established at the terrace of the POD building. Directory NIO has inaugurated the facility on 20th February 2009. However the test flights of radiosondes were carried out several times prior to the inauguration. The frequency of flights during non monsoon months is four flights per month. These data are then compared with IMD radiosonde profiles. A cross comparison of IMD radiosonde and ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis products were made each other to understand the worthiness of the data. The preliminary results indicate that the ECMWF and NCEP air temperatures are in good agreement (r = 0.995) with the radio sonde profiles. But the humidity profiles (RH) of ECMWF (r=0.74) compares better with radio sonde data than NCEP (r=0.45). Wind direction and Wind speed comparison exhibits marginally better correlation between ECMWF & radio sonde (r=0.8) in comparison with NCEP (r=0.75). Arabian sea water sample collection program is going in full swing by making use of the ships of opportunities. Arrangements were made to collect the surface water whenever these ships ventures into the Arabian Sea (30 to 80 E and 0 to 25 N). Three samples (30 ml, 100ml and 250 ml) were collected from each station for isotope analysis, salinity measurement and for PRL repository respectively. About 375 sets of samples were collected under this program to cover fall (2008), Winter (2008-09) and spring (2009). The following ships are now actively participating in this program. (a) Sagar Kanya (b) Boris Petrov (c) Sagar Sampada (d) Sagar Sukti (e) Sagar manjusha (f) Sagar Purvi (g) MV Kavarathi etc. We have procured ECMWF reanalysis data from European Center for Medium Weather Forecasting, United Kingdom for the year 2007. IMD radio sonde were compared with ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to select the most suitable reanalysis product for the moisture flux computation. Ferret based software are developed for computing moisture flux from gridded reanalysis data product. Daily atmospheric moisture samples were collected by conical condensation method following IWIN protocol. Fortnightly moisture samples were also collected by push and trap

method to make correction for evaporation. Altogether about 275 moisture samples were collected covering three seasons viz: fall (2008), Winter (2008-09) and Spring (2009). Stable isotope analyses of these samples are pending due to non availability of mass spectrometer. Daily precipitation samples (23 samples) were also collected since September 2008.

7.2 New Observations: NIL

7.3 Innovations: NIL

7.4 Application Potential:

7.4.1 Long Term Upper atmosphere observations and Arabian Sea surface water samples, once analyzed, will have long term applications. Vaisala radio sonde data accurately measures both troposphere and stratosphere profiles of various parameters that has the potential to draw conclusions on troposphere-stratosphere interaction especially the vertical propagation of moisture which has profound influence on global climate in general and Asian monsoon in particular. Thorough knowledge of activities of Oxygen and Hydrogen stable isotopes measured from the seas around India has the potential to source the precipitation received at various parts of the sub continent. Such information are vital in understanding the predictive nature of monsoon rainfall over the subcontinent.

7.4.2 Immediate Salinity data collected over the Arabian Sea has the immediate use of validating algorithms that retrieve salinity values from the satellite data. Vaisala radio sonde profiles are also has the immediate use of validating satellite data.

7.5 Any other

With the installation of vaisala radio sonde facility, monsoon research at our Institute will get the long awaited boost.

8. Research work which remains to be done under the project (for on-going projects) Stable isotope activities of Hydrogen and Oxygen in the samples collected are yet to be undertaken. The samples are being sent to PRL for analysis. Ph.Ds Produced no: NIL

Technical Personnel trained:

TWO

Research Publications arising out of the present project: NIL

List of Publications from this Project (including title, author(s), journals & year(s) (A) Papers published only in cited Journals (SCI)

NIL

(B) Papers published in Conference Proceedings, Popular Journals etc.

NIL

Patents filed/ to be filed:

NIL

Major Equipment (Model and Make) S

No Sanctioned List Procured

(Yes/ No) Model & make

Cost (Rs in lakhs)

Working (Yes/ No)


1

2

DigiCORA MW 31 Vaisala Radio

sonde system

Radio Sonde

Yes DigiCORA MW 31

Vaisala

Yes RS92-SGP

Vaisala

54

7

Yes

Yes

100

100


Progress report from BARC, Mumbai

To collect baseline isotopic data of waters throughout the country, a national programme of research on special and temporal fingerprinting of water sources of India using stable isotope has been started by DST.

Under this progrmme, to collect the representative precipitation as well as moisture samples from the Mumbai region, responsibility has been marked to BARC. After the 2nd coordination meeting at NIH, Roorkee, for collection of precipitation and atmospheric moisture samples the required equipment (Rain gauge, atmospheric moisture collecting device and bottles etc.) were received by us from PRL, Ahmedabad. Subsequently, rain water (precipitation) and atmospheric moisture (condensation by normal ice) samples were collected during monsoon period (2008) and sent to PRL for isotopic analyses. During non-monsoon period due to low humidity, we encountered problem in collecting sufficient amount of atmospheric moisture samples. Next set of samples will be collected with the onset of monsoon in Mumbai i.e. about middle of June 2009.

Central Ground Water Board

PROGRESS OF GROUND WATER SAMPLING 2008-09

Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon S.No. State/UT No. of samples that were planned to be collected

No. of samples collected

No. of samples that were planned to be collected

No. of samples collected

1. Bihar 40 40 40 40 2. Delhi 10 10 10 10 3. Haryana 40 40 40 40 4. Himachal

Pradesh 40 40 40 40

5. Jammu & Kashmir

40 40 40 25*

6. Jharkhand 40 40 40 40 7. Punjab 40 35 40 40 8. Uttar Pradesh** 80 78 80 79 9. Uttarakhand*** 25 16 25 0 10. West Bengal 40 40 40 40 11. Chandigarh 05 05 05 05

Total 400 384 400 359 * Ground water samples could not be collected from Srinagar valley area

due to problem of militancy. ** Shortfall has been due to leakage from the bottles. *** Though 25 samples were sent by Registered Post, only 16 have reached

PRL. Resampling from remaining 9 locations is being done during May, 2009. Post-monsoon sampling will be done during November, 2009.

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