Physical methods of possible use in scientific archaeologyarchaeo/FOP/FOP pdf of ppt/DMathur...
Transcript of Physical methods of possible use in scientific archaeologyarchaeo/FOP/FOP pdf of ppt/DMathur...
Physical methods of possible use in
scientific archaeology
Deepak Mathur Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
Centre for Atomic & Molecular Physics, Manipal University
Techniques used in art and archaeology
Informa6on
Induc&vely-‐coupled plasma: emission spectroscopy mass spectroscopy
Elemental analysis of glass; trace element and isotope analysis of medieval metal weapons;
Scanning electron microscopy + X-‐ray diffrac&on
Pigments in ancient ceramics;
X-‐ray microanalysis; X-‐ray fluorescence; X-‐ray diffrac&on
Greek and Roman poDery analysis; Pigments in wall pain&ngs/oil pain&ngs/illuminated manuscripts/polychromed sculpture; medieval coins;
Proton-‐induced X-‐ray emission Elemental analysis of Greek copper coins; Pigments in Minoan ceramics;
Neutron ac&va&on analysis Minor and trace elements in obsidian;
Laser-‐induced breakdown spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; Infra-‐red spectroscopy
Pigments in a Byzan&ne icon;
• Excellent for trace elements
Superb detec&on limits
• Excellent for minor components
Superb accuracy
BUT… Requires sample to be removed; Destruc&ve method
Techniques used in art and archaeology
Informa6on
Induc&vely-‐coupled plasma: emission spectroscopy mass spectroscopy
Elemental analysis of glass; trace element and isotope analysis of medieval metal weapons;
Scanning electron microscopy + X-‐ray microanalysis
Pigments in ancient ceramics;
X-‐ray fluorescence; X-‐ray diffrac&on
Greek and Roman poDery analysis; Pigments in wall pain&ngs/oil pain&ngs/illuminated manuscripts/polychromed sculpture; medieval coins;
Proton-‐induced X-‐ray emission Elemental analysis of Greek copper coins; Pigments in Minoan ceramics;
Neutron ac&va&on analysis Minor and trace elements in obsidian;
Laser-‐induced breakdown spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; Infra-‐red spectroscopy
Pigments in a Byzan&ne icon;
• Sample needs to be in vacuum
Excellent magnifica&on
• Sample needs to be coated
Excellent spa&al
informa&on
SO… Another destruc&ve method
Techniques used in art and archaeology
Informa6on
Induc&vely-‐coupled plasma: emission spectroscopy mass spectroscopy
Elemental analysis of glass; trace element and isotope analysis of medieval metal weapons;
Scanning electron microscopy + X-‐ray microanalysis
Pigments in ancient ceramics;
X-‐ray fluorescence; X-‐ray diffrac&on
Greek and Roman poDery analysis; Pigments in wall pain&ngs/oil pain&ngs/illuminated manuscripts/polychromed sculpture; medieval coins;
Proton-‐induced X-‐ray emission Elemental analysis of Greek copper coins; Pigments in Minoan ceramics;
Neutron ac&va&on analysis Minor and trace elements in obsidian;
Laser-‐induced breakdown spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; Infra-‐red spectroscopy
Pigments in a Byzan&ne icon;
• High sensi&vity Non-‐destruc&ve
technique
• in situ examina&on of objects
Portable instrumenta&on
Very popular technique… BUT, poor spa&al resolu&on (1-‐5 mm)
Techniques used in art and archaeology
Informa6on
Induc&vely-‐coupled plasma: emission spectroscopy mass spectroscopy
Elemental analysis of glass; trace element and isotope analysis of medieval metal weapons;
Scanning electron microscopy + X-‐ray microanalysis
Pigments in ancient ceramics;
X-‐ray fluorescence; X-‐ray diffrac&on
Greek and Roman poDery analysis; Pigments in wall pain&ngs/oil pain&ngs/illuminated manuscripts/polychromed sculpture; medieval coins;
Proton-‐induced X-‐ray emission Elemental analysis of Greek copper coins; Pigments in Minoan ceramics;
Neutron ac&va&on analysis Minor and trace elements in obsidian;
Laser-‐induced breakdown spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; Infra-‐red spectroscopy
Pigments in a Byzan&ne icon;
• High spa&al resolu&on
Non-‐destruc&ve technique
• ppm sensi&vity
Quanta&ve analysis of
major & minor components
BUT, samples to be put in vacuum
Techniques used in art and archaeology
Informa6on
Induc&vely-‐coupled plasma: emission spectroscopy mass spectroscopy
Elemental analysis of glass; trace element and isotope analysis of medieval metal weapons;
Scanning electron microscopy + X-‐ray diffrac&on
Pigments in ancient ceramics;
X-‐ray microanalysis; X-‐ray fluorescence; X-‐ray diffrac&on
Greek and Roman poDery analysis; Pigments in wall pain&ngs/oil pain&ngs/illuminated manuscripts/polychromed sculpture; medieval coins;
Proton-‐induced X-‐ray emission Elemental analysis of Greek copper coins; Pigments in Minoan ceramics;
Neutron ac&va&on analysis Minor and trace elements in obsidian;
Laser-‐induced breakdown spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; Infra-‐red spectroscopy
Raman Spectrometry
Laser-‐induced breakdown spectroscopy
FTIR system +
Reflectance/Transmission IR spectroscopy
Femtosecond laser micro-‐machining of materials
Laser Induced Fluorescence
Proteomics laboratory
Micro-‐Raman spectroscopy
High sesi&vity HPLC-‐LIF
RESEARCH FACILITIES at CAMP Centre for Atomic & Molecular Physics,
Manipal University
Details from Dr. C. Santhosh, Head – CAMP hDp://www.manipal.edu/INSTITUTIONS/UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENTS/CAMP/Pages/Welcome.aspx
Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History
a non-‐destruc&ve method for: • characterising chemical composi8on; • characterising structure; • determining provenance of objects of archaeological, historical importance; • determining authen8city of objects of archaeological, historical importance.
Prac&cal u&lity demonstrated in studies of:
• Dyes and Pigments; • Artefacts; • Biological Materials and their degrada&on; • Jewellery and Precious Stones.
Raman Spectroscopy applied to studies of: • Five Romano-‐Bri8sh Villas; The Domis Coiedii at Suasa, Italy;
• Xth Century Manuscript Beato de Valcavdo;
• Frescoes; a polychrome 16th-‐century Italian fresco; Etruscan poMery;
• Phase Analysis of Third Millenium Syrian Ceramics by Micro-‐Raman;
• Archaeological Biomaterials: Ochred Bones and Resins;
• Chinese Scrolls and other Fluorescent samples;
• Ancient Tex8le Fibres;
• Analysis of nephrite jade; Mesoamerican Jade; Database exists of 74 Raman Spectra of Standard Minerals [metal corrosion, stained glass, Prehistoric rock art]
Journal of Archaeological Science, 27 (2000) 993-‐1006
Infra-‐red Spectroscopy of Ceramics from Tell Brak, Syria M.L. Eiland and Q. Williams,
• Infra-‐red microspectroscopy, in both reflectance and transmission geometries, applied to archaeological ceramics samples:
• Tell Brak, Syria;
• Three periods: the Halaf/Ubaid, Akkadian and 2nd millennium.
• Provides constraints on mineralogic make-‐up of ceramic bodies and coa8ngs.
• From the mineralogy, deduce, thus, the firing temperature.
• Iden8fy “local” and “imported” components; Iden8fy developments in firing technology.
Laser-‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
Laser-‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
• Diagnose plasma in &me-‐resolved and spectrally-‐resolved fashion; • Almost non-‐destruc&ve…crater ~1-‐10 μm deep, ~10-‐100 μm wide, 20-‐200 ng material used; • No sampling; no sample prepara&on; • Spectrum can be accumulated in single laser shot….VERY fast! • No ionizing radia&ons.
1-‐2 mm
20-‐50 μm
20-‐50 μm
10-‐20 μm
D. Anglos, Appl. Spectrosc. 55 (2001) 186A
Synthe&c; 1910 ZnS.BaSO4; 1874 Synthe&c; 1920
Synthe&c; Egypt; ~1500 BCE As2S2; Mineral Fe2O3; Synthe&c, ~mid-‐19th century