Physical Distribution
Transcript of Physical Distribution
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY GROUP- SUMMER OF 69
Arijit Das Atanu Ghosh Eshita Sadhukhan Prakram Majumdar Sayak Ghosh Tithi Sahoo
AGENDA : § PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION DEFINITION § OBJECTIVE OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION § DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL CHARACTERISTIC § PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION COMPONENTS § ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM § PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION EXPENDITURES § IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM § DECISION AREA § WAREHOUSING FUNCTIONS § TRANSPORTATION COST ELEMENTS: § DIFFERENT MODE OF TRANSPORT OF INDIA § TRANSPORTATION CHARACTERISTICS § TRENDS IN PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION § CONCLUSION
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Defination Activities concerned with efficient movement of products and raw material from producers to consumers. It is the set of activity concerned with the physical flow of materials, components and finish goods producer to channel and consumer . Physical distribution refers to the actual physical flow of products. It means the movement of materials from the producers to the consumers. Dominant Flow of Products and Service
Dominant Flow of Demand and Design Information
SUPPLIER
MANUFACTURER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
CUSTOMER
Physical Supply
Manufacturer Planning
and Control
Physical Distribution
OBJECTIVES : ü To give an understanding of the institutional and physical
aspects of channels of distribution in global market. ü To describe the different channels of distribution and show
their advantages and disadvantages. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL CHARECTARISTICS
ü To reconcile the needs of producers and consumers ü To improve efficiency by reducing the number of
transactions and creating bulk ü To improve accessibility by lowering location and time gap
between Producers and Consumers.
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION COMPONENTS Three components: ü Input: Order from the customer ü Processor: Transportation ü Output: Delivery to the customer
ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM A company’s physical distribution system contains the following elements: ü Customer Service ü Transportation ü Inventory Control
ü Protective packaging and materials handling ü Order Processing ü Warehousing
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION EXPENDITURES
IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Physical distribution forms a pivotal part of the marketing task. ü It confers place-utility and time-utility to a product by
making it available to the user at the right place and at the
right time thereby it maximizes the chance to sell the product and strengthen the company’s competitive position.
ü Helps in carrying the goods to the places of consumption; then storage & finally in distribution
ü Helps build clientele ü Acts as a balance between production & consumption in case
of those products which are impacted by the seasonability factor.
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION AREA Inventory Management
Match quantity produced with quantity demanded Holding costs Ordering costs Stock out costs ü When to recorder ? ü How much to recorder ? ü How much to keep as safety stock ?
Forecasting Area: ü Demand ü Order filling time.
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Inventory Management(cont.)
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Inventory Management(cont.)
WAREHOUSING ü Receipt :
Unloading , Inspection, Accounting ü Storing :
Carefully labeling , Identification & a/cing ü Handling ü Display ü Order Handling
Information Processing : Depository of information across the organization
TRANSPORTATION COST ELEMENTS ü Line Haul Cost ü Pick up and Delivery Costs ü Terminal Handling Costs ü Billing and Collection
MODES OF TRANSPORT ü Road Transport ü Rail Transport ü Water Transport ü Air Transport ü Sea Transport ü Pipelines
v Passenger Liner – This is normally used for carrying
passengers, mail and some express cargo. It has a regular time table and only calls at major ports .
v Cargo Liner – This mainly used for carrying a variety of
cargo and sometimes a few passengers. v TRAMP – This is essentially a cargo ship. It carry a full load
of any type to a certain specified destination where it unloads whole bulk.
v Bulk Carrier–This is a ship which is specially built to carry a
particular type of cargo for e.g- a bulk carries for iron ore. v Tanker – This is special bulk carrier which carries liquids and
gases such as oil or Liquefied natural gases.
v OBO SHIP : This is an oil-bulk –ore carrier which uses different holds to transport at one time a mixed bulk-cargo.
v Roll-on, Roll-off or Ro- Ro ship – This is highly specialized
ship which allow loaded vehicle like truck , trailer , cars , etc . to be driven abroad through at the stern and sides .
v Container ship – This is built carry large standard sized
containers. v Liners – Liners follow mixed routes and timetables .It Carry
mixed cargo and belong to shipping conferences. v Coastal shipping – Sometimes goods are transported around
the coast rather than inland . These goods carried by coastal ships.
v Ferries – These are small boats that carries passengers over
very short distances. v Delivery vans – Mostly wholesalers and large scale retailers
make use of delivery vans for short distances for small consignments.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR TRANSPORT WATER TRANSPORT – Water Transport is cheaper than various modes of transport of land transport . ADVANTAGES:
1. Transportation of water is cheaper means of inland transport for heavy and bulky goods like logs, grain , and metals.
2. Building material can be carried in large quantities than by road or train.
3. Loading and Unloading will be easy.
DISADVANTAGES: 1. Its speed is lower than road, air and rail transport. 2. It is not reliable. 3. It provide service to limited areas.
PIPELINES ADVANTAGES:
1. Liquids and gaseous goods are transported over long distances from the place of production to the to the refineries, and from their to consumers in their homes via pipelines.
2. Maintenance cost are low. 3. It is not affected by weather conditions. 4. There is less amount of pollution of the environment
compared to vehicles.
DISADVANTAGES: 1. High initial capital cost is involved in installing the whole
system. 2. It is rather limited in use, once built these pipes can only be
used for particular type of product for which it was originally installed .
ROAD TRANSPORT ADVANTAGES:
1. Flexibility 2. Timetables
3. Economy. 4. Motorways 5. Vehicles 6. Suitability 7. Containerization
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Bulk 2. Congestion and delays 3. Social costs .
RAIL TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES:
1. Cheap 2. Speed 3. Bulk Commodities 4. Containerization
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Transshipment 2. Delays 3. Short Journeys. 4. Timetables. 5. Changing Outputs. 6. High Capital Costs.
SEA TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES:
1. Cheap
2. Bulk 3. Flexibility 4. Facilities. 5. Short notice. 6. Containerization
DISADVANTAGES: 1. Slow speed 2. Documentation 3. Other Costs.
AIR TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES:
1. Aircraft are now built larger to carry more goods. 2. Aircrafts are now available at short notice. 3. Mail, newspapers, medicine and perishable goods can be
transported quickly by Air. 4. Risks involved by transporting by air are less the insurance
charges are low. 5. Documents used in air transport are less complicated when
compared to sea transport. 6. Aeroplanes can take the shortest route.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Airfreight transport is very expensive because of high capital investment and maintenance costs.
2. Aircrafts have limited cargo capacity, bulky, goods cannot be sent.
3. Bad weather may restrict flights.
TRENDS IN PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION ü Increase in road and decline in rail transport. ü Growth in light goods vehicle. ü Growth in heavy goods vehicle . ü Growth in Air and Sea transport. ü Growth in just in time production . ü Changing role of Distribution centers. ü Restrictions on driver hours.
CONCLUSION
In the physical distribution system, distribution channel is an important part so proper decisions has to be made on the distribution system . However, it is in the channel of distribution that the marketer encounters risk & dangers. It involves transaction cost both apparent & hidden . Risk includes destruction, negligence, non-payment, loss of transit etc. Therefore careful choice & evaluation of the channel partner is a necessity. Along with price and promotion decisions, a decision has to be made on the distribution system. There are two components to this – the physical (order processing storage/warehousing and transport) and the institutional aspects. The letter involves the choice of agents , distributors , wholesalers, retailers, direct sales or sales forces. Again, each has its own advantages and disadvantages .
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